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730 results for “Trout”
SNP genotype dataset from brown and anadromous trout
<p>Populations of anadromous brown trout, also known as sea trout, have suffered recent marked declines in abundance due to multiple factors, including climate change and human activities. While much is known about their freshwater phase, less is known about the species' marine feeding migrations. This situation is hindering the effective management and conservation of anadromous trout in the marine environment. Using a panel of 95 single nucleotide polymorphism markers we developed a genetic baseline, which demonstrated strong regional structuring of genetic diversity in trout populations around the English Channel and adjacent waters. Extensive baseline testing showed this structuring allowed the high-confidence assignment of known-origin individuals to the region of origin. This study presents new data on the movements of anadromous trout in the English Channel and southern North Sea. Assignment of anadromous trout sampled from 12 marine and estuarine localities highlighted contrasting results for these areas. The majority of these fisheries are composed predominately of stocks local to the sampling location. However, there were multiple cases of long-distance movements of anadromous trout, with several individuals originating from rivers in northeast England being caught in the English Channel and southern North Sea, in some cases more than 1000 km from their natal region. These results have implications for the management of sea trout in inshore waters around the English Channel and southern North Sea.</p>
Figure 2 in Feeding habit of Brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) in upper parts of river Swat, Pakistan
Figure 2. Month wise number of stomach and empty stomachs.
Figure 4 in Feeding habit of Brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) in upper parts of river Swat, Pakistan
Figure 4. Full gut weight and gut contents among various length groups.
Figure 5 in The burmese trout Raiamas guttatus (Day, 1870) (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) in South Sumatra revealed its southernmost record of its distributional range
Figure 5. Spots in body of live individual of the R. guttatus (Photo: Muhammad Iqbal).
Figure 3 in The burmese trout Raiamas guttatus (Day, 1870) (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) in South Sumatra revealed its southernmost record of its distributional range
Figure 3. Raiamas guttatus, Blungun River, South Sumatra Province (Photo: Muhammad Iqbal).
Physiological parameters for four fish species (rainbow trout, zebra fish, fathead minnow and three-spined stickleback) as the basis for the development of generic physiologically-based kinetic models
<p>This excel file (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1414332) provides physiological parameters and their inter-individual variability (mean, coefficient of variation, sample size) for four fish species: rainbow trout (<em>Onchorhynchus mykiss</em>), zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>), fathead minnow (<em>Pimephales promelas</em>), and three-spined stickleback (<em>Gasterosteus aculeatus</em>). These physiological parameters were estimated based on the results of extensive literature searches and specific experimental data described in Grech et al., (2018). </p> <p>This file is associated with R codes (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1414332) for generic PB-K models, partition coefficient Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) models for each fish species and parameterisation of model for males and females of each species separately.</p> <p>The full data collection and implementation of the models using case studies are described in Grech et al., 2018 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.163">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.163</a>)</p>
Digesta and Plasma Metabolomics of Rainbow Trout Strains with Varied Tolerance of Plant-Based Diets Highlights Potential for Non-Lethal Assessments of Enteritis Development
<p>The replacement of fishmeal in aquafeeds is essential to the sustainability of aquaculture. Besides the procurement of alternative protein sources, fish can also be selected for better performance on plant-based alternative diets. Rainbow trout (<em>Oncorhynchus mykiss</em>) is one such species in which the strain ARS-<em>Sel</em>has been selected for higher growth and enhanced utilization when fed soy-based diets. The aim of this study was to compare fish growth, and plasma and digesta metabolomes between the ARS-<em>Sel</em>and two commercial strains (CS-1 and CS-2), when fed a plant-protein diet (PM) and a fishmeal-based diet (FM) and correlate them with the onset of enteritis. An NMR-metabolomics approach was taken to assess plasma and digesta metabolite profiles. Diet and strain showed significant effects on fish growth, with the ARS-<em>Sel</em>fish receiving the PM diet reaching the highest final weight at sampling. Multivariate analysis revealed differences between plasma metabolite profiles of ARS-<em>Sel</em>and CS (CS-1 considered together with CS-2) PM-fed groups in the early stages of the enteritis development, which was confirmed by a histological approach. In digesta, no differences were observed between groups. As reported in previous studies the ARS-<em>Sel</em>strain performed better than the commercial strains when fed the PM diet. </p>
Size, connectivity and edge effects of stream habitats explain spatiotemporal variation in brown trout (Salmo trutta) density
<p>Ecological theory postulates that size and isolation of habitat patches impact the colonization/extinction dynamics that determine community species richness and population persistence. Given the key role of lotic habitats for life history completion in rheophilic fish, evaluating how the distribution of swift-flowing habitats affects the abundance and dynamics of subpopulations is essential. Using extensive electrofishing data, we show that merging island biogeography with meta-population theory, where lotic habitats are considered as islands in a lentic matrix, can explain spatiotemporal variation in occurrence and density of brown trout (Salmo trutta). Subpopulations in larger and less isolated habitat patches had higher average densities and smaller between-year density fluctuations. Larger habitat patches also had lower predicted risk of excessive zero catches, indicative of lower extinction risk. Trout density further increased with distance from the edge of adjacent lentic habitats with predator (Esox lucius) presence, suggesting that edge- and matrix-related mortality contributes to the observed patterns. These results can help reduce the negative impacts that habitat loss and fragmentation have on biodiversity, by stressing the importance of suitable habitat size and connectivity, and aid in prioritization of habitat restoration, dam removal and reintroduction programs aimed at vitalizing declining and locally extinct riverine fish populations.</p>
Data from: Hybridization alters growth and migratory life history expression of native trout
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Human-mediated hybridization threatens many native species, but the effects of introgressive hybridization on life history expression are rarely quantified, especially in vertebrates. We quantified the effects of non-native rainbow trout admixture on important life history traits including growth and partial migration behavior in three populations of westslope cutthroat trout over five years. Rainbow trout admixture was associated with increased summer growth rates in all populations, and decreased spring growth rates in two populations with cooler spring temperatures. These results indicate that non-native admixture may increase growth under warmer conditions, but cutthroat trout have higher growth rates during cooler periods. Non-native admixture consistently increased expression of migratory behavior, suggesting that there is a genomic basis for life history differences between these species. Our results show that effects of interspecific hybridization on fitness traits can be the product of genotype-by-environment interactions even when there are minor differences in environmental optima between hybridizing species. These results also indicate that while environmentally mediated traits like growth may play a role in population-level consequences of admixture, strong genetic influences on migratory life history differences between these species likely explains the continued spread of non-native hybridization at the landscape-level, despite selection against hybrids at the population-level.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Associations between metabolic traits and growth rate in brown trout (Salmo trutta) depend on thermal regime
<p class="academicstyle"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Metabolism defines the energetic cost of life, yet we still know relatively little about why intraspecific variation in metabolic rate arises and persists. Spatiotemporal variation in selection potentially maintains differences, but relationships between metabolic traits (standard metabolic rate (SMR), maximum metabolic rate (MMR), and aerobic scope) and fitness across contexts are unresolved. We show that associations between SMR, MMR, and growth rate (a key fitness-related trait) vary depending on thermal regime (a potential selective agent) in offspring of wild-sampled brown trout from two populations reared for ~15 months in either a cool or warm (+ 1.8°C) regime.<i> </i>SMR was positively related to growth in the cool, but negatively related in the warm regime. The opposite patterns were found for MMR and growth associations (positive in warm, negative in cool regime). Mean SMR, but not MMR, was lower in warm regimes within both populations (i.e., basal metabolic costs were reduced at higher temperatures), consistent with an adaptive acclimation response that optimises growth. Metabolic phenotypes thus exhibited a thermally sensitive metabolic 'floor' and a less flexible metabolic 'ceiling'. Our findings suggest a role for growth-related fluctuating selection in shaping patterns of metabolic variation that is likely important in adapting to climate change.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Carry-over effects of environmental stressors influence the life performance of brown trout
<p>Here, we focused on the carry-over effects of excessive sedimentation on the early life stages of brown trout in a multiphase experiment. First, we experimentally tested the influence of fine sediments (organic matter (OM) and inorganic sand, both <2.0 mm in diameter) on the metabolic rate (MO<sub>2</sub>), size, emergence, escape responses and survival of the relevant brown trout embryonic stage (egg, alevin or fry) in indoor experimental channels. Second, we mimicked the movements of parr to a more suitable habitat if available in natural rivers and transported parr to either their original or different treatments in outdoor experimental channels and remeasured their metabolic rate and size. </p>
Diet overlap among non-native trout species and native Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) in two U.S. ecoregions
<p>The invasion of freshwater ecosystems by non-native species can constitute a significant threat to native species and ecosystem health. Non-native trouts have long been stocked in areas where native trouts occur and have negatively impacted native trouts through predation, competition, and hybridization. This study encompassed two seasons of sampling efforts across two ecoregions of the western United States: The Great Basin in summer 2016 and the Yellowstone River Basin in summer 2017. We found significant dietary overlaps among native and non-native trouts within the Great Basin and Yellowstone River Basin ecoregions. Three orders of invertebrates (Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera and Diptera) composed the majority of stomach contents and were responsible for driving the observed patterns. Great Basin trout had higher body conditions (k) and non-native Great Basin trout had higher gut fullness values than Yellowstone River Basin trout, indicating a possible limitation of food in the Yellowstone River Basin. Native fishes were the least abundant and had the lowest body condition in each ecoregion. These findings may indicate a negative impact on native trouts by non-native trouts. We recommend additional monitoring of native and non-native trout diets, regular invertebrate surveys to identify the availability of diet items, and reconsidering stocking efforts that can result in overlap of non-native fishes with native cutthroat trout.</p>
Data and code from: Thermal niche and habitat use by co-occurring lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and brook trout (S. fontinalis) in stratified lakes
<p>Realized thermal niche and habitat use are two conceptualizations of fish habitat based on organismal performance or lake-specific ecology, respectively. Both habitat types were compared for lake trout (<em>Salvelinus</em> <em>namaycush</em>) and brook trout (<em>S</em>. <em>fontinalis</em>) co-occurring in four large (> 500 ha) oligotrophic lakes. Lakes were partitioned into two morphological categories based on possession of a central or non-central deep basin with corresponding differences in adjoining shelf areas. Lake asymmetry in basin location has been shown to strongly influence food web connections based on isolation of basins from shelf areas.</p> <p>Generally, overlap between both habitat types occurred in several comparisons with lake trout, suggesting that thermal habitat is a reasonable proxy for habitat use boundaries though not a full replacement for insights gained from habitat use models.</p> <p>For brook trout, overlap was not as consistent, especially for lakes with non-central basins. In central basin lakes, there were closer proximity between the two species and overlap in both thermal niche and habitat use models. There was very limited overlap of either habitat type in lakes with non-central basins. Further, there were no shared areas of interspecific overlap between thermal niche and habitat use in non-central basins pointing to additional complexity governing habitat partitioning between lake trout and brook trout in these types of lakes. The shelf area effect on spatial structure of habitat, and likely food web connections, can occur in lakes regardless of basin centrality so long as shelf areas are large. In this lake set, lakes were sufficiently large to observe this phenomenon.</p>
Data from: Limited, asymmetric hybridization between coastal cutthroat trout and steelhead in a Northern California river
<p>Hybridization between coastal cutthroat trout (<em>Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii</em>) and steelhead (<em>O. mykiss</em>) was assessed in the Smith River, California. Individuals were categorized as pure or as one of 10 hybrid classes using 30 'diagnostic' single-nucleotide polymorphisms positioned on 26 separate chromosomes. Most of the individuals examined (n = 876), were pure coastal cutthroat trout (n = 634) or pure steelhead (n = 213), and 29 individuals were identified as having hybrid ancestry. Among hybrids, first generation hybrids (n = 15) and coastal cutthroat trout backcrosses (n = 12) were the most common. No individuals were identified as backcrosses to SH, suggesting the presence of genetic or behavioral mechanisms constraining such backcrosses, or the growth and survival of their progeny. Mitochondrial DNA of 14 of 15 F1 hybrids was of steelhead origin, suggesting that hybridization was driven primarily by sneak-mating of male coastal cutthroat trout with female steelhead. Evaluation of classical phenotypic characters for coastal cutthroat trout and steelhead (i.e., jaw slash, maxillary length, and hyoid teeth) were not reliable by themselves for identification of either pure parental fish or hybrids. In contrast, analysis with geometric morphometrics revealed distinctive body shapes for pure coastal cutthroat trout and steelhead, and the combination of classical traits and geometric morphology was mostly accurate in distinguishing them. However, first generation hybrids and backcrosses overlapped completely with parental types, highlighting challenges in hybrid identification using phenotypic traits.</p>
Sources of coaster brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) revealed by genomic analysis of brook trout populations along Minnesota's shoreline with Lake Superior
<p>Knowledge of population-level relationships and how these relationships pertain to different life history forms is critical to developing effective management plans for native trout, char, and salmon. In the Lake Superior basin, identifying effective restoration strategies for coaster brook trout (<em>Salvelinus</em> <em>fontinalis</em>), a lake-inhabiting form of brook trout, is hampered by limited information on genetic connectivity and source-sink dynamics among brook trout populations. Here, we infer these relationships by surveying 8,178 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 234 brook trout from seven rivers along the Minnesota shoreline with Lake Superior, including from reaches above and below natural waterfalls that prevent upstream movement. We identified well-differentiated above-barrier populations that supply brook trout to below-barrier reaches. We also compared within-river brook trout to 26 coaster brook trout from Lake Superior. We identified at least four source populations for these coaster brook trout, three of which were located within rivers. Additionally, we estimated N<sub>E</sub> for within-river populations and detected a decline across recent generations, with the most recent estimates approaching critical thresholds. Finally, comparisons with 94 domestic brook trout representing nine hatchery strains revealed a lack of domestic introgression into wild populations, demonstrating the importance of natural reproduction to population persistence. Our results offer novel insights into sources of coaster brook trout and highlight the role of within-river populations in supporting the coaster life history. Management efforts focused on instream restoration may be more important to rehabilitating coaster brook trout than previously thought, and are urgently needed given the population-level conservation status reported here.</p>
Data from: Parallel shifts in trout feeding morphology suggest rapid adaptation to alpine lake environments
<p>Eco-evolutionary interactions following ecosystem change provide critical insight into the ability of organisms to adapt to shifting resource landscapes. Here we explore evidence for the rapid parallel evolution of trout feeding morphology following eco-evolutionary interactions with zooplankton in alpine lakes stocked at different points in time in the Wind River Range (Wyoming, USA). In this system, trout predation has altered the zooplankton species community and driven a decrease in average zooplankton size. In some lakes that were stocked decades ago, we find shifts in gill raker traits consistent with the hypothesis that trout have rapidly adapted to exploit available smaller-bodied zooplankton more effectively. We explore this morphological response in multiple lake populations across two species of trout (cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii, and golden trout Oncorhynchus aguabonita) and examine the impact of resource availability on morphological variation in gill raker number among lakes. Furthermore, we present genetic data to provide evidence that historically stocked cutthroat trout populations likely derive from multiple population sources, and incorporate variation from genomic relatedness in our exploration of environmental predictors of feeding morphology. These findings describe rapid adaptation and eco-evolutionary interactions in trout and document an evolutionary response to novel, contemporary ecosystem change.</p>
Thermal refuge use and parasitism: spatiotemporal variation in anchor worm and lamprey wounds on Klamath redband trout
<p>Climate warming is increasing maximum temperatures during summer, such that they more frequently exceed the thermal tolerances of ectotherms, particularly cold-water fishes. One way that species can avoid thermal stress is by moving to thermal refuge habitats. Thermal refuges remain suitably cool during summer and are often complementary to foraging, spawning, and rearing habitats. Although the benefits associated with the thermal aspects of refuges are well studied, much less is known about potential costs associated with non-thermal aspects. For example, crowding of cold-water fishes into seasonal refuge habitats could increase parasite loads and cause declines in fitness. We assessed lamprey and anchor worm parasitism in Upper Klamath Lake where adfluvial redband trout (<em>Oncorhynchus</em> <em>mykiss</em> <em>newberii</em>) move to thermal refuge habitats during summer. We sampled trout in Upper Klamath Lake during spring and in adjacent thermal refuge habitats during summer. We also evaluated survival as a function of lamprey wounding using motion-sensing radio tags. There was a 4-fold decline in the number of lamprey wounds on trout upon the onset of thermal refuge use. In contrast, cases of severe anchor worm (≥20 sores) increased 3-fold during thermal refuge use. Survival in thermal refuge was not different for lamprey-wounded trout compared to trout that migrated to thermal refuge without lamprey wounds. We found that both parasites were absent in a lotic population of redband trout downstream that lacked access to thermal refuge. Thus, the effects of seasonal refuge use on parasite load varied depending on the parasite taxon considered and local habitat conditions implying that managers will likely require empirical data for focal habitats and taxa to understand how parasitism affects thermal refuge use.</p>
SNP genotype dataset from brown and anadromous trout
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Reduced intraspecific variation in lake trout food webs under warmer temperatures and smaller ecosystem sizes: data and code
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SNP dataset for cape race brook trout
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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