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FIG. 2 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 2: Hypothesis 2, South America-Africa vicariance event during the late Early Cretaceous. The separation between South America and Africa was established in the Albian Stage. The red line denotes the approximate position of the hypothesized biogeographical barrier: the south Atlantic Ocean (sAO); Dotted lines denote paleogeography at 150 Ma, while solid lines denote it at 110 Ma. Paleomap after (Matthews et al., 2016). Abbreviations: A, Asia; E, Europe; F, Africa; I, India; M, Madagascar; N, North America; PO, Pacific Ocean; S, South America; sAO, south Atlantic Ocean; T, Antarctica; TO, Tethys Ocean; U, Australia.
FIG. 5 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 5. Distribution of missing data in terminal taxa of the TWiG dataset (Pei et al., in press) through geological time. Each point represents a terminal taxon, vertical axis represents percentage of missing data in the matrix, and horizontal axis represents age of the terminal taxon (in millions of years). The graph represents all terminal taxa (gray circles), taxa identified as unstable within each pseudoreplicate (green triangles), taxa identified as unstable among the strict consensuses of pseudoreplicates (blue squares), and subset of taxa identified as unstable by the prupdn command (solid red circles).
FIG. 4 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 4. Absolute frequency jackknife tree for the dataset of Pei et al. (in press) obtained by the script pcrjak. run, ignoring the alternative positions of 35 taxa detected as unstable in the support analysis that decrease jackknife values.
FIG. 2 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 2. Absolute frequency jackknife tree for the dataset of Pei et al. (in press) including all taxa as obtained in TNT.
FIG. 3 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 3. Resampling support protocol indicating the steps in which the analysis of unstable taxa is applied, as implemented in the TNT script pcrjak.run (see http://www.lillo.org.ar/phylogeny/tnt/scripts/pcrjak.run).
FIG. 3 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 3. Schematic representation of the one-dimensional Procrustes analysis (OPA) method carried out in the data processing, from lengthwise. Exampling manus belongs to the juvenile early-diverging avialan Zhongornis (DNHM D2456; Gao et al., 2008; Rashid et al., 2018).
FIG. 1 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 1. Strict consensus for the dataset of Pei et al., in press. Details of nodes resolved in the reduced consensus tree are shown, after excluding the 14 taxa that are unstable among the MPTs by the IterPCR implementation of TNT (Goloboff and Szumik, 2015). Taxa in bold in the strict consensus are the unstable taxa detected by IterPCR.
FIG. 1 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 1. PCA plot with PC1 and PC2 as axes establishes the presence of two main groupings, one composed of microbial cells and the other composed of intermingled fossils and melanosome microbodies populations; 95% confidence intervals shown by colored ellipses.
FIG. 7. Hypothesis 5 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 7. Hypothesis 5, North America-Asia vicariance event caused by the breakdown of the Bering land bridge during the early Late Cretaceous. The marine barrier between northeast Asia and northwest North America was re-established in the Cenomanian Stage. The red X denotes the approximate position of the hypothesized biogeographical barrier (Bering Strait); Dotted lines denote paleogeography at 110 Ma, while solid lines denote it at 90 Ma. Paleomap after (Matthews et al., 2016). Abbreviations: A, Asia; AO, Atlantic Ocean; E, Europe; F, Africa; I, India; M, Madagascar; N, North America; PO, Pacific Ocean; S, South America; T, Antarctica; TO, Tethys Ocean; U, Australia.
FIG. 1 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 1. Schematic diagram showing how the six functionally related mandibular characteristics were measured in the oviraptorosaurians and scansoriopterygids studied. A. Anterior jaw-closing mechanical advantage, AMA. B. Posterior jaw-closing mechanical advantage, PMA. C. Jaw-opening mechanical advantage, OMA. D. Relative articular offset, AO. E. Relative maximum mandible height, MMH. F. Relative average mandible height, AMH.
FIG. 1 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 1. Geographic distribution of pennaraptoran theropods illustrated on palaeogeographic globes of the Late Jurassic (Oxfordian-Tithonian), Early Cretaceous (Berriasian-Albian), and Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Maastrichtian). Palaeomaps modified from GPlates (www.gplates.org) (Müller et al., 2018).
FIG. 6 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 6. Correlation between size and shape based on a multivariate regression. A significant correlation results in the existence of an allometric factor in the change of hand shape, significant in nonavialan maniraptorans. Among neognathans (in green tones) there is no allometry (i.e., shape changes occur regardless of size variation. Notice as well that variation is strikingly low). Below the main graph (A) dispersions B and C show the allometric and non-allometric trends, respectively.
FIG. 1 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 1. Representative example of several maniraptorans hands, both fossil (A–H) and extant (I–J) specimens, illustrate the variability of shapes and sizes: A. Zhenyuanlong; B. Anchiornis huxleyi; C. Zhongornis; D. Sapeornis chaoyangensis; E. Jeholornis; F. Zhouornis; G. Archaeorhynchus; H. Longipteryx; I. Struthio camelus; J. Falco tinnunculus. Scale bars = 10 mm.
FIG. 1. Hypothesis 1 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 1. Hypothesis 1, Laurasia-Gondwana vicariance event during the Late Jurassic. The separation between Laurasia and Gondwana was established in the Kimmeridgian Stage. The red line denotes the approximate position of the hypothesized biogeographical barrier: the central Atlantic Ocean (cAO) and Tethys Ocean (TO); Dotted lines denote paleogeography at 170 Ma, while solid lines denote it at 150 Ma. Paleomap after (Matthews et al., 2016). Abbreviations: A, Asia; cAO, central Atlantic Ocean; E, Europe; F, Africa; I, India; M, Madagascar; N, North America; PO, Pacific Ocean; S, South America; T, Antarctica; TO, Tethys Ocean; U, Australia.
FIG. 5 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 5. Patterns of tooth reduction and inferences of dietary evolution in Pennaraptora based on the results of the functional analysis (fig. 4). Tree topology based on Lü et al. (2017) and Pei et al. (in press). Skull drawings modified from Clark et al. (2002), Xu et al. (2002, 2011) and Lamanna et al. (2014).
FIG. 3 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 3. SEM bedding plane survey for microbodies in the 300 Myr old lungfish Esconicthys apopyris (ROM56792), from Mazon Creek, Illinois. The asterisk indicates the region within the outline of the eye, which contains a fabric of microbodies (inset). By contrast, none of the grid points (1–9) show any evidence of such microbodylike structures in the matrix. Scale bars on images = 5 µm.
FIG. 2 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 2. Mean estimated ages of the crown bird MRCA (circles and squares ± 95% HPD intervals) are highly dependent on specified soft maximum prior age (triangles). Red circle and square indicate analyses run with no soft maximum age specified. Jarvis et al. (2014) results modified from Cracraft et al. (2015). Prum et al. (2015) results from the "top ten" nucleotide dataset (Berv and Field, 2018). Ages of Archaeopteryx lithographica (~155 Ma) and K-Pg boundary (~66 Ma) illustrated.
FIG. 5 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 5. Hand shape disparity (i.e., Procrustes variance) and morphospace occupation (i.e., convex hull volume) of the grades of Maniraptora.
FIG. 5 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 5. Competing phylogenetic topologies for crown birds from recent phylogenomic studies of Jarvis et al. (2014) and Prum et al. (2015). Both topologies support Palaeognathae (black) and Galloanserae (red) as successive sister taxa to the rest of extant birds (Neoaves). Interrelationships within Neoaves differ, but the same major constituent clades are largely supported (see legend). The monotypic hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin) is inferred to be the sister taxon of Telluraves in Prum et al. (2015), and sister to a Charadriiformes + Gruiformes clade in Jarvis et al. (2014). Prum et al. (2015) supports a monophyletic Columbaves (fuschia), uniting Otidimorphae (bustards, cuckoos, turacos) and Columbimorphae (doves, mesites, sandgrouse), whereas Jarvis et al. (2014) find Columbimorphae as the sister taxon to Mirandornithes, and Otidimorphae as sister to Strisores.
FIG. 3 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 3. Wang et al. (2018a) analysis of 70 taxa scored across 280 morphological characters. Published results using A. new technologies; B. traditional search using implied weighting, k = 16.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.