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435 results for “Sterilization”
Primordial GATA6 macrophages function as extravascular platelets in sterile injury
<p>Most multicellular organisms have a major body cavity that harbors immune cells. In primordial species like purple sea urchins, these cells perform phagocytic functions but are also crucial in repairing injuries. In mammals, the peritoneal cavity contains large numbers of resident GATA6<sup>+</sup> macrophages, which may play a similar role. It is unclear how cavity macrophages suspended in the fluid phase (peritoneal fluid) identify and migrate towards injuries, however. Here, we show that cavity macrophages in fluid rapidly form thrombus-like structures in response to injury using primordial scavenger receptor (SRCR) domains. Aggregates of cavity macrophages physically sealed injuries and promoted rapid repair of focal lesions. In iatrogenic surgical situations, these cavity macrophages formed extensive aggregates that promoted the growth of intra-abdominal scar tissue termed peritoneal adhesions.</p>
Data from: A Z-linked sterility locus causes sexual abstinence in hybrid females and facilitates speciation in Spodoptera frugiperda
In the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), two sympatric strains have been recognized that have been termed corn strain (C) and rice strain (R), referring to their most common host plants. Both strains are reproductively isolated via a distinct prezygotic barrier as well as via an intriguing postzygotic phenomenon: when R females have mated with C males, the resulting RC hybrid females exhibit dramatically reduced fertility independent of their mating partner. Here we demonstrate that the reduced fertility is caused by the fact that these females refrain from mating, i.e. females are behaviorally sterile. We identified a Z-chromosomally linked sterility locus that is most likely incompatible with yet-to-be-identified autosomal (or cytoplasmic) factors leading to the observed sexual abstinence. Within-chromosome mapping revealed the sterility locus to be located in an area of strongly reduced inter-strain recombination.
Data from: Laboratory rearing of Anopheles arabiensis: impact on genetic variability and implications for Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) based mosquito control in northern Sudan
Background: Mosquito colony populations often show significant changes in their population genetic make-up compared to the field populations that were used as founding source. Most of the changes that have been reported are indicators of depletion in the overall genetic diversity of the colony populations. The Sterile Insect Techniques programme of mosquito control that is underway in Northern Sudan uses sterilized males produced from a laboratory-maintained colony population. The genetic diversity of an advanced generation of this colony population was quantitatively assessed and compared to the field population from which the colony was derived. Methods: Anopheles arabiensis mosquito samples from the 13th generation of the colony, and from the locality that was the source of the first generation of the colony, were genotyped at 11 microsatellite loci distributed throughout the species' genome. Standard population genetic analyses were carried out to quantify and compare their population genetic make-up and diversities. Results: The colony samples showed significant reduction in the total number of alleles, the numbers of rare and private alleles, and the fractions of heterozygote individuals at all the loci. The pattern of change is consistent with the expected effect of the use of a small number of mosquitoes when the colony was established. Departure from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in the direction of homozygote excess was observed at some loci and attributed to the presence of null-alleles. Conclusions: This study highlights the need for broad sampling when initiating colony populations and for ongoing assessment of the population genetic make-up of colony populations. Previous assessments of survivorship, dispersive behaviour and swarm formation indicate that the inbreeding and reduced genetic variability reported in this study may not have had direct fitness consequences yet. However, noting the lessons learned in other SIT programmes about the impact of colonization on male sexual behaviour and longevity, as well as other inbreeding related adverse effects, a systematic investigation of these potential effects is recommended because they have direct impact on the ultimate success of the programme.
Data from: Genome-wide association study of outcrossing in cytoplasmic male sterile lines of rice
Stigma exsertion and panicle enclosure of male sterile lines are two key determinants of outcrossing in hybrid rice seed production. Based on 43,394 single nucleotide polymorphism markers, 217 cytoplasmic male sterile lines were assigned into two subpopulations and a mixed-group where the LD decay distance varied from 975 to 2,690 kb. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were performed for stigma exsertion rate (SE), panicle enclosure rate (PE) and seed-setting rate (SSR). A total of 154 significant association signals (P < 0.001) were identified. They were situated in 27 quantitative trait loci (QTLs), including 11 for SE, 6 for PE, and 10 for SSR. It was shown that six of the ten QTLs for SSR were tightly linked to QTLs for SE or/and PE with the expected allelic direction. These QTL clusters could be targeted to improve the outcrossing of female parents in hybrid rice breeding. Our study also indicates that GWAS-base QTL mapping can complement and enhance previous QTL information for understanding the genetic relationship between outcrossing and its related traits.
Data from: Genetic dissection of hybrid male sterility across stages of spermatogenesis
Hybrid sterility is a common form of reproductive isolation between nascent species. Although hybrid sterility is routinely documented and genetically dissected in speciation studies, its developmental basis is rarely examined, especially in generations beyond the F1. To identify phenotypic and genetic determinants of hybrid male sterility from a developmental perspective, we characterized testis histology in 312 F2 hybrids generated by intercrossing inbred strains of Mus musculus domesticus and M. m. musculus, two subspecies of house mice. Hybrids display a range of histologic abnormalities that indicate defective spermatogenesis. Among these abnormalities, we quantified decreased testis size, reductions in spermatocyte and spermatid number, increased apoptosis of meiosis I spermatocytes, and more multinucleated syncytia. Collectively, our phenotypic data point to defects in meiosis I as a primary barrier to reproduction. We identified seven quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling five histologic traits. A region of chromosome 17 that contains Prdm9, a gene known to confer F1 hybrid male sterility, affects multinucleated syncytia and round spermatids, potentially extending the phenotypic outcomes of this incompatibility. The X chromosome also plays a key role, with loci affecting multinucleated syncytia, apoptosis of round spermatids, and round spermatid numbers. We detected an epistatic interaction between QTL on chromosomes 17 and X for multinucleated syncytia. Our results refine the developmental basis of a key reproductive barrier in a classic model system for speciation genetics.
Data from: Phylogeny and taxonomy of an enigmatic sterile lichen
Crustose, asexually reproducing taxa represent a large component of lichen biodiversity that is often overlooked and underestimated; as a result, remarkable potential remains for discovery of new species in this neglected, polyphyletic group. For this study, ITS and mtSSU rDNA sequences were analyzed in conjunction with chemical and anatomical data to understand the systematic placement of an enigmatic, sterile lichen. This species, despite references in the literature, and being known for over half a decade, has remained undescribed due to our inability to integrate it into a higher-level taxonomic framework using morphology alone. Here we demonstrate the utility of a systematic methodology that combines molecular and non-molecular characters to place and circumscribe species of asexually reproducing lichens that are typically sterile. Based on our analyses, the new species, Caloplaca reptans, shows phylogenetic and morphological affinities to a broad group of Caloplaca species with gray thalli, including the type species of the genus, C. cerina. This study highlights that the family Teloschistaceae is morphologically more diverse than previously understood, and contains elements that cannot easily be placed in known 'species groups.'
FIGURE 2. Blepharis eilensis. A–B leaves, C lower sterile bract, D upper sterile bract, E in A striking new species of Blepharis (Acanthaceae) from north-eastern Somalia
FIGURE 2. Blepharis eilensis. A–B leaves, C lower sterile bract, D upper sterile bract, E detail of leaf showing the indumentum, F close up of fertile bract, G lower fertile bract, H upper ferile bract.
FIGURE. Floral habit and structure of C. spongifolia. A. Type specimen in situ with open, spathe limb (apex is reflexed out of view), and green spathe tube (ca. 6 cm long). B. Adjacent plant with inflorescences and prophylls. C. Spadix showing from top: sterile appendix, staminate (male) zone, sterile interstice, and green pistillate (female) zone with tapered, conical form. D. Detail of female zone showing a few basal staminodes. E–G. Berries of the preserved type specimen. G. Dissected berry with orthotropous ovules (some outlined) attached by funicles to parietal placentae (arrows). H. Surface of male zone showing closely-packed synandria. I. Synandria separated to show fused anther sacs beneath apical pores (example in center has 8 pores, 8 anthers) J. Mature fruiting head, with single berry removed to show seed packing and 67 seeds extracted (scale bar units: 1 mm) (Bach Ma NP; type 2020; fruit and seeds 2018). Photos: NVD and PJM. in Colocasia spongifolia sp. nov. (Araceae) in southern China and central Vietnam
FIGURE. Floral habit and structure of C. spongifolia. A. Type specimen in situ with open, spathe limb (apex is reflexed out of view), and green spathe tube (ca. 6 cm long). B. Adjacent plant with inflorescences and prophylls. C. Spadix showing from top: sterile appendix, staminate (male) zone, sterile interstice, and green pistillate (female) zone with tapered, conical form. D. Detail of female zone showing a few basal staminodes. E–G. Berries of the preserved type specimen. G. Dissected berry with orthotropous ovules (some outlined) attached by funicles to parietal placentae (arrows). H. Surface of male zone showing closely-packed synandria. I. Synandria separated to show fused anther sacs beneath apical pores (example in center has 8 pores, 8 anthers) J. Mature fruiting head, with single berry removed to show seed packing and 67 seeds extracted (scale bar units: 1 mm) (Bach Ma NP; type 2020; fruit and seeds 2018). Photos: NVD and PJM.
FIGURE 1. Meliosma chanchamayensis. A. Terminal sterile branch. B. Infructescence. C in Two new species of Meliosma (Sabiaceae) from the premontane and montane forests of the Selva Central of Peru
FIGURE 1. Meliosma chanchamayensis. A. Terminal sterile branch. B. Infructescence. C. Inflorescence, and detail of flowers at ends of inflorescence branchlet. D. Flower bud. E. Mature fruit. F. Flower bud with two petals and staminodes removed. G. Pistil. H. Sepal. I. Petal with adnate staminode. J. Stamen with adnate inner petal, frontal and posterior view. J. Inner petal. L. Staminode. A, C, D and F-L from T.D. Pennington & A. Daza 16505; B and E from T.D. Pennington & A. Daza 16506.
FIGURE 2. Schistidium squarrosum. A. Habit. B. Sterile plant. C. Stem section. D–F. Cauline leaves. G–I. Distal leaf sections. J–K. Cauline leaf apices. L. Median marginal laminal cells. M. Basal laminal cells. N. Medial leaf section. O in Two new species of Schistidium (Grimmiaceae, Bryophyta) from western North America
FIGURE 2. Schistidium squarrosum. A. Habit. B. Sterile plant. C. Stem section. D–F. Cauline leaves. G–I. Distal leaf sections. J–K. Cauline leaf apices. L. Median marginal laminal cells. M. Basal laminal cells. N. Medial leaf section. O. Capsule in perichaetium. P. Perichaetial leaf. Q. Capsule. R. Operculum and calyptra. S. Peristome tooth. Scale bar: 4 mm for A; 3 mm for B; 1 mm for O, Q; 100 μm for C, G–N, S; 0.5 mm for D–F, P–R.
Combined transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis reveals the mechanism behind the pollen abortion in early stage among male sterile lines of alfalfa
<p><span>This study investigates early-stage anther development in cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) alfalfa lines (MSJN1A) compared to their isotypic maintainer line (MSJN1B). Histological analyses revealed abnormal degradation of tapetal cells post-meiosis in the CMS line. Notably, during the early mononuclear stage, the central vacuole in the microspores was absent, leading to evident pollen abortion. These findings suggest that pollen abortion in the CMS line is associated with the delayed disintegration of the tapetum and structural anomalies in microspore vacuoles.</span><span> </span><span>Non-targeted metabolomic sequencing was employed to analyze the early anther metabolites of alfalfa, identifying four hundred and one and four hundred and five metabolites in the late tetrad and early mononuclear stages, respectively. Among these, thirty-nine metabolites were consistently up-regulated, while eighty-eight were down-regulated. Differential analysis revealed forty-five and thirty-seven unique metabolites in each respective stage. These metabolites primarily featured in pathways related to energy, phenylpropane, sucrose and starch, and fatty acid metabolism. Integrated analysis demonstrated that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differential metabolites (DMs) were co-enriched in these pathways. Additionally, quantitative real-time PCR and physiological index analysis confirmed the down-regulation of key genes during anther development, illustrating that changes in gene regulation upstream could significantly impact downstream metabolite levels, ultimately influencing pollen fertility.</span></p>
FIGURE 1. Digitaria clarkiae. A. Plant. B. Ligular area. C. Synflorescence branching pattern. D. Spikelet frontal view showing first glume and sterile lemma. E. Spikelet showing second glume. F. Sterile palea. G in Digitaria clarkiae (Paniceae, Panicoideae, Poaceae), a new species with a paniculate synflorescence, and the first record of D. costaricensis from México
FIGURE 1. Digitaria clarkiae. A. Plant. B. Ligular area. C. Synflorescence branching pattern. D. Spikelet frontal view showing first glume and sterile lemma. E. Spikelet showing second glume. F. Sterile palea. G. Fertile floret. From the type (L. Aragón 362, MEXU).
FIGURE 1. Sterile gametophyte characters. a. differentiated cortex, large stem drawn from Tylimanthus saccatus Engel 28427 in Molecular, morphological, and biogeographic perspectives on the classification of Acrobolboideae (Acrobolbaceae, Marchantiophyta)
FIGURE 1. Sterile gametophyte characters. a. differentiated cortex, large stem drawn from Tylimanthus saccatus Engel 28427 (LB185); b. undifferentiated cortex, small stem drawn from Marsupidium sp. Renner s.n. (LB203); c–d. leaf rhizoids: c. drawn from A. ciliatus Long 34895 (LB198); d. drawn from T. laxus Holz CR00-197 (LB162); e–h. leaf shapes: e. symmetrically bifid leaf drawn from A. wilsonii Long 39345 (LB144); f. asymmetrically bifid leaf drawn from T. flavicans Frey & Schaumann 01-372c; g. orbicular leaf drawn from Acrobolbus concinnus Renner 5251 (LB197); h. reniform leaf drawn from M. surculosum Engel 21271 (LB183); i. cell walls with trigones drawn from T. madeirensis Stech 04-509 (LB169); j. cell walls lacking trigones drawn from T. saccatus Engel 18427 (LB185); k–l. leaf surface papillae: k. welt-papillae drawn from A. ochrophyllus Engel 26633 (LB191); l. striate papillae drawn from T. urvilleanus Briscoe 1100; m. oil bodies drawn from T. urvilleanus Briscoe 1191.
FIGURE 1. A–E. Lomaria spannagelii. A. Sterile frond. B. Fertile frond. C in The fern genera Lomaria, Lomariocycas, and Parablechnum (Blechnaceae, Polypodiopsida) in southern and southeastern Brazil
FIGURE 1. A–E. Lomaria spannagelii. A. Sterile frond. B. Fertile frond. C. Base of sterile blade showing reduced pinnae. D–E. Stipe scales. F–H. Lomariocycas schomburgkii. F. Fronds (sterile and fertile). G. Pair of reduced pinnae at the base of sterile frond. H. Stipe scale. (A–E from Krieger et al. s.n., CESJ 24205; F–H from Silva et al. 8253, CESJ).
FIGURE 1 in Isoetes ×gopalkrishnae (Isoetaceae), a new interspecific sterile hybrid from central India
FIGURE 1. Isoetes ×gopalkrishnae. A–C. Plants growing in habitat. C. Location of plants (Image taken from www.googlemap.com). D–E. Sporangial wall showing long thread like and irregular shaped dark brown cells with internal pigments. F–G. Megasporangia under SEM and LM. H. Transvers section of leaf shows terete (rounded) in outline, interstellar canal 1 and 4 longitudinal transversally septate air chambers.
FIGURE 2 in Isoetes ×gopalkrishnae (Isoetaceae), a new interspecific sterile hybrid from central India
FIGURE 2. Scanning electron microphotographs of Isoetes ×gopalkrishnae. A–D, I. Larger megaspore. E–F. Smaller megaspore. G–H, J. Microspore. A, E. Distal view of megaspores showing coarsely rugulate surface ornamentation. B. Distal view of megaspore showing coarsely rugulate surface ornamentation with presence of smooth equatorial girdle. C, F. Proximal view of trilete megaspore showing rugulae with pustules. D. Proximal view of monolete megaspore showing coarse rugulae with pustules. G. Microspores with distal and proximal view showing densely echinate to short-cristate surface ornamentation. H. Proximal view. I. Infrastructural details of megaspore. J. Infrastructural details of the surface of microspore showing echinae rounded, simple or branched.
FIGURE 2. Pleurozia acinosa. A. Branch with sterile gynoecia, dorsal view. B. Branch with sterile gynoecia, ventral view. C in A revision of the genus Pleurozia (Marchantiophyta: Pleuroziaceae) in Thailand and little known morphological features of the genus
FIGURE 2. Pleurozia acinosa. A. Branch with sterile gynoecia, dorsal view. B. Branch with sterile gynoecia, ventral view. C. Bract of sterile perianth. D. Sterile perianth, dorsal view. E. Sterile perianth, ventral view. [All from Touw 11765 (BKF)].
FIGURE 2 in Lecanora stanislai, a new, sterile, usnic acid containing lichen species from Eurasia and North America
FIGURE 2. Morphology of Lecanora stanislai (A & B) and L. compallens (C & D). A, central part of thallus (holotype); B, edge of thallus with prothallus (Kukwa 13404); C edge of thallus with episubstratal areoles and soralia (Malíček 7517); delimited and fusing soralia in the center of the thallus (Malíček 7517). Scale: A–D—0.5 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Lecanora stanislai, a new, sterile, usnic acid containing lichen species from Eurasia and North America
FIGURE 1. Bayesian tree based on ITS rDNA data from Lecanora spp. Palicella glaucopa is the outgroup. Posterior probabilities ≥0.80 (first value), and bootstrap supports ≥70 for MP (second value) and ML (third value) methods are indicated near the branches. Names of the species are given with their GenBank Accession Numbers apart from newly sequenced specimens of Lecanora spp. that are in bold and for which the names are preceded by their herbarium collection numbers. Lecanora stanislai sp. nov. is shaded in grey. Lecanora strobilina marked with asterisk probably represents L. compallens.
FIGURE 1. Strobilanthes jomyi. A. Habit. B. Single spike. C. Sterile bract. D. Fertile bract. E in Strobilanthes jomyi (Acanthaceae), a remarkable new species from South India
FIGURE 1. Strobilanthes jomyi. A. Habit. B. Single spike. C. Sterile bract. D. Fertile bract. E. Bract in fruit. F. Bracteole. G. Calyx. H. Corolla dissected. I. Carpel. J. Capsule. K. Seed. L. Seed when wet. Drawn by Biju from Biju 2675 (CAL).
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