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225 results for “aboveground biomass”
Plant aboveground biomass data: Plant Competition Under Different Nitrogen Levels:A Garden Experiment
This garden plot experiment is located next to the E026 gardens in Field E (Old Field 44). This garden contained monocultures of major grass species from across the grassland biome of North America, and also 3 legume species (E070). The design and purpose were similar to E026, except the plots were larger. The basic experimental design consisted of growing plants in monoculture and in various competitive combinations on each of 14 different soil mixtures. In 1988 a bulldozer was used to remove 30 inches of top soil at the site. To each plot a certain amount of black dirt, ranging from 0.3 inches to 10 inches, was added. Total carbon ranged from 0.1928% to 5.63134% and total nitrogen ranged from 0.0158% to 0.4591%. The exact amounts of black soil added to each plot are described in the field operations. Equal amounts of MgSO4, CaCO3, P2O5 \
Plant aboveground biomass data: Vegetation Phenology and Grasshopper Competition
Vegetation was sampled at the termination of the experiment on June 25, 1989. Grasshopper densities outside the cages were sampled on May 23 and 24, 1989. After the first experiment, cages were set up on new plots 3m from the edge of the macroplot to avoid using vegetation disturbed by counting. On July 25, adult grasshoppers of two different species (Melanoplus femur-rubrum (FR) and Melanoplus bivattatus (BV)) were stocked according to the above treatments (randomly reassigned) in the following densities: FR by itself, 6/cage; BV by itself, 4/cage; FR and BV together, 4 FR and 3 BV /cage. Vegetation was sampled at the termination of the experiment on August 31, 1989. In late May of 1990, grasshoppers were stocked in the following numbers in both fertilized and unfertilized plots: no grasshoppers (empty cages), AC by itself (5/cage), PA by itself (4/cage), and both species together (3 of each). With 8 replicates of each fertilizer x grasshopper combination, a total of 64 cages were used. Vegetation was sampled at the end of the experiment as in 1989. In late July of 1990, two new grasshopper species were used in addition to Melanoplus femur-rubrum (MF): Phoetaliotes nebrascensis (PN) and Spharagemon collare (SC). Grasshoppers were stocked in the following numbers: no grasshoppers (empty cages), MF by itself (6/cage), PN by itself (10/cage), SC by itself (6/cage), MF + PN (3 MF and 5 PN per cage), MF + SC (3 of each per cage), SC + PN (3 SC + 5 PN per cage), and all three species together (2 MF, 2 SC, and 3 PN per cage). Vegetation was sampled at the end of the experiment as in 1989. At the end of the early and late 1990 experiments, a single soil sample was taken from each cage plot and analyzed for soil solution ammonium and nitrate with 0.02M KCl. For a list of treatments, see the treatment layouts in file trmte60.
Plant aboveground biomass data: Effect of Bird Predation on Grasshopper and Plant Communties
This experiment was set up in the same macroplots at Field B E004 that were used in E060. Pairs of 9 m x 9 m plots were demarcated. One plot in each pair was randomly assigned to exclude birds (BEX) and the other to allow birds to forage for grasshoppers in the vegetation (BAL). A frame was built around BEX plots with wooden posts at each corner and heavy aluminum wire stretched between posts 1m above the ground. Bird netting (2.5 cm mesh) was then stretched over this framework and attached to the ground with numerous wire stakes. In 1989, these plots were set up 15 July, but were set up 15 May in 1990 to examine the effects of predation in the early summer. Between 15-25 August, netting was removed and grasshoppers were sampled within both BEX and BAL plots and stored in 70% ethanol for later identification to species or genus, counting and weighing. Grasshoppers were sampled by two people with butterfly nets. After the grasshoppers were sampled, the vegetation was sampled. Within each 9 m x 9 m plot, three 0.1 m x 3 m strips were clipped, sorted to species, dried and weighed. In 1990, the exclosures were set up 15 May, but all vegetation and grasshopper sampling was similar to that in 1989. For a list of treatments, see the treatment layouts in file trmte61.
Plant aboveground biomass data: Selective Herbivory and Plant Allocation
Forty 2m x 2m plots were set up in field D adjacent to the mammal exclosure for E001. Each plot contained individual plants of some or all of the following species: Artemisia ludoviciana, Lathyrus venosus, Amorpha canescens, Sorghastrum nutans, Poa pratensis and Panicum oligosanthes. Exclosures (2m x 2m x 0.7m) were built around each plot to either exclude or contain various herbivores. Eight treatments were assigned to these plots (5 replicates of each) after existing herbivores were killed: 1)Control (all above-ground herbivores excluded or killed with insecticide), 2)natural herbivore (no windowscreen on sides of exclosure but the lid was left to control for shading), 3)grasshoppers high density, 4)grasshoppers low density , 5)voles high density, 6)voles low density, 7)cottontail rabbits high density, 8)cottontail rabbits low density. Before adding herbivores, up to five individuals of each plant species in each plot were marked and measured for length of all leaves and stems. After one month and after herbivore treatments were applied, plants were re-measured to determine mortality or damage. Effects on other plant species and total biomass were determined by clipping a 0.1 m x 1 m strip of vegetation inside each plot. These samples were sorted to species, dried and weighed. For a list of treatments, see the treatment layouts in file trmte62.
Plant aboveground biomass carbon and nitrogen: Tree Competition Garden
This experiment was set up adjacent to E055 in the high disturbance, garden area. 1.75 inches of black soil was added to the CCNHA sandy soil to make four 10 feet x 54 feet plots. The soil was rototilled and aluminum flashing was installed to edge the plots and divide them into 48, 5 feet x 9 feet plots. Equal amounts of MgSO4, CaCO3, P2O5 and K2O are added to the plots each year in early May and late June. For a describtion of fertilizer added, see fertilization details. Seeds were planted with 6 replicates of each of the following treatments: 1. Agropyron repens monoculture 2. Schizachyrium scoparium monoculture 3. Pinus strobus monoculture 4. Quercus ellipsoidalis monoculture 5. Agropyron repens + Quercus ellipsoidalis on half 6. Agropyron repens + Pinus strobus on half 7. Schizachyrium scoparium + Quercus ellipsoidalis on half 8. Schizachyrium scoparium + Pinus strobus on half The competition plots were split, with half invaded by seed and half to be invaded by seedling. For treatments 5-8, the right or left sides were chosen at random, to plant the tree seeds. The plots were watered throughout the growing season to keep water from becoming a limiting resource.
Plant aboveground biomass data: Tree Competition Garden
This experiment was set up adjacent to E055 in the high disturbance, garden area. 1.75 inches of black soil was added to the CCNHA sandy soil to make four 10 feet x 54 feet plots. The soil was rototilled and aluminum flashing was installed to edge the plots and divide them into 48, 5 feet x 9 feet plots. Equal amounts of MgSO4, CaCO3, P2O5 and K2O are added to the plots each year in early May and late June. For a describtion of fertilizer added, see fertilization details. Seeds were planted with 6 replicates of each of the following treatments: 1. Agropyron repens monoculture 2. Schizachyrium scoparium monoculture 3. Pinus strobus monoculture 4. Quercus ellipsoidalis monoculture 5. Agropyron repens + Quercus ellipsoidalis on half 6. Agropyron repens + Pinus strobus on half 7. Schizachyrium scoparium + Quercus ellipsoidalis on half 8. Schizachyrium scoparium + Pinus strobus on half The competition plots were split, with half invaded by seed and half to be invaded by seedling. For treatments 5-8, the right or left sides were chosen at random, to plant the tree seeds. The plots were watered throughout the growing season to keep water from becoming a limiting resource.
Plant aboveground biomass data: Legume Competition Garden
This experiment was established on top of subplots 24, 25 and 26 of E055 (1.2m X 1.2m plots). Sheet metal was installed to divide the subplots into 4 equal parts (subplots are 1.2m x 1.2m, sub-subplots are .6m x .6m). The resulting 12 sub-subplots (4/subplot = 12/plot) were planted according to the following treatments: 1. LC seed on top of established SS 2. AC seed on top of established SS 3. no seed added to established SS 4. PP seed on top of established SS 5. AC seed vs SS seed 6. LC seed vs SS seed 7. PP seed vs SS seed 8. LC seed vs AC seed vs PP seed vs SS seed 9. AC seed 10. LC seed 11. Bare ground (no seeds added) 12. PP seed Where LC=Lespedeza capitata, AC=Amorpha canescens, PP=Petalostemum purpureum, and SS=Schizachyrium scoparium. Equal amounts of MgSO4, CaCO3, P2O5 and K2O are added to the plots each year in early May and Late June. For further information, see fertilization details.
Plant aboveground biomass carbon and nitrogen: Legume Competition Garden
This experiment was established on top of subplots 24, 25 and 26 of E055 (1.2m X 1.2m plots). Sheet metal was installed to divide the subplots into 4 equal parts (subplots are 1.2m x 1.2m, sub-subplots are .6m x .6m). The resulting 12 sub-subplots (4/subplot = 12/plot) were planted according to the following treatments: 1. LC seed on top of established SS 2. AC seed on top of established SS 3. no seed added to established SS 4. PP seed on top of established SS 5. AC seed vs SS seed 6. LC seed vs SS seed 7. PP seed vs SS seed 8. LC seed vs AC seed vs PP seed vs SS seed 9. AC seed 10. LC seed 11. Bare ground (no seeds added) 12. PP seed Where LC=Lespedeza capitata, AC=Amorpha canescens, PP=Petalostemum purpureum, and SS=Schizachyrium scoparium. Equal amounts of MgSO4, CaCO3, P2O5 and K2O are added to the plots each year in early May and Late June. For further information, see fertilization details.
Plant aboveground biomass data: Mechanisms of Grasshopper-Plant Interactions
This experiment is designed to examine the mechanisms of competition among grasshoppers, effects of grasshoppers on plant competition, and the effects of plant species and biomass on the ability of grasshoppers to coexist. The plots were set up within the E026 fenced exclosure. The plots are 60cm x 60cm. They are enclosed by a cage which is 1.2m high. The 240 plots were seeded with monocultures and pairwise combinations of two grasses, Schizachyrium scoparium, Poa pratensis, and a legume Lespedeza capitata. To each plant monoculture and species combination, two grasshopper species were added at high density according to four treatments: each grasshopper species by itself (2 treatments), both species together, and no grasshoppers (empty cage). Introduced grasshoppers were allowed to decline to an "equilibrium" density, as determined by counting all grasshoppers in cages every 5 days. After grasshoppers reached "equilibrium", vegetation was sampled by clipping a 50cm x 5cm strip. Soil samples were taken 5 times during the summer to determine the effect of grasshoppers on available soil nitrogen. For a list of treatments, see the treatment layouts in file trmte71.
Plant aboveground biomass data: Grasshopper removals
This experiment is designed to examine the effect of removing particular grasshopper species from a community with natural (uncaged) grasshopper densities. During the summer, beginning in 1991, grasshoppers are removed from forty, 2m x 4m plots in Field B, macroplot #6, according to the following 8 treatments: (1) No grasshoppers removed, (2) All grasshoppers removed, (3) All early season grasshopper species removed (Pardalophora apiculata and Arphia conspersa), (4) All late season grasshopper species removed (Melanoplus femur-rubrum, Phoetaliotes nebrascensis, conocephalus sp. + others present), (5) Melanoplus femur-rubrum removed, (6) Phoetaliotes nebrascensis removed, (7) Conocephalus sp. removed, (8) All late season grasshopper species with an average mass greater than 0.5g are removed. Grasshopper removals will occur once a week from June1- September 7. Grasshopper abundances will be sampled by capturing all individuals in a plot in late June and late August. Vegetation will be sampled in August by clipping 10cm x 1.5m strips from within each plot, drying and weighing green vegetation sorted to species. Soil solution concentrations of ammonium and nitrate will be determined in September from two soil samples from each plot. For a list of treatments, see the treatment layouts in file trmte90.
Plant aboveground biomass data: Fire X Nitrogen: Interactive Effects in a Prairie-Like Grassland
This experiment was established on top of E002 in field B. In the spring of 1992, 3 randomly chosen replicates of each nutrient treatment of experiment E002 were chosen to be burned each spring. For a description of these plots, see E002. For a list of treatments, see the treatment layouts in file trmte98.
Plant aboveground biomass carbon and nitrogen: Multiple Traits of Multiple Plant Species Measured in Monoculture Gardens
These gardens were started in order to establish monocultures of several species of native prairie plants common to Cedar Creek.
Plant aboveground biomass data: Multiple Traits of Multiple Plant Species Measured in Monoculture Gardens
These gardens were started in order to establish monocultures of several species of native prairie plants common to Cedar Creek.
Plant aboveground biomass carbon and nitrogen: Biodiversity II: Effects of Plant Biodiversity on Population and Ecosystem Processes
Biodiversity II (E120) is designed to determine how the number of plant species affects the dynamics of ecological processes at the population, community, and ecosystem levels. By experimentally manipulating the number of species and the kinds of species, the amount of plant growth and the change from year to year, that result can be examined. Plots are large (9m x 9m actively maintained) and well-replicated, allowing responses of plant pathogens, insect herbivores, seed predators, soil parameters, invasive plant species and other variables to also be studied. Plots were seeded in May 1994 to have 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 species, with roughly 30 replicates of each diversity level. The species composition of each plot was chosen by random draw from a pool of 18 grassland perennials that included four warm-season (C4) grasses, four cool-season (C3) grasses, four legumes, four non-legume forbs, and two woody species. All species occur in monoculture allowing comparison of responses of each species in monoculture to combinations of these same species. The experiment was established in 1994 by the lead investigators David Tilman, Peter Reich, Johannes Knops, and David Wedin. Experiment 120 is similar to Experiment 123, but it uses larger plots to provide a large capacity for long-term subexperiments.
Plant aboveground biomass carbon and nitrogen: The Small Biodiversity Experiment
Biodiversity I (E123), also called the ?small biodiversity experiment,? was designed to determine how the number of species affects the dynamics of ecological processes at the population, community, and ecosystem levels. By experimentally manipulating the number of species and the kinds of species, the amount of plant growth and the change from year to year that result can be examined. Also, the effects of number of species on carbon and nitrogen in the soil and on the ability of other species to invade can be studied. The experiment contains 147 3 x 3m plots that were randomly allocated 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 or 24 plant species. The particular species in a plot were randomly selected from a set of 24 prairie-grassland species which included seven warm-season (C4) grasses, four cool-season (C3) grasses, four legumes, nine non-legume forbs. Each level of number of species has 20 to 24 replicates. In this experiment not all of the species are in monocultures. The study was established in 1994 by lead investigators David Tilman, David Wedin, Peter Reich, and Johannes Knops. Experiment 123 is similar to Experiment 120, but it uses smaller plots and did not categorize by type of plant species prior to randomizing species to plots. This size of plot in Experiment 123 means that the soils are relatively more homogeneous and the desired number of species can be more easily maintained by frequent hand weeding than with larger plots. However, the small size of plots limits sampling and the nesting of other studies within the plots.
Plant aboveground biomass data: The Small Biodiversity Experiment
Biodiversity I (E123), also called the ?small biodiversity experiment,? was designed to determine how the number of species affects the dynamics of ecological processes at the population, community, and ecosystem levels. By experimentally manipulating the number of species and the kinds of species, the amount of plant growth and the change from year to year that result can be examined. Also, the effects of number of species on carbon and nitrogen in the soil and on the ability of other species to invade can be studied. The experiment contains 147 3 x 3m plots that were randomly allocated 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 or 24 plant species. The particular species in a plot were randomly selected from a set of 24 prairie-grassland species which included seven warm-season (C4) grasses, four cool-season (C3) grasses, four legumes, nine non-legume forbs. Each level of number of species has 20 to 24 replicates. In this experiment not all of the species are in monocultures. The study was established in 1994 by lead investigators David Tilman, David Wedin, Peter Reich, and Johannes Knops. Experiment 123 is similar to Experiment 120, but it uses smaller plots and did not categorize by type of plant species prior to randomizing species to plots. This size of plot in Experiment 123 means that the soils are relatively more homogeneous and the desired number of species can be more easily maintained by frequent hand weeding than with larger plots. However, the small size of plots limits sampling and the nesting of other studies within the plots.
Plant aboveground biomass data: Interactive Effects of Deer, Fire and Nitrogen
In 2000 we began to examine impacts of three anthropogenic effects on successional grasslands in an area with rapid woody encroachment toward white pine forest. We established a factorial experiment that manipulates N (0 or 3 g m-2 yr-1), fire (none or every 2nd year), and deer (fenced or open to deer), with a total of 32 plots, each 20 x 20 m. We hypothesized that the response of this ecosystem to the combined effects of fire, N, and herbivory would depend on the ability of pine and other species to invade and the magnitude of their response to the different disturbance factors: warm-season grasses increase with and encourage fire, resist herbivores, and inhibit woody plant invasion (Davis et al. 1998, Inouye et al. 1994); cool-season plants are favored by N deposition (Tilman 1987) but are fire-intolerant and palatable to herbivores; legumes tolerate fire but decrease with herbivory and N deposition; and finally, woody plants are fire-intolerant and may be more susceptible to herbivory. We are measuring treatment effects on composition and diversity of plants and consumers (insects, small mammals, lizards) as well as plant and soil C and N.
Plant aboveground biomass data: Effect of Burning Patterns on Vegetation in the Fish Lake Burn Compartments
This study examines the effects of long-term prescribed burning treatments on vegetation structure and composition, productivity, and nutrient cycling in upland oak savanna and woodland vegetation. The basis for the study is an ongoing, experimental prescribed burning program begun in 1964 at Cedar Creek, and a similar program operating since 1962 on the adjacent Helen Allison Savanna property (owned by The Nature Conservancy). These prescribed burning programs are designed to subject upland oak communities (and some old fields) to different burn frequencies and patterns of burning, with the ultimate objectives of 1) restoring and maintaining the historically important savanna and open woodland vegetation, and 2) providing information about the effects of different burning patterns on vegetation structure and composition. This study addresses the latter of these two purposes and expands on it by also investigating possible influences of fire on resource availability (nutrients, water, and light) and net primary productivity. This study represents a continuation and expansion of experiments 015 and 094.
Plant aboveground biomass data: Effects of Various Nutrients and Water on Vegetation
This experiment was conducted within the fenced areas of fields A, B, C, and D. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect of various nutrients on vegetation. There were eight different nutrients and a control. The different nutrients were N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, H2O, and a combination of trace metals. There were 36 plots in each field, 4 replicates of the 9 treatment levels. The plots were 1 meter by 4 meters and were laid out in a 4 by 9 grid. The grid was divided into 4 quarters and treatments were assigned with a randomized block design.
Plant aboveground biomass data: The Effect of Nitrogen Addition and Irrigation in High Diveristy Prairies
Water and nitrogen are two potentially major limiting resources in prairie grasslands of the region, and thus might be added to restored high-diversity grasslands used for biofuel production. In this full-factorial experiment, 36 high-diversity 9 m x 9 m plots that were planted with 32 species in 1994 were randomly assigned to one of six treatments. Treatments were all combination of a water treatment (ambient rainfall or ambient rainfall plus ~ 2 cm/week of irrigation) and of a nitrogen treatment (annual nitrogen addition of 0, 7, or 14 grams of N - as ammonium nitrate - per square meter). Aboveground biomass is harvested each fall in each plot, dried, and weighed. These treatments are determining the importance of both water and N limitation in high-diversity restored prairie grassland, their interactive effects, and the year-to-year variation in yields and treatment effects. They are also determining the potential sustainability of such yields and the effects of the various treatments on plant diversity.
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