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Fig. 2 in An overview of the Dactylosomatidae (Apicomplexa: Adeleorina: Dactylosomatidae), with the description of Dactylosoma kermiti n. sp. parasitising Ptychadena anchietae and Sclerophrys gutturalis from South Africa

Fig. 2. (A–L). Dactylosoma kermiti n. sp. from the guttural toad Sclerophrys gutturalis. (A–D) Primary merogony. (A) Young trophozoite. (B) Trophozoites. (C) Young meront. (D–L) Secondary merogony. (D) Young secondary meront. (E) Secondary meront. (F–G) Secondary merozoites. (H–I) Gamont. (K) Extracellular gamont. (L) Secondary meront in leukocyte. Arrowheads show condensed chromatin (D–H, L); arrows show vacuoles (B) and merozoites (F–G). All images captured from the deposited slides [NMB P 536 – 537]. Scale bar 10 μm.

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Fig. 3 in An overview of the Dactylosomatidae (Apicomplexa: Adeleorina: Dactylosomatidae), with the description of Dactylosoma kermiti n. sp. parasitising Ptychadena anchietae and Sclerophrys gutturalis from South Africa

Fig. 3. (A–L). Dactylosoma sp. from Pelophylax lessonae. (A–D) Primary merogony. (A) Trophozoite. (B) Young meront. (C–G) Secondary meronts. (F–H) Merozoites, arrows. (I–L) Secondary merogony. (I) Young meront. (J) Meront. (K) Merozoite. (L) Gamont. Arrowheads show condensed chromatin; arrows show vacuoles (A) and merozoites (F–H). All images captured from the deposited slide [NMB P 538]. Scale bar 10 μm.

Figures 42–46 in DNA sequencing reveals three new species of Chamberlainium (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) from South Africa, all formerly passing under Spongites yendoi

Figures 42–46: Chamberlainium occidentale tetrasporangial anatomy. (42) Vertical section through the outer thallus showing an early stage tetrasporangial conceptacle primordium with peripheral roof development (black arrowheads) and a protective layer of epithallial cells (e) (L 3986120). Scale bar = 50 μm. (43) Vertical section through the outer thallus showing a later stage tetrasporangial conceptacle primordium with peripheral roof development (black arrowheads) and tetrasporangial (t) initials arranged peripherally around a central columella (c). Note the persisting layer of protective epithallial cells (e) (UWC 93/220). Scale bar = 50 μm. (44) Vertical section through the outer thallus showing a maturing tetrasporangial conceptacle with peripheral roof development (black arrowheads) and tetrasporangial (t) initials, peripherally arranged around a central columella (c). Note the layer of protective epithallial cells (e) (UWC 93/220). Scale bar = 50 μm. (45) Vertical section through a mature, raised tetrasporangial conceptacle showing tetrasporangia (t) with stalk cells (white arrowheads), peripherally arranged around a well-defined central columella (C). Note, the sunken and unoccluded pore opening (white arrow) (UWC 93/220). Scale bar = 100 μm. (46) Magnified view of the pore canal of a mature tetrasporangial conceptacle showing terminal, elongate initials (black arrows) that project into the pore canal as papillae and the base of the pore canal sunken (black arrowheads) into the chamber with terminal, elongate initials near the base pointing downward. Note, the sunken and unoccluded pore opening (white arrow) (UWC 93/220). Scale bar = 20 μm.

Figures 36–41 in DNA sequencing reveals three new species of Chamberlainium (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) from South Africa, all formerly passing under Spongites yendoi

Figures 36–41: Chamberlainium occidentale gametangial anatomy. (36) Vertical section through the outer thallus showing a spermatangial conceptacle primordium with peripheral roof development (black arrows) and simple spermatangial systems (black arrowheads) confined to the conceptacle floor. Note the protective layer of epithallial cells (white arrow) (L 3986120). Scale bar = 50 μm. (37) Vertical section through a mature, raised spermatangial conceptacle showing the mucilage plug (white arrowhead) that occludes the pore opening and simple, spermatangial systems (black arrowheads) confined to the conceptacle floor (UWC 15/56). Scale bar = 50 μm. (38) Magnified view through a mature spermatangial conceptacle showing the pore canal lined with terminal, elongate initials (black arrowheads) that project into the pore canal as papillae (UWC 15/56). Scale bar = 20 μm. (39) Magnified view of a mature carpogonial conceptacle with carpogonial branches comprising a single support cell (s), a hypogynous cell (h) with sterile cell (black arrowhead), and a carpogonium (c) extended into a trichogyne (black arrows) that may project out of the pore. Note that the pore canal is lined with terminal, elongate initials (white arrows) that project into the pore canal as papillae (L 3986120). Scale bar = 20 μm. (40) Vertical section through a mature carposporangial conceptacle showing a discontinuous central fusion cell (black arrowhead) with peripherally arranged gonimoblast filaments each terminating in a carposporangium (C) (L 3986120). Scale bar = 50 μm. (41) Magnified view of the floor of a carposporangial conceptacle showing a discontinuous central fusion cell (black arrowheads) bearing a peripherally arranged gonimoblast filament (1–6) terminating in a carposporangium (C). The remains of unfertilised carpogonial branches (black arrow) persist across the dorsal surface of the central fusion cell (L 3986120). Scale bar = 20 μm.

Figures 26–30 in DNA sequencing reveals three new species of Chamberlainium (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) from South Africa, all formerly passing under Spongites yendoi

Figures 26–30: Chamberlainium glebosum tetrasporangial anatomy. (26) Vertical section through the outer thallus showing an early stage tetrasporangial conceptacle primordium with peripherally arranged tetrasporangial initials (black arrowheads) and a protective layer of epithallial cells (black arrow) (UWC 15/17). Scale bar = 50 μm. (27) Vertical section through the outer thallus showing a later stage tetrasporangial conceptacle primordium with peripheral roof development (black arrowheads) with a developing central columella (white arrowhead). Note the persisting layer of protective epithallial cells (black arrow) (UWC 15/17). Scale bar = 50 μm. (28) Vertical section through a maturing tetrasporangial conceptacle showing tetrasporangial initials (t) arranged peripherally around a central columella (between white arrowheads). Note the layer of protective epithallial cells (black arrow) being shed (L 3986123). Scale bar = 50 μm. (29) Vertical section through a mature, raised tetrasporangial conceptacle showing tetrasporangia (t) with stalk cells (white arrowheads), peripherally arranged around a well-defined central columella (C). Note the base of the pore canal sunken into the chamber with terminal, elongate initials near the base pointing downward (black arrowheads) (UWC 15/55). Scale bar = 100 μm. (30) Magnified view of the pore canal of a mature tetrasporangial conceptacle showing terminal, elongate initials (black arrows) that project into the pore canal as papillae and the base of the pore canal sunken (black arrowheads) into the chamber with terminal, elongate initials near the base pointing downward (UWC 15/55). Scale bar = 20 μm.

Figures 24–25 in DNA sequencing reveals three new species of Chamberlainium (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) from South Africa, all formerly passing under Spongites yendoi

Figures 24–25: Vertical section through the outer thallus showing spermatangial conceptacle primordium with peripheral roof development (black arrows) and simple spermatangial systems (black arrowheads) confined to the conceptacle floor. Note the protective layer of epithallial cells (white arrow). Scale bar = 50 μm. Vertical section through the outer thallus showing a mature, raised spermatangial conceptacle with the mucilage plug (white arrow) that occludes the pore opening and simple, spermatangial systems (white arrowheads) confined to the conceptacle floor. Note that the pore canal is lined with terminal, elongate initials (black arrowheads) that project into the pore canal as papillae. Scale bar = 50 μm.

Figure 1 in DNA sequencing reveals three new species of Chamberlainium (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) from South Africa, all formerly passing under Spongites yendoi

Figure 1: Map of South Africa (gray shade), with an inset of False Bay, showing the coastal provinces, the biogeographic marine provinces and the approximate locations of collecting sites (● = Chamberlainium capense, ■ = C. glebosum,: = C. occidentale).

Figures 7–11 in DNA sequencing reveals three new species of Chamberlainium (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) from South Africa, all formerly passing under Spongites yendoi

Figures 7–11: Chamberlainium capense habit and vegetative anatomy. (7) Rock fragment showing holotype specimen (white arrow) (L 3986119, tetrasporangial). Scale bar = 20 mm. (8) Encrusting to variably lumpy and slightly protuberant, epilithic thalli showing crusts abutting and easily discernible. Scale bar = 10 mm. (9) Vertical section through the margin (black arrow) showing the monomerous thallus construction with plumose medulla (M) giving rise to cortical filaments (C) that terminate in a single layer of epithallial cells (black arrowhead) (UWC 16/17). Scale bar = 50 μm. (10) Vertical section of the inner thallus showing cell fusions (f) between adjacent medullary filaments (UWC 16/17). Scale bar = 20 μm. (11) Vertical section of the outer thallus showing a single layer of epithallial cells (e) subtended by a layer of subepithallial initials (i). Note the paired, bottle-shaped trichocytes (t) (UWC 16/24). Scale bar = 20 μm.

Figures 4–6 in DNA sequencing reveals three new species of Chamberlainium (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) from South Africa, all formerly passing under Spongites yendoi

Figures 4–6: Habit photographs of Chamberlainium capense, C. glebosum and C. occidentale. (4) Chamberlainium capense is moderately thick to mostly lumpy and only slightly protuberant. Scale bar = 20 mm. (5) Chamberlainium glebosum is thick, very lumpy and highly protuberant. Scale bar = 20 mm. (6) Chamberlainium occidentale is morphologically highly variable, occurring as thin encrusting (smooth) to thick warty (mostly) to lumpy plants, and are only slightly protuberant. Scale bar = 30 mm.

Figures 15–18 in DNA sequencing reveals three new species of Chamberlainium (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) from South Africa, all formerly passing under Spongites yendoi

Figures 15–18: Chamberlainium capense tetrasporangial anatomy. (15) Vertical section through the outer thallus showing a later stage tetrasporangial conceptacle primordium with peripheral roof development (black arrowheads) and tetrasporangial initials (t) arranged peripherally around a central columella (c). Note the persisting layer of protective epithallial cells (black arrow) (L 3986119). Scale bar = 50 μm. (16) Vertical section through a mature, raised tetrasporangial conceptacle showing tetrasporangia (t) with a stalk cell (black arrowhead), peripherally arranged around a well-defined central columella (C). Note the remains of a corona (white arrow) that surrounds the pore opening (L 3986119). Scale bar = 50 μm. (17) Vertical section through a mature raised tetrasporangial conceptacle showing tetrasporangia (t) with stalk cells (black arrowheads), appearing to be arranged across the chamber floor as the columella (c) has disintegrated. Note the absence of the corona (white arrow) (UWC 16/09). Scale bar = 50 μm. (18) Magnified view of the pore canal of a mature tetrasporangial conceptacle showing the base of the pore canal sunken (black arrowheads) into the chamber with terminal, elongate initials near the base pointing downward (black arrows) and the remains of a corona (white arrow) that surrounds and occludes the pore opening. (L 3986119). Scale bar = 20 μm.

Figures 12–14 in DNA sequencing reveals three new species of Chamberlainium (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) from South Africa, all formerly passing under Spongites yendoi

Figures 12–14: Chamberlainium capense spermatangial anatomy (UWC 16/21). (12) Vertical section through the outer thallus showing a spermatangial conceptacle primordium with peripheral roof development (black arrows) and simple, spermatangial systems (black arrowheads) confined to the conceptacle floor. Note the protective layer of epithallial cells (white arrow). Scale bar = 50 μm. (13) Vertical section through a mature, raised spermatangial conceptacle showing the mucilage plug (white arrowhead) that occludes the pore opening and simple, spermatangial systems (black arrowheads) confined to the conceptacle floor. Scale bar = 50 μm. (14) Magnified view through a mature spermatangial conceptacle showing the mucilage plug (white arrowhead) that occludes the pore opening and simple, spermatangial systems (black arrowheads) confined to the conceptacle floor. Note that the pore canal is lined with terminal, elongate initials (black arrows) that project into the pore canal as papillae. Scale bar = 20 μm.

Figure 3 in DNA sequencing reveals three new species of Chamberlainium (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) from South Africa, all formerly passing under Spongites yendoi

Figure 3: Bayesian inference tree based on rbcL sequences. Species with sequenced type/'topotype' material are highlighted in bold. Generitype species within Corallinales are identified by a star (+). Species names are followed by their GenBank accession number and their geographic location, including ocean basin where needed. Numbers in brackets, following the GenBank accession numbers, are the total number of identical sequences. Bootstrap support (BS) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) values are provided at branch nodes. BS and BPP values = 100 % and = 1 respectively, are denoted by an asterisk (*); BS and BPP values <75 % and <0.75 respectively. Atl = Atlantic Ocean, Ind = Indian Ocean, Med = Mediterranean, Pac = Pacific Ocean.

Figure 2 in DNA sequencing reveals three new species of Chamberlainium (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) from South Africa, all formerly passing under Spongites yendoi

Figure 2: Maximum likelihood tree based on psbA sequences. Species with sequenced type/'topotype' material are highlighted in bold. Generitype species and molecular references for generitype species within the Corallinales are identified by a star (+). Species names are followed by their GenBank accession number and their geographic location, including ocean basin where needed. Numbers in brackets, following the GenBank accession numbers, are the total number of identical sequences. Bootstrap support (BS) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) values are provided at branch nodes. BS and BPP values = 100% and = 1 respectively, are denoted by an asterisk (*); BS and BPP values <75 % and <0.75 respectively, are not shown. Atl = Atlantic Ocean, Ind = Indian Ocean, Med = Mediterranean, Nam = Namibia, NZ = New Zealand, Pac = Pacific Ocean.

Figure 12 in Colotis lais (Butler, 1876) and Colotis euippe omphale (Godart, [1819]) use Cadaba aphylla (Thunb.) Wild LC as a host-plant at Tswalu Kalahari, Northern Cape Province, South Africa)

Figure 12 – Pupa of Colotis euippe omphale. This pupa was reared from a larva collected on 19 December 2021 on Cadaba aphylla shrub C aphy 14, north of the Dedeben Research Centre, Tswalu Kalahari, South Africa. The CRG reference number for this pupa is RFT21H79. Photo: R.F. Terblanche.

Figure 14 in Colotis lais (Butler, 1876) and Colotis euippe omphale (Godart, [1819]) use Cadaba aphylla (Thunb.) Wild LC as a host-plant at Tswalu Kalahari, Northern Cape Province, South Africa)

Figure 14 – Cadaba aphylla (CAPPARACEAE), C aphy 14, photographed on 26 September 2022, north of the Dedeben Research Centre, Tswalu Kalahari, South Africa. When conditions are favourable, many shoots with small leaves can be produced by some individuals of the species, as depicted here. No flowers were present on this plant when the photograph was taken. Photo: R.F. Terblanche.

Figure 11 in Colotis lais (Butler, 1876) and Colotis euippe omphale (Godart, [1819]) use Cadaba aphylla (Thunb.) Wild LC as a host-plant at Tswalu Kalahari, Northern Cape Province, South Africa)

Figure 11 – Pupa of Colotis lais. This pupa was reared from a larva collected on 19 September 2022 on a Cadaba aphylla shrub C aphy 13, north of the Dedeben Research Centre, Tswalu Kalahari, South Africa. The CRG reference number for this pupa is RFT22H43. Photo: R.F. Terblanche.

Figure 10 in Colotis lais (Butler, 1876) and Colotis euippe omphale (Godart, [1819]) use Cadaba aphylla (Thunb.) Wild LC as a host-plant at Tswalu Kalahari, Northern Cape Province, South Africa)

Figure 10 – Final instar larva of Colotis euippe omphale collected on 3 January 2022 on Cadaba aphylla shrub C aphy 11, near the Dedeben Research Centre in Tswalu Kalahari, South Africa. The CRG reference number for this larva is RFT22H2. Photo: R.F. Terblanche.

Figure 9 in Colotis lais (Butler, 1876) and Colotis euippe omphale (Godart, [1819]) use Cadaba aphylla (Thunb.) Wild LC as a host-plant at Tswalu Kalahari, Northern Cape Province, South Africa)

Figure 9 – Final instar larva of Colotis lais. The larva was collected on 19 December 2021 on Cadaba aphylla shrub C aphy 13, north of the Dedeben Research Centre, Tswalu Kalahari, South Africa. The larva had been successfully reared on new shoots (young stems with small leaves) of Cadaba aphylla. The CRG reference number for this larva is RFT21H78. Photo: R.F. Terblanche.

Figure 15 in Colotis lais (Butler, 1876) and Colotis euippe omphale (Godart, [1819]) use Cadaba aphylla (Thunb.) Wild LC as a host-plant at Tswalu Kalahari, Northern Cape Province, South Africa)

Figure 15 – Cadaba aphylla (CAPPARACEAE) photographed on 21 January 2019 at Tswalu Kalahari, South Africa. A commonly used English name for Cadaba aphylla is "leafless wormbush," because leaves are often not present or obscured by many leafless stems. Photo: R.F. Terblanche.

Figure 7 in Colotis lais (Butler, 1876) and Colotis euippe omphale (Godart, [1819]) use Cadaba aphylla (Thunb.) Wild LC as a host-plant at Tswalu Kalahari, Northern Cape Province, South Africa)

Figure 7 – Depiction of GPS-marked Cadaba aphylla host plants (white markers) selected for ecological monitoring, north and north-west of the Dedeben Research Centre at Tswalu Kalahari.