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778 results for “TOMATO”
Regional differences in the abiotic environment contribute to genomic divergence within a wild tomato species
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Genomic characterization of a wild-like tomato accession from Arizona
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Data from: Mycorrhization and chemical seed priming boost tomato stress tolerance by changing primary and defence metabolic pathways
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Vascular network in the pericarp of tomato fruit and implications for fruit size, quality, and drought response
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Coincidental intraguild predation among natural enemies of the South American tomato leafminer <em>Phthorimaea</em> <em>absoluta</em>
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Data from: Tetranychus evansi spider mite populations suppress tomato defences to varying degrees
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Tomato fruit quality traits and metabolite content are affected by reciprocal crosses and heterosis
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Data from: Effects of light quality on colonization of tomato roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) and implications for growth and defense
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Trihelix transcription factor SlGT31 regulates fruit ripening mediated by ethylene in tomato
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Tomato Plants Treated with Systemin Peptide Show Enhanced Levels of Direct and Indirect Defense Associated with Increased Expression of Defense-Related Genes
<p>Numerical data that underlies tables, graphs and statistics of the Plants article from Coppola et al., 2019: "Tomato Plants Treated with Systemin Peptide Show Enhanced Levels of Direct and Indirect Defense Associated with Increased Expression of Defense-Related Genes".</p>
Colonization of Solanum melongena and Vitis vinifera Plants by Botrytis cinerea Is Strongly Reduced by the Exogenous Application of Tomato Systemin
<p>Plant defense peptides are able to control immune barriers and represent a potential novel<br> resource for crop protection. One of the best-characterized plant peptides is tomato Systemin (Sys)<br> an octadecapeptide synthesized as part of a larger precursor protein. Upon pest attack, Sys interacts<br> with a leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase, systemin receptor SYR, activating a complex intracellular<br> signaling pathway that leads to the wound response. Here, we demonstrated, for the first time,<br> that the direct delivery of the peptide to Solanum melongena and Vitis vinifera plants protects from the<br> agent of Grey mould (Botrytis cinerea). The observed disease tolerance is associated with the increase<br> of total soluble phenolic content, the activation of antioxidant enzymes, and the up-regulation of<br> defense-related genes in plants treated with the peptide. Our results suggest that in treated plants,<br> the biotic defense system is triggered by the Sys signaling pathway as a consequence of Sys interaction<br> with a SYR-like receptor recently found in several plant species, including those under investigation.<br> We propose that this biotechnological use of Sys, promoting defense responses against invaders,<br> represents a useful tool to integrate into pest management programs for the development of novel<br> strategies of crop protection.</p>
Data from: Mitochondrial introgressive hybridization following a demographic expansion in the tomato frogs of Madagascar, genus Dyscophus
Madagascar is a biodiversity hotspot with a unique fauna and flora largely endemic at the species level and highly threatened by habitat destruction. The processes underlying population-level differentiation in Madagascar's biota are poorly understood and have been proposed to be related to Pleistocene climatic cycles, yet the levels of genetic divergence observed are often suggestive of ancient events. We combined molecular markers of different variability to assess the phylogeography of Madagascar's emblematic tomato frogs (Dyscophus guineti and D. antongilii) and interpret the observed pattern as resulting from ancient and recent processes. Our results suggest that the initial divergence between these taxa is probably old as reflected by protein-coding nuclear genes and by a strong mitochondrial differentiation of the southernmost population. Dramatic changes in their demography appear to have been triggered by the end of the last glacial period and possibly by the short return of glacial conditions known as the 8K event. This dramatic change resulted in an approximately 50-fold reduction of the effective population size in various populations of both species. We hypothesize these species' current mitochondrial DNA diversity distribution reflects a swamping of the mitochondrial genetic diversity of D. guineti by that of D. antongilii previous to the populations' bottlenecks during the Holocene, and probably as a consequence of D. antongilii demographic expansion approximately 1 million years ago. Our data support the continued recognition of D. antongilii and D. guineti as separate species and flag D. guineti as the more vulnerable species to past and probably also future environmental changes.
Data from: The timing of molecular and morphological changes underlying reproductive transitions in wild tomatoes (Solanum sect. Lycopersicon)
Molecular mechanisms underlying the transition from genetic self-incompatibility to self-compatibility are well documented, but the evolution of other reproductive trait changes that accompany shifts in reproductive strategy (mating system) remain comparatively poorly understood. A notable exception is the transition from exserted styles to styles with recessed positions relative to the anthers in wild tomatoes (Solanum Section Lycopersicon). This phenotypic change has been previously attributed to specific mutation in the promoter of a gene that influences style length (style2.1); however, whether this specific regulatory mutation arose concurrently with the transition from long- to short-styles, and whether it is causally responsible for this phenotypic transition, has been poorly investigated across this group. To address this gap, we assessed 74 accessions (populations) from 13 species for quantitative genetic variation in floral and reproductive traits as well as the presence/absence of deletions at two different locations (StyleD1, StyleD2) within the regulatory region upstream of style2.1. We confirmed that the putatively causal deletion variant (a 450bp deletion at StyleD1) arose within self-compatible lineages. However the variation and history of both StyleD1 and StyleD2 was more complex than previously inferred. In particular, although StyleD1 was statistically associated with differences in style length and stigma exsertion across all species, we found no evidence for this association within two species polymorphic for the StyleD1 mutation. We conclude that the previous association detected between phenotypic and molecular differences is most likely due to a phylogenetic association rather than a causal mechanistic relationship. Phenotypic variation in style length must therefore be due to other unexamined linked variants in the style2.1 regulatory region.
Data from: Model-assisted analysis of sugar metabolism throughout tomato fruit development reveals enzyme and carrier properties in relation to vacuole expansion
A kinetic model combining enzyme activity measurements and subcellular compartmentation was parameterized to fit the sucrose, hexose, and glucose-6-P contents of pericarp throughout tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit development. The model was further validated using independent data obtained from domesticated and wild tomato species and on transgenic lines. A hierarchical clustering analysis of the calculated fluxes and enzyme capacities together revealed stage-dependent features. Cell division was characterized by a high sucrolytic activity of the vacuole, whereas sucrose cleavage during expansion was sustained by both sucrose synthase and neutral invertase, associated with minimal futile cycling. Most importantly, a tight correlation between flux rate and enzyme capacity was found for fructokinase and PPi-dependent phosphofructokinase during cell division and for sucrose synthase, UDP-glucopyrophosphorylase, and phosphoglucomutase during expansion, thus suggesting an adaptation of enzyme abundance to metabolic needs. In contrast, for most enzymes, flux rates varied irrespectively of enzyme capacities, and most enzymes functioned at <5% of their maximal catalytic capacity. One of the major findings with the model was the high accumulation of soluble sugars within the vacuole together with organic acids, thus enabling the osmotic-driven vacuole expansion that was found during cell division.
Data from: Weak coordination between leaf structure and function among closely related tomato species
Theory predicts that natural selection should favor coordination between leaf physiology, biochemistry and anatomical structure along a functional trait spectrum from fast, resource-acquisitive syndromes to slow, resource-conservative syndromes. However, the coordination hypothesis has rarely been tested at a phylogenetic scale most relevant for understanding rapid adaptation in the recent past or for the prediction of evolutionary trajectories in response to climate change. We used a common garden to examine genetically based coordination between leaf traits across 19 wild and cultivated tomato taxa. We found weak integration between leaf structure (e.g. leaf mass per area) and physiological function (photosynthetic rate, biochemical capacity and CO2 diffusion), even though all were arrayed in the predicted direction along a 'fast–slow' spectrum. This suggests considerable scope for unique trait combinations to evolve in response to new environments or in crop breeding. In particular, we found that partially independent variation in stomatal and mesophyll conductance may allow a plant to improve water-use efficiency without necessarily sacrificing maximum photosynthetic rates. Our study does not imply that functional trait spectra, such as the leaf economics spectrum, are unimportant, but that many important axes of variation within a taxonomic group may be unique and not generalizable to other taxa.
Data from: Domesticated tomatoes are more vulnerable to negative plant-soil feedbacks than their wild relatives
Domesticated plants can differ from their wild counterparts in the strength and outcome of species interactions, both above- and belowground. Plant-soil feedbacks influence plant success, and plant-associated soil microbial communities can influence plant interactions with herbivores and their natural enemies, yet, it is unclear if domestication has changed these relationships. To determine the effects of domestication on plant-soil interactions, we characterized soil microbial communities associated with various cultivars of domesticated tomato and some of its wild relatives. We measured the strength and direction of plant-soil feedbacks for domesticated and wild tomatoes, and the effects of soil on plant resistance to specialist herbivory by Manduca sexta, and the attraction of a parasitoid wasp, Cotesia congregata. Domesticated tomatoes and their wild relatives had negative plant-soil feedbacks, as conspecifics cultivated soil that negatively impacted performance of subsequent plants (longer germination time, lower biomass) than if they grew in non-tomato soils. Significant variation existed among domesticated and wild tomato varieties in the strength of these feedbacks, ranging from neutral to strongly negative. For aboveground plant biomass, tomato wild relatives were unaffected by growing in tomato-conditioned soil while domesticated tomatoes grew smaller in tomato soil, indicating effects of plant domestication. Overall, increased microbial biomass within the rhizosphere resulted in progressively less-negative plant-soil feedbacks. Plant cultivars had different levels of resistance to herbivory by M. sexta, but this did not depend on plant domestication or soil type. The parasitoid C. congregata was primarily attracted to herbivore damaged plants, independent of plant domestication status, and for these damaged plants, wasps preferred some cultivars over others, and wild plants grown in tomato soil over wild plants grown in non-tomato soil. Synthesis: These results indicate that crop tomatoes are more likely to show negative plant-soil feedbacks than wild progenitors, which could partially explain their sensitivity to monocultures in agricultural soils. Further, cultivar-specific variation in the ability to generate soil microbial biomass, independent of domestication status, appears to buffer the negative consequences of sharing the same soil. Last, soil legacies were relatively absent for herbivores, but not for parasitoid wasps, suggesting trophic level specificity in soil feedbacks on plant-insect interactions.
Effect of tomato-fruit cultivar and ripening stage on Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) egg and larval survival
<p>In studies of frugivorous tephritids, determining when offspring (i.e. egg and three larval instars) mortality occurs within the fruit can greatly improve the mechanistic understanding of the fly/host interaction. Previous research has demonstrated that the Queensland fruit fly, <i>Bactrocera tryoni</i>, has differential offspring performance in two tomato cultivars Cherry and Roma, but when juvenile mortality was occurring was not determined. We examined <i>B. tryoni </i>egg and larval survival in three different ripening stages (immature-green (IG), colour-break (CB) and fully-ripe (FR)) of Cherry and Roma tomato cultivars through destructive fruit sampling at 72 and 120 hrs for eggs, and 48 (1<sup>st</sup> instar), 96 (2<sup>nd</sup> instar) and 120 hours (3<sup>rd</sup> instar) after fruit inoculation with neonates for larvae. Cultivar and ripening stage had no significant effect on egg survival, nor larval survival at 48 hrs: egg survival was high across all treatments, while 1<sup>st</sup> instar larval was low across all treatments. At 96 and 120 hrs, there were significant cultivar and ripening stage impacts on larval survival. In fully-ripe fruit, no further significant mortality happened after the first instar. However, in colour-break fruit, after the initial 1<sup>st</sup> instar mortality, high mortality also occurred in third instar larvae. In immature-green fruits nearly all mortality occurred during the first and second instars. The difference in timing of larval mortality with ripening stage provides indirect evidence of active fruit defense which is strongest in immature-green fruit, less in colour-break fruit and absent in fully-ripe fruit. Increased knowledge of fruit defenses against fruit flies is a starting point for developing fruit fly resistant crops.</p>
FIGURE 2 in Surveys for natural enemies of the tomato red spider mite Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae) in northeastern and southeastern Brazil
FIGURE 2: Number and species of predatory mites found on solanaceous plants in northeastern Brazil, A. during the rainy season; B. during the dry season.
FIGURE 1 in Surveys for natural enemies of the tomato red spider mite Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae) in northeastern and southeastern Brazil
FIGURE 1. Survey points in northeastern (thickblack boundaries) and southeastern (grey boundaries) Brazil.
FIGURE 3 in Surveys for natural enemies of the tomato red spider mite Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae) in northeastern and southeastern Brazil
FIGURE 3: Number and species of predatory mites found on solanaceous plants in southeastern Brazil A. during the rainy season; B. during the dry season.
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