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Fig. 7. A in Bisabolane-type sesquiterpenes from Vernonia amygdalina: Absolute configuration and anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 7. A: Experimental circular dichroism spectrum of the in situ formed Mo2(OAc)4-complex of Compound 7; B: Conformational analysis of the Mo complex of 7. The active Cotton effect of the complex at 301 nm suggests that the favoured conformation is the S-configuration at C-2′.

Fig. 6 in Cassane-type diterpenes from roots of Pterolobium macropterum and their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 6. Effect of 3 and 10 on the expression of iNOS and COX-2 protein. The purity of 3 and 10 is 99% and 98%, respectively, determined with NMR spectra.

Fig. 5 in Cassane-type diterpenes from roots of Pterolobium macropterum and their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 5. ORTEP diagram of 8. Letters A and B indicate the doubly disordered carbonyl oxygen sites A and B with respective occupancy factors 0.77 and 0.23.

Fig. 1 in Chemical constituents of Entandrophragma angolense and their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 1. Structures of undescribed compounds (1, 3, 4, 10, 13, and 24) and biologically active compounds (11 and 22).

Fig. 5 in Chemical constituents of Entandrophragma angolense and their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 5. (a) 1H NMR comparison of 24 and 25 (400 MHz, methanol-d). The chemical shifts of H-4a and H-4b (in the yellow box) showed significant difference 4 between 24 and 25. (b) 1H–1H COSY and HMBC key correlations of 24. (c) Experimental and calculated ECD spectra of 24. (d) Molecular network of the E. angolense butanol fractions (B1–B5). The network showed a cluster containing catechin derivatives. Nodes are labelled with parent ion mass (negative mode) and connected by edges which represent the structural similarity based on MS/MS fragmentation pattern. GNPS library hits are labelled in red. Even though the m/z 451 node did not have reliable GNPS library hits, the connected edges suggested that this ion could be a structurally related catechin derivative. Later, an undescribed catechin glucoside (24) was isolated from the fraction B2 and supported that GNPS helps to find undescribed structures in the species. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 7 in Chemical constituents of Entandrophragma angolense and their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 7. Effects of 1–25 on nitric oxide production, cytotoxicity, and iNOS expression in LPS-treated murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. (a) NO inhibition (%) at 1 μM and cytotoxicity (%) at 100 μM of the compounds. Compounds showing 60–80% NO inhibition and <20% cytotoxicity (blue circle) were selected. (b) Western blotting of iNOS protein. For compounds 11, 14, and 22–25, total cellular proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes to detect murine iNOS and β-actin (internal control) for the normalization of iNOS protein expression. The increase/decrease of iNOS/β-actin ratio (%) was expressed relative to the control group (containing LPS only, lane 2). Compounds 11 and 22 reduced LPS-induced iNOS protein levels. The western blot analysis was performed in duplicate experiments. (c)–(e) EC50 fitting curves and cell viability (%) of 11, 22, and EGCG at concentrations of 200.0, 100.0, 50.0, 25.0, 12.5, 6.3, and 3.1 μM EC50 values of 11, 22, and EGCG were estimated to be 81.3, 137.4, and 44.6 μM, respectively. Cell viability (%) was 86.4, 73.8, and 56.7% at the highest concentration, respectively. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 6 in Hyjapones A D, trimethylated acyphloroglucinol meroterpenoids from Hypericum japonicum thunb. With anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 6. Effects of compound 6 on the NF-κB signaling pathway in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Cells were pretreated with various concentrations of compound 6 (5, 10, 20, 40 μM) for 1 h and then stimulated with LPS (1 μg/mL) for 24 h. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 3). ns: no significance, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, and ***p<0.001 vs LPS group.

Fig. 5. A in Hyjapones A D, trimethylated acyphloroglucinol meroterpenoids from Hypericum japonicum thunb. With anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 5. A. Effect of compound 6 on the secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6. B. Effect of compound 6 on the expression level of iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA. RAW264.7 cells were pretreated with various concentrations of compound 6 (5, 10, 20, 40 μM) for 1 h and then stimulated with LPS (1 μg/mL) for 24 h. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 3). *p<0.05, **p<0.01, and ***p<0.001 vs LPS group.

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Fig. 4 in Lanostane triterpenoids from the fruiting bodies of Fomitopsis pinicola and their anti-inflammatory activities

Fig. 4. (a) Key 1H–1H COSY () and selected HMBC correlations (H→C) of 7; (b) Key NOESY correlations of 7.

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Fig. 2 in Lanostane triterpenoids from the fruiting bodies of Fomitopsis pinicola and their anti-inflammatory activities

Fig. 2. (a) Key 1H–1H COSY () and selected HMBC correlations (H→C) of 1; (b) Key NOESY correlations of 1.

Fig. 6 in Meroterpenoids from the fungus Penicillium sclerotiorum GZU-XW03-2 and their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 6. Effect of compound 4 on LPS-stimulated protein iNOS expression in RAW264.7 cells. Data are presented as means ± SD (n = 3). ###p <0.001 versus the control group. *p <0.05, **p <0.01 versus the LPS group.

Fig. 5 in Meroterpenoids from the fungus Penicillium sclerotiorum GZU-XW03-2 and their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 5. Effects of compound 4 on COX-2 (A), IL-6 (B) and IL-1β (C) release from LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Data are presented as means ± SD (n = 3). ###p <0.001 versus the control group. *p <0.05, **p <0.01 versus the LPS group.

Fig. 9 in Structural characterization of phenolic constituents from the rhizome of Imperata cylindrica var. major and their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 9. Inhibitory effects of compounds 4, 11, 37, 43 and 47 on the protein expression of TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, IKK-α, p-IKK-α, NF-κB/p65 and p-NF-κB/p65 in RAW 264.7 cells. Normal: normal group without LPS, DEX and other tested samples. Values represent the mean ± SEM of three determinations. *P <0.05; **P <0.01; ***P <0.001 (Differences between compound-treated group and control group). ##P <0.01; ###P <0.001 (Differences between LPS-treated group and control group). n = 3.

Fig. 8 in Structural characterization of phenolic constituents from the rhizome of Imperata cylindrica var. major and their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 8. Influences of compounds 4, 11, 12, 24, 27, 31, 32, 37, 43, 45, and 47 at 3, 10, and 30 μM on NO production in RAW264.7 cells, respectively. Values represent the mean SD of six determinations. *P <0.05, ***P <0.001 (Differences between compound-treated group and control group). ###P <0.001 (Dif± ferences between control group and normal group). n = 6.

Fig. 2 in Three unusual hybrid sorbicillinoids with anti-inflammatory activities from the deep-sea derived fungus Penicillium sp. SCSIO06868

Fig. 2. Global natural products social molecular networking analysis of HR- MS/MS of culture extracts derived from Penicillium sp. SCSIO06868 and the cluster corresponding to undescribed sorbicillinoids in this study.

Fig. 6 in Three unusual hybrid sorbicillinoids with anti-inflammatory activities from the deep-sea derived fungus Penicillium sp. SCSIO06868

Fig. 6. Linear regression analysis of calculated 13C NMR shifts of (1′S)-1 (right) and (1′R)-1 (left) against the experimental shifts of 1 and the DP4 probability for + assignment of 1 to the candidate stereoisomers.

Fig. 6 in Undescribed ecdysteroids and phenolic glycosides from the roots of Cyathula officinalis Kuan and their anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages in vitro

Fig. 6. Effects of 1 on iNOS, COX-2, and NF-κB protein expression in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells in vitro. "Dexamethasone" represents the positive control group, and "Control" represents the blank control, which was not treated with LPS or the tested compounds. (A) Protein expression of iNOS, COX-2, P65 and P–P65 was determined by Western blotting. (B) Relative protein expression of P–P65 to P65 is shown as a histogram. (C) Protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 relative to the control is shown as a histogram. The experiment was repeated three times. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. *P <0.05 vs. the LPS group, **P <0.01 vs. the LPS group.

Fig. 3 in Undescribed ecdysteroids and phenolic glycosides from the roots of Cyathula officinalis Kuan and their anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages in vitro

Fig. 3. NMR calculation results of two plausible stereoisomers of 1 at the B3LYP-D3 (BJ)/6-31G** level.

Fig. 5 in Undescribed ecdysteroids and phenolic glycosides from the roots of Cyathula officinalis Kuan and their anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages in vitro

Fig. 5. Effects of different concentrations (10, 20, 40 μM)) of 1 on LPS-stimulated release of (A) TNF-α, (B) IL-6, and (C) IL-1β in RAW 264.7 cells. The values represent the mean ± SD of three independent experiments, and differences between the mean values were assessed by Student's t-test. ##P <0.01 vs. the control group, *P <0.05 vs. the LPS group, **P <0.01 vs. the LPS group.

Fig. 4 in Undescribed ecdysteroids and phenolic glycosides from the roots of Cyathula officinalis Kuan and their anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages in vitro

Fig. 4. Effect of 1–6 (40 μM) on NO release in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells in vitro. Dexamethasone was used as a positive control in this experiment, and the concentration was 5 μM. The data represent the mean ± SD of three independent experiments.