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Fig. 32 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides

Fig. 32. Reticularioid brachiopod Kitakamithyris sp. from the Tornaisian Muhua Formation, southern China. A. Incomplete ventral valve, PKUM02−0569, exterior (A1) and interior of the posterior region (A2). B. Ventral valve, PKUM02−0570, in exterior (B1), interior (B2), and lateral (B3) views, and enlargement of the interior showing well developed dental adminicula and median septum (B4). C. Posterior region of an incomplete dorsal valve, PKUM02−0571, in exterior (C1) and interior (C2) views. D, E. Two umbonal fragments of the ventral valve, PKUM02−0572 (D) and PKUM02−0573 (E), in exterior (D1, E1) and interior (D2, E2) views, showing concentric micro−ornamentation, dental adminicula, and median septum. F. Incomplete dorsal valve, PKUM02−0574, in exterior view. G. Fragment of ventral valve, PKUM02−0575, with well preserved external micro−ornamentation, in general view (G1) and enlargement (G2). H, I. Two specimens, PKUM02−0576 (H) and PKUM02−0577 (I), showing well preserved spinose micro−ornamentation, in general (H1, I1) and enlarged (H2, I2) views. G–I SEM micro−graphs. Samples MH1 (A−D, I), GT (E, F), and M2−8 (G, H).

Fig. 12 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides

Fig. 12. Stenoscismatoid brachiopod Coledium bruntoni sp. nov. from the Tornaisian Muhua Formation, southern China. SEM micrographs of the posterior region of a shell PKUM02−0433 showing details of the internal structure viewed laterally (A), anteriorly (B), anterodorsally (C; steropair), and anteriorly (D; enlargement of B), with labelled morphology. Sample MH1. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 11 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides

Fig. 11. Stenoscismatoid brachiopod Coledium bruntoni sp. nov. from the Tornaisian Muhua Formation, southern China. A. Complete shell, holotype PKUM02−0426, in dorsal (A1), ventral (A2), lateral (A3), posterior (A4), and anterior (A5) views. B. Somewhat deformed ventral valve, PKUM02−0427, exterior (B1) and interior (B2); note the recurved postero−lateral valve margins (arrowed). C. Shell, PKUM02−0428, in lateral (C1) and dorsal (C2) views showing development of spurs (arrowed). D. Exterior of incomplete ventral valve, PKUM02−0429. E. Slightly damaged shell, PKUM02−0430, in dorsal view. F. Interior of the dorsal valve (F1) and enlargement (F2) showing camarophorium, PKUM02−0431. G. Exterior of incomplete dorsal valve, PKUM02−0432. Sample MH1. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 26. Spiriferide brachiopods from the Tornaisian Muhua Formation, southern China. A–J in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides

Fig. 26. Spiriferide brachiopods from the Tornaisian Muhua Formation, southern China. A–J. Parallelora sp. A. Incomplete dorsal valve, PKUM02−0516, in exterior (A1), interior (A2), and inclined interior (A3) views. B. Incomplete dorsal valve, PKUM02−0517, in exterior (B1) and interior (B2) views, and enlargement of cardinalia (B3). C. Incomplete dorsal valve, PKUM02−0518, in exterior (C1), interior (C2), and enlarged exterior (C3) views showing surface micro−ornamentation. D. Incomplete ventral valve, PKUM02−0519, in exterior (D1), interior (D2), and posterior (D3) views. E. Incomplete ventral valve, PKUM02− 0520, in exterior (E1) and interior (E2) views, and enlarged posterior region (E3). F. Interior of incomplete ventral valve, PKUM02−0521, showing partly preserved muscle scars. G. Incomplete ventral valve, PKUM02−0522, in exterior (G1) and interior (G2) views. H. Incomplete ventral valve, PKUM02−0523, in posterior (H1; showing subrectangular interarea), fragmentary interior (H2; showing denticulate hinge line), and exterior (H3) views. I. Incomplete ventral valve, ZPAL V.XXVI/71, in exterior (I1), interior (I2), and posterior (I3) views. J. Interior of incomplete ventral valve, PKUM02−0524, showing accessory denticulation. K. Finospirifer sp., incomplete ventral valve, PKUM02−0525, in anterior (K1) and exterior (K2) views. L. Spirifer (Mesochorispira) sp., exterior of incomplete ventral valve, PKUM02−0526; note numerous ctenostomate borings. Samples GB (A–H, J, K), GT (I), and MH1 (L).

Fig. 10 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides

Fig. 10. Pugnacoid brachiopod Leiorhynchoidea? sp. from the Tornaisian Muhua Formation, southern China. A, B. Two isolated dorsal valves, PKUM02−0422 (A) and PKUM02−0423 (B), in exterior (A1, B1) and interior (A2, B2) views. C. Incomplete ventral valve, PKUM02−0424, in exterior (C1) and interior (C2) views. D. Almost complete shell, PKUM02− 0425, in dorsal view. Sample MH2.

Fig. 29 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides

Fig. 29. Strophopleurid brachiopod Celsifornix carteri Baliński and Sun, 2010a from the Tornaisian Muhua Formation, southern China. A. Complete dorsal valve, PKUM02−0542, in exterior (A1), interior (A2), posterior (A3), and anterior (A4) views. B. Complete dorsal valve, PKUM02−0543, in exterior (B1), lateral (B2), posterior (B3), and anterior (B4) views. C. Incomplete dorsal valve, PKUM02−0544, showing exterior (C1), interior (C2), enlarged right half of the valve (C3), and enlargement of surface ornamentation (C4); note distinct growth lamellae on C3 showing development of the cardinal extremities during ontogeny. D. Incomplete ventral valve, PKUM02−0545, in exterior (D1) and posterior (D2) views. E. Incomplete dorsal valve, PKUM02−0546, in exterior (E1), lateral (E2), and posterior (E3) views. F. Interior of a damaged ventral valve, PKUM02−0547, showing partially closed delthyrium by the umbonal callosity and dental adminicula. G. Interior of a complete ventral valve, PKUM02−00382 (G1) and enlargement showing open delthyrium and dental adminicula (G2); specimen illustrated by Baliński and Sun 2010a: pl. 1: 24–26, new photographs. H. Enlargement of the posterior region of the holotype PKUM02−0381 (figured by Baliński and Sun 2010a: pl. 1: 22–23; new photograph), viewed internally, showing cardinalia. All from sample MH1. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 7 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides

Fig. 7. Shell encrustation in silicified brachiopods from the Tornaisian Muhua Formation, southern China. A. Chonetoid shell encrsuted by strophalosiidine Muhuarina haeretica Baliński and Sun, 2005, PKUM02−0080, (new photograph of specimens illustrated by Baliński and Sun 2008: fig. 1E and Sun and Baliński 2008: fig. 18C). B. Interior of dorsal valve of spiriferinide Spiriferellina cf. insculpta Phillips, 1836, PKUM02−0388, in general (B1) and enlarged (B2) views showing infestation by endobiont Haplorygma dorsalis Baliński and Sun, 2010b (see also Baliński and Sun 2010b: fig. 1A; new photographs). C. SEM micrographs of dorsal valve of spiriferide Tylothyris laminosa (M'Coy, 1841), PKUM02−0389, showing infestation by H. dorsalis in general (C1) and enlarged (C2) views (see also Baliński and Sun 2010b: fig. 1B; new photographs). Samples GB (A, B) and MH1 (C).

Fig. 8 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides

Fig. 8. Rhynchotrematoid brachiopod Macropotamorhynchus cf. insolitus Carter, 1987 from the Tornaisian Muhua Formation, southern China. A. Incomplete juvenile shell, ZPAL V.XXVI/60, in dorsal (A1), ventral (A2), and lateral (A3) views. B. Shell, ZPAL V.XXVI/61, in dorsal (B1), ventral (B2), lateral (B3), posterior (B4), and anterior (B5) views. C. Incomplete juvenile shell, ZPAL V.XXVI/62, in oblique lateral view showing distal parts of crura. D. Almost complete shell, PKUM02−0413, in dorsal (D1), ventral (D2), lateral (D3), posterior (D4), and anterior (D5) views. E. Incomplete and slightly deformed dorsal valve, ZPAL V.XXVI/63, in interior view (E1), and enlargement showing cardinalia (E2). F. Incomplete shell, ZPAL V.XXVI/64, in dorsal view. G. Interior of dorsal valve, ZPAL V.XXVI/65. Sample D2 (A–C, F, G) and M2−8 (D). C, E–G, SEM micrographs. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 31 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides

Fig. 31. Delthyridoid brachiopod Tylothyris laminosa (M'Coy, 1841) from the Tornaisian Muhua Formation, southern China. A, B. Exterior of ventral (A) and dorsal (B) valves, PKUM02−0557 (A) and PKUM02−0558 (B). C. Ventral valve, PKUM02−0559, in exterior (C1), interior (C2), and lateral (C3) views. D. Detail of external shell micro−ornamentation, PKUM02−0560. E, F. Interior of two dorsal valves, PKUM02−0561 (E) and PKUM02−0562 (F), in general (E1, F1) and enlarged (E2, F2) views. G. Dorsal valve, PKUM02−0563, in exterior (G1) and interior (G2) views. H. Exterior of dorsal valve, PKUM02−0564. I. Slightly damaged ventral valve, PKUM02−0565, in anterior (I1) and enlarged (I2) views; SEM micrographs. J. Juvenile ventral valve, PKUM02−0566, in exterior (J1) and interior (J2) views. K. Exterior of juvenile ventral valve, PKUM02−0567. L. Incomplete dorsal valve, PKUM02−0568, with well preserved lamellose ornamentation, in general (L1) and detailed (L2) views. All from sample MH1.

Fig. 6 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides

Fig. 6. Shell damage and malformation in silicified brachiopods from the Tornaisian Muhua Formation, southern China. A. Incomplete dorsal valve of orthotetide Schuchertella sp., PKUM02−0320, in general external (A1) and more detailed (A2) views showing damage to the middle anterior margin at the earlier stage of growth resulting in bilobate outline of the valve; note also disturbance of median costellae and a later recovery after some arrest of growth (specimen illustrated also by Sun and Baliński 2008: fig. 22C). B, C. Two dorsal valves of orthotetide Lamellispina spinosa Sun and Baliński, 2008, PKUM02−0406 and PKUM02−0407, viewed from the interior showing distortion/malformation of growth due to crowding. D. Seriously damaged ventral valve of spiriferide Celsifornix carteri Baliński and Sun, 2010a, PKUM02−0408, in external (D1) and internal (D2) views showing full recovery after some arrest of growth; note another (subsequent) repaired damage on the left flank of the specimen. E. Incomplete ventral valve of spiriferide Parallelora sp., PKUM02−0409, in external (E1) and enlarged (E2) views showing repaired damage. F. Incomplete ventral valve of spiriferide Celsifornix carteri Baliński and Sun, 2010a, PKUM02−0410, in external (F1) and internal (F2) views showing broken off and repaired the lateral part of the right flank. G. Ventral valve of spiriferide Eochoristites neipentaiensis Chu, 1933, PKUM02−0411, in oblique lateral view showing repaired damage of the right lateral extremity. H. Dorsal valve of spiriferide Eochoristites neipentaiensis, PKUM02−0412, in external (H1) and internal (H2) views with scalloped anterolateral margin of the left flank showing full repair of the damage. Samples MH1 (A–D, F), MH2 (G, H), and GB (E). Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 35 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides

Fig. 35. Fragmentary and juvenile undetermined brachiopods from the Tornaisian Muhua Formation, southern China. A–N. Small shells and single valves probably representing juveniles of athyrididoids. A–D. Four complete shells in dorsal view, PKUM02−0592 (A), PKUM02−0593 (B), PKUM02−0594 (C), and PKUM02−0595 (D). E. Shell PKUM02−0596 with damaged dorsal valve in dorsal view showing partially preserved spiralium and jugum (arrowed). F, N. Two dorsal valves, PKUM02−0597 (F) and PKUM02−0598 (N), viewed from the interior. G, I. Two shells, PKUM02−0599 (G) and PKUM02−0600 (I), in dorsal (G1, I1), ventral (G2, I2), lateral (G3, I3), and posterior (G4, I4) views. H. Complete shell, PKUM02−0601, in dorsal (H1), lateral (H2), and anterior (H3) views. J, L, M. Three ventral valves viewed internally, PKUM02−0602 (J), PKUM02−0603 (L), and PKUM02−0604 (M). K. Slightly damaged ventral valve, PKUM02−0605, interior (K1) and enlargement of the posterior region (K2). O–U. Fragmentary specimens probably representing juvenile rhynchonellides. O. Umbonal region of conjoined valves, PKUM02−0606, in posterior (O1), anterior (internal) (O2), and oblique lateral (O3) views, showing convergent ventrally dental plates and cardinalia. P, Q. Interior of two fragmentary umbonal regions of conjoined valves showing convergent ventrally dental plates and cardinalia, PKUM02−0607 (P) and PKUM02−0608 (Q). R–T. Interior of three fragmentary dorsal valves, PKUM02−0609 (R), PKUM02−0610 (S), and PKUM02−0611 (T), showing cardinalia and long median septum. U. Interior of umbnonal fragment of the ventral valve, PKUM02−0612, showing well developed dental plates. A–F, K, L–N SEM micrographs. All from sample MH1.

Fig. 1 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides

Fig. 1. Stratigraphic columns (A) and map (B) of the sampling sites around Muhua and Gedongguan villages in Guizhou Province, southern China (after Sun and Baliński 2008).

Fig. 4 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides

Fig. 4. Shell damage in silicified brachiopods from the Tournaisian Muhua Formation, southern China. A. Drilled ventral valve of Subglobosochonetes gedongguensis Sun and Baliński, 2008, PKUM02−0390, in exterior (A1) and interior (A2) views. B, C. Two shells of Cleiothyridina deroissyi (Léveillé, 1835) with boreholes, PKUM02−0391 (B) and PKUM02−0392 (C), in dorso−lateral (B) and ventral (C) views, respectively. D, E. Two damaged shells of Cleiothyridina tenuilineata (Rowley, 1900) with boreholes, PKUM02−0393 (D) and PKUM02−0394 (E), in dorsal (D1, E1) and enlarged (D2, E2) views. F. Damaged ventral valve of Cleiothyridina tenuilineata (Rowley, 1900), PKUM02−0395, in general exterior (F1) and more detailed (F2) views. G, H. Two shells of Crurithyris cf. nastus Brunton and Champion, 1974 with boreholes, PKUM02−0396 (G) and PKUM02−0397 (H), in general dorsal (G1, H1) and detailed (G2, H2) views. I. Shell of Cleiothyridina deroissyi (Léveillé, 1835), PKUM02−0398, with a few small−sized boreholes in dorsal valve. J. Shell of Cleiothyridina tenuilineata (Rowley, 1900) with a series of small−sized boreholes, PKUM02−0399, in ventral (J1) and enlarged (J2) views. K, L. Two dorsal valves of Cesifornix carteri Baliński and Sun, 2010a, PKUM02−0400 (K) and PKUM02−0401 (L), bored from the exterior (K1, L1) and showing "blister" deposits in the interior (K2, L2) as a response to borings. M. Dorsal valve of Schellwienella sp., PKUM02−0317, showing numerous external borings of a barnacle (M1) and internal "blisters" sealing the damages (M2) (illustrated by Baliński and Sun 2008: fig. 21D; M2 new photograph). N. Koskinoid perforations in posterior region of ventral valve of Serratocrista sp., PKUM02−0402. Samples GB/GT (A, N), MH1 (B–G, I–L), and MH2 (H, M).

Fig. 12 in Chondrichthyan remains from the Lower Carboniferous of Muhua, southern China

Fig. 12. Unidentified chondrichthyan crushing teeth from sample MH−1, middle Tournaisian of Muhua, China. A. Type 1, PKUM02−0170 in lateral (A1) and oral (A2) views. B–D. Type 2. B. Small tooth (PKUM02−0171) in oral (B1), lateral (B2), and labial (B3) views. C. PKUM02−0172 in lingual (C1), lateral (C2), oral (C3), and labial (C4) views. D. PKUM02−0173 in oral (D1) and labial (D2) views. E. Type 3, PKUM02−0174 in lateral (E1), oral (E2), labial (E3), and lingual (E4) views. F. Type 4, PKUM02−0175 in oral (F1), lingual (F2), and labial (F3) views. G. Type 5, PKUM02−0176 in lingual (G1), oral (G2), and labial (G3) views.

Fig. 11 in Chondrichthyan remains from the Lower Carboniferous of Muhua, southern China

Fig. 11. Teeth of Euchondrocephali incertae sedis from sample MH−1, middle Tournaisian of Muhua, China. A–D. Cristatodens sigmoidalis gen. et sp. nov. A. Holotype (PKUM02−0165) in lateral (A1), labial (A2), lingual (A3), and oral (A4) views. B. Crown of PKUM02−0166 in oral (B1) labial (B2), and lateral (B3) views. C. Crown of PKUM02−0167 in oral (C1) and lingual? (C2) views. D. Small tooth (PKUM02−0168) in lingual (D1) and oral (D2) views. E.?Cristatodens sigmoidalis, PKUM02−0169 in oblique labial (E1), oral (E2), lateral (E3), opposite lateral (E4), and lingual (E5) views.

Fig. 10. Reference specimens from Laurussia. A. Diclitodus scitulus Davis, 1883 in Chondrichthyan remains from the Lower Carboniferous of Muhua, southern China

Fig. 10. Reference specimens from Laurussia. A. Diclitodus scitulus Davis, 1883, holotype (BMNH P.49629), from the Carboniferous Limestone, Richmond, Yorkshire, England, in labial view. B. "?Psephodus laevissimus", specimen BMNH P.9914, from the Lower Limestone shales bone bed, Avon Gorge near Bristol, in oral view. C. Chomatodus davisi (Woodward, 1889), a specimen of the type series (BMNH P.2656), from the Viséan Mountain Limestone of Armagh, Northern Ireland, in lingual view. D. Tamiobatis wachsmuthi (St. John and Worthen, 1875), a specimen of the type series (MCZ 6371), from the Kinderhookian of Burlington, Iowa, in labial view. E. Deltodus sublaevis (Agassiz, 1838), specimen BGS 5964, from the Viséan Mountain Limestone of Armagh, Northern Ireland, in oral view (left side broken). F.?Goodrichthys eskdalensis (Moy−Thomas, 1936), a tooth from the specimen NMS 2000.14.2, from the lower Viséan of Glencartholm, Dumfriesshire, Scotland, in labial view. G. Chomatodus linearis (Agassiz, 1838), specimen BMNH P.2653, from the Lower Carboniferous Yoredale Beds, Richmond, Yorkshire, England, in oral view. H. Sibyrhynchus denisoni Zangerl and Case, 1973 (FMNH PF6408), palatal tooth plates.

Fig. 7 in Chondrichthyan remains from the Lower Carboniferous of Muhua, southern China

Fig. 7. Holocephalian dental elements from sample MH−1, middle Tournaisian of Muhua, China. A. Diclitodus denshumani (Newberry and Worthen, 1866), PKUM02−0153, in lingual (A1), lingual/aboral (A2), labial (A3), and lateral (A4) views. B–E. Helodus coniculus Newberry and Worthen, 1866. B. PKUM02−0154 in oral (B1) lingual (B2), and lateral (B3) views. C. PKUM02−0155 in lingual (C1), oral (C2), and two lateral (C3, C4) views. D. PKUM02−0156 in lateral (D1), labial (D2), and oral (D3) views. E. PKUM02−0157 in aboral/lateral (E1) and aboral (E2) views. F. Deltodus cf. sublaevis (Agassiz, 1838), tooth plate (PKUM02−0158) in labial view.

Fig. 9 in Chondrichthyan remains from the Lower Carboniferous of Muhua, southern China

Fig. 9. Chondrichthyan teeth and tooth plates from sample MH−1, middle Tournaisian of Muhua, China. A, B. Chondrenchelys sp. A. Posterior toothplate (PKUM02−0159) in oral (A1) and aboral (A2) views. B. Anterior toothplate (PKUM02−0160) in oblique oral (B1) and aboral (B2) views. C. Chondrenchelyidae gen. et sp. indet., two overlapping teeth of a tooth family (PKUM02−0161) in oral (C1), aboral (C2), and two lateral (C3, C4) views. D, E. Chomatodus davisi (Woodward, 1889). D. Low tooth (PKUM02−0162) in lingual (D1) and oral/labial (D2) views. E. High tooth (PKUM02−0163) in labial(E1), oral (E2), and lingual (E3) views. F. Ctenacanthiformes gen. et sp. indet., tooth (PKUM02−0164) in lingual (F1), oral (F2), labial (F3), and aboral (F4) views; lingual base broken.

Fig. 3 in Chondrichthyan remains from the Lower Carboniferous of Muhua, southern China

Fig. 3. Cladodont teeth from sample MH−1, middle Tournaisian of Muhua, China. A–C. Stethacanthus sp. A. PKUM02−0133 in lingual (A1) and labial (A2) views. B. PKUM02−0134 in labial (B1) and aboral (B2) views. C. PKUM02−0135 in labial (C1), lingual (C2), oral (C3), and lateral (C4) views. D–G. Tamiobatis sp. D. PKUM02−0136 in lingual (D1) and oral (D2) views. E. PKUM02−0137 in labial view. F. PKUM02−0138 in oral (F1) and lingual (F2) views. G. PKUM02−0139 in lingual view.

Fig. 5 in Chondrichthyan remains from the Lower Carboniferous of Muhua, southern China

Fig. 5. Hybodontiform chondrichthyan Cassisodus margaritae gen. et sp. nov. from sample MH−1, middle Tournaisian of Muhua, China. A. Anterior tooth, holotype (PKUM02−0145) in labial (A1), oral (A2), lateral/lingual (A3), lateral (A4), aboral (A5), and lingual (A6) views. B–D. Lateral teeth. B. PKUM02− 0146 in lingual (B1), oral (B2), and lateral (B3) views. C. PKUM02−0147 in oral (C1) and lateral (C2) views. D. PKUM02−0148 in lateral (D1), lingual (D2), and oral (D3) views.