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FIGURE 5. Sphaerobelum truncatum n in A new species of the giant pill-millipede genus Sphaerobelum Verhoeff, 1924 from northern Thailand, with an extensive description and molecular characters (Diplopoda: Sphaerotheriida: Zephroniidae)

FIGURE 5. Sphaerobelum truncatum n. sp., Digital photographs, A: paratype in habitat; B: paratype, living specimen volvated; C: paratype, ventral view, arrow points to locking carina of anal shield; D: eye field and Tömösváry organ; E: distal right antennomere; F: holotype, first pair of legs with stigmatic plate; G: paratype, vulva of female; H: holotype, second coxa, arrow points to coxal lobe. Abbreviations: Lc = locking carina; TO = Tömösváry organ; Cx = coxa; ST = stigmatic plate; O = operculum; EP = external plate of vulva; IP = mesal plate of vulva. A-C: Photographs not to scale. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 8. Sphaerobelum truncatum n in A new species of the giant pill-millipede genus Sphaerobelum Verhoeff, 1924 from northern Thailand, with an extensive description and molecular characters (Diplopoda: Sphaerotheriida: Zephroniidae)

FIGURE 8. Sphaerobelum truncatum n. sp., holotype, SEM, A: tergite; B: anterior fifth of tergite; C: anterior margin of tergite, arrow points to small conical spines; D: setae and nodules on central area of tergite. Abbreviations: Sn = sclerotized nodules; l-se = long setae; s-se = short setae; sm = smooth area; AM= anterior margin; CA = central area; PM = posterior margin; l-Sn = large sclerotized nodules; s-Sn = small sclerotized nodules.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of the giant pill-millipede genus Sphaerobelum Verhoeff, 1924 from northern Thailand, with an extensive description and molecular characters (Diplopoda: Sphaerotheriida: Zephroniidae)

FIGURE 4. Measurements of a volvated giant pill-millipede. Abbreviations: TS = thoracic shield; AS = anal shield.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of the giant pill-millipede genus Sphaerobelum Verhoeff, 1924 from northern Thailand, with an extensive description and molecular characters (Diplopoda: Sphaerotheriida: Zephroniidae)

FIGURE 2. Maximum likelihood tree of the COI analysis. Bootstrap values (1,000 replicates) given above branches. Values <50% not shown (–).

FIGURE 3 in A new species of the giant pill-millipede genus Sphaerobelum Verhoeff, 1924 from northern Thailand, with an extensive description and molecular characters (Diplopoda: Sphaerotheriida: Zephroniidae)

FIGURE 3. Single most-parsimonious tree obtained by the analysis of the COI dataset under the ALLTREES criterion. Length = 730. Bootstrap values>50% (1,000 replicates) given above branches.

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FIGURE 2 in The identity of Australia's northern-most giant pill-millipedes (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida)

FIGURE 2. Cyliosoma larvalis (Butler, 1878, lectotype (NHML)), multi-layer photographs, tergite 7, A: endotergum; B: limbus. (1) = setal insertion points; (2) = cuticular patterns; (3) inner area. Not to scale.

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FIGURE 1 in The identity of Australia's northern-most giant pill-millipedes (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida)

FIGURE 1. Cyliosoma larvalis (Butler, 1878), new combination: A, C & D = lectotype Z. larvalis (NHML); B, E & F = lectotype C. albertisii (MCSN) new synonym. A = left stigmatic plate 3; B = midbody stigmatic plate; C = left leg 9, posterior view; D = coxae and prefemora 2, with vulvae, posterior view; E = last two podomeres of posterior telopod, anterior view; F = same as 'E', posterior view. Abbreviations: Cx = coxa; EP = external, lateral plate; IP = inner, mesal plate; O = operculum; Pre = prefemur; Sp = spiracle. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 3 in The Giant Pill-Millipedes of Nepal (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae) *

FIGURE 3. Multi-layer photographs, anal shield and posterior tergites, lateral view. All specimens were males. A: Zephronia nepalensis n. sp., holotype, SMF; B: Kophosphaera politissima Attems, 1935, ZFMK MYR4176; C: K. shivapuri n. sp., holotype, SMF; D: K. martensi n. sp., holotype, SMF. Abbreviations: 12T = tergite 12; AS = anal shield. Not to scale.

FIGURE 6. Kophosphaera politissima Attems, 1935 in The Giant Pill-Millipedes of Nepal (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae) *

FIGURE 6. Kophosphaera politissima Attems, 1935, male, ZFMK MYR4176. A: left leg 9, posterior view; B: right half of anterior telopod, anterior view; C: right anterior telopod, podomeres 2–4, lateral view; D: right posterior telopod, posterior view; E: right posterior telopod, anterior view. Abbreviations: IH = position of inner horns; Syn = syncoxite; numbers refer to podomere. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 2 in The Giant Pill-Millipedes of Nepal (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae) *

FIGURE 2. SEM of tergites or endoterga of different Zephronia and Kophosphaera species. A: Zephronia montana (Karsch, 1881), ZMB55, tergite surface; B: Zephronia nepalensis n. sp., holotype, SMF, endotergum; C: Kophosphaera politissima Attems, 1935, ZFMK MYR4176, endotergum; D: K. shivapuri n. sp., holotype, SMF, endotergum; E: K. martensi n. sp., holotype, SMF, endotergum.

FIGURE 9. Kophosphaera martensi n in The Giant Pill-Millipedes of Nepal (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae) *

FIGURE 9. Kophosphaera martensi n. sp., male holotype, SMF. A: left leg 9, posterior view; B: left half of anterior telopod, anterior view; C: left anterior telopod, podomeres 2–4, lateral view; D: left posterior telopod, podomeres 2–4, posterior view; E: left posterior telopod, anterior view. Abbreviations: Syn = syncoxite; numbers refer to podomere. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 8. Kophosphaera shivapuri n in The Giant Pill-Millipedes of Nepal (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae) *

FIGURE 8. Kophosphaera shivapuri n. sp., male holotype, SMF. A: left leg 9, posterior view; B: right coxa and prefemur 2, with gonopore; C: left half of anterior telopod, anterior view; D: left anterior telopod, podomeres 2–4, lateral view; E: right posterior telopod, anterior view; F: right posterior telopod, posterior view. Abbreviations: Co = coxa; Go = gonopore; IH = position of inner horns; Pre = prefemur; St = stigmatic plate 2; Syn = syncoxite; numbers refer to podomere. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in The Giant Pill-Millipedes of Nepal (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae) *

FIGURE 1. Zephronia montana (Karsch, 1881) new combination, holotype ZMB 55, coxa 2 with vulva, posterior view. Abbreviations: Bu = bursa of vulva; Co = coxa; O = operculum, Pre = prefemur. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 7 in The Giant Pill-Millipedes of Nepal (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae) *

FIGURE 7. Kophosphaera excavata (Butler, 1874), male lectotype, NHML BM1874.51. A: left leg 9, posterior view; B: left half of anterior telopod, anterior view; C: left anterior telopod, podomeres 2–4, lateral view; D: right posterior telopod, anterior view; E: right posterior telopod, posterior view. Abbreviations: IH = position of inner horns; Syn = syncoxite; numbers refer to podomere. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 5. Zephronia nepalensis n in The Giant Pill-Millipedes of Nepal (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae) *

FIGURE 5. Zephronia nepalensis n. sp., B = female paratype, ZFMK MYR4172, A, C–F male holotype, SMF. A: left leg 9, posterior view; B: right coxa and prefemur 2, with vulva; C: left half of anterior telopod, anterior view; D: left anterior telopod, podomeres 2–4, lateral view; E: right posterior telopod, anterior view; F: left posterior telopod, posterior view. Abbreviations: Bu = bursa; Co = coxa; cr-T = crenulated teeth; IH = position of inner horns; ML = membranous lobe; O = operculum; Pre = prefemur; Syn = syncoxite; numbers refer to podomere. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 4. Zephronia tumida Butler, 1882 in The Giant Pill-Millipedes of Nepal (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae) *

FIGURE 4. Zephronia tumida Butler, 1882, holotype male, NHML BM1882.11. A: left leg 9, posterior view; B: right half of anterior telopod, anterior view; C: tip of right anterior telopod, posterior view; D: right anterior telopod, podomeres 2–4, lateral view; E: right posterior telopod, podomeres 2–4, posterior view; F: right posterior telopod, anterior view. Abbreviations: Co = coxa; cr-T = crenulated teeth; Fe = femur; ML = membranous ledge or lobe; Po = postfemur; Pre = prefemur; Syn = syncoxite; Ta = tarsus; Ti = tibia; numbers refer to podomere. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 2. Zoosphaerium bemanevika n in Two new giant pill-millipede species of the genus Zoosphaerium endemic to the Bemanevika area in northern Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae)

FIGURE 2. Zoosphaerium bemanevika n. sp.., A, B: female (ZFMK MYR 6144); C-H: holotype male (FMNH-INS 2858686 - C); A: coxa of first left leg with first stigmatic plate; B: 9 th right leg; C coxa of second left leg with gonopore; D: left anterior telopod, anterior view; E: left anterior telopod, posterior view; F: left anterior telopod, lateral view G: right posterior telopod, posterior view; H: right posterior telopod, anterior view. Abbreviations: as = apical spine; cl = claw; cr-t = crenulated teeth; cx = coxa; fe = femur; gp = gonopore; pof = postfemur; pref = prefemur; s-p = sclerotized spot; s-ps = field of sclerotized spots; sr = stridulation ribs; st = stigmatic plate; syn = syncoxite; ta = tarsus; ti = tibia; vs = ventral spines. A, B Scale bars = 1 mm, C – H Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 3. Zoosphaerium bemanevika n in Two new giant pill-millipede species of the genus Zoosphaerium endemic to the Bemanevika area in northern Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae)

FIGURE 3. Zoosphaerium bemanevika n. sp., female (ZFMK MYR 6144), A: coxa of second left leg with vulva; B: female subanal plate with washboard. Abbreviations: cx = coxa; ep = external plate of vulva; ip = internal plate of vulva; o = operculum; sr = stridulation ribs. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 10. Zoosphaerium minutus n in Two new giant pill-millipede species of the genus Zoosphaerium endemic to the Bemanevika area in northern Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae)

FIGURE 10. Zoosphaerium minutus n. sp., holotype (FMNH-INS 2858686 - A), SEM, A: gnathochilarium, apical view of dorsal side; B: gnathochilarium, sensory cones on inner palpus; C: gnathochilarium, ventral view; D: gnathochilarium, inner palpus and central pad; E: gnathochilarium, rudimentary lateral palpus with sensory cones mesal view; F: left mandible, mesal view. Abbreviations: c = condyles; cp = central pad; eT = external tooth; Hyp = Hypopharynx; ip = inner palpus; iT = internal tooth; LL = lamellae linguales; LP = lateral palpus; mp = molar plate; pL = pectinate lamellae; St = stipites.

FIGURE 1 in Two new giant pill-millipede species of the genus Zoosphaerium endemic to the Bemanevika area in northern Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae)

FIGURE 1. Distribution map of Zoosphaerium species in Madagascar, including Zoosphaerium bemanevika n. sp., and Zoosphaerium minutus n. sp. Red points refer to other Zoosphaerium species (See Table 1). Circles refer to clades (see Figure 12). Vegetation mapped after literature (DuPuy & Moat 2007).