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Figure 2 in New and little-known Komokiacea (Foraminifera) from the bathyal and abyssal Weddell Sea and adjacent areas
Figure 2. Komokia multiramosa Tendal & Hessler, 1977. A, B, Stn 88#5, two complete specimens; C–F, Stn 94#11; C, complete specimen; D, central part of test; E, detail of tubule; F, stercomata within tubule.
Fig. 11. A–G in Cutting the ribbon: bathyal Nemertea from seeps along the Costa Rica margin, with descriptions of 2 new genera and 9 new species
Fig. 11. A–G. Tetrastemma sundbergi sp. nov., holotype (SIO-BIC N256), transverse histological sections. H–M. Tetrastemma strandae sp. nov., holotype (SIO-BIC N285), horizontal histological sections (H–I) and transverse histological sections (J–M). A. Anterior tip of head with proboscis pore. B. Brain region with well-visible cerebral canal (arrowhead). C. Proboscis with 10 proboscis nerves (arrowheads) in stomach region. D. Pyloric region. E. Intestinal region with ovaries. F. Anterior part of lateral nerve cord. G. Posterior part of lateral nerve cord located in body wall musculature. H. Longitudinal section through anterior tip with proboscis pore. I. Longitudinal section through the ventral part of the anterior tip. J. Intestinal region with testes. K. Proboscis in stomach region with 10 proboscis nerves (arrowheads). L. Proboscis armature. M. Lateral nerve cord in intestinal region. Abbreviations: ap = accessory stylet pouch; as = accessory stylet; br = brain; cc = cerebral canal; cg = cephalic glands; cm = circular muscle layer; co = cerebral organ; dl = dorsal brain lobe; ec = excretory canal; i = intestine; ic = intestinal cecum; lb = lateral blood vessel; lm = longitudinal muscle layer; ln = lateral nerve cord; mv = mid-dorsal-vessel; o = ovary; p = proboscis; pe = proboscis epithelium; pp = proboscis pore; py = pylorus; rc = rhynchocoel; sb = stylet basis; t = testis; vc = ventral commissure; vl = ventral brain lobe. Scale: 100 µm.
Fig. 10. A–G in Cutting the ribbon: bathyal Nemertea from seeps along the Costa Rica margin, with descriptions of 2 new genera and 9 new species
Fig. 10. A–G. Alvinonemertes dariae gen. et sp. nov., holotype (SIO-BIC N281), transverse histological sections. H–N. Alvinonemertes claudiae gen. et sp. nov., holotype (SIO-BIC N283), transverse histological sections. A. Anterior tip of head with proboscis pore. B. Brain region. C. Anterior brain region with cerebral canal (arrowhead). D. Stomach region with excretory canal. E. Posterior body region with testes. F. Lateral nerve cord with accessory nerve in stomach region. G. Proboscis armature, accessory stylet pouches with accessory stylets. H. Anterior tip of head with proboscis pore. I. Region anterior to cerebral ganglia with well-visible cerebral canal (arrowhead). J. Anterior brain region. K. Pyloric region. L. Proboscis and mid-dorsal vessel in stomach region. M. Proboscis armature, circular basis of central stylet. N. Proboscis armature, accessory stylet pouches with accessory stylets. Abbreviations: an = accessory nerve; ap = accessory stylet pouch; as = accessory stylet; bl = blood vessel; br = brain; cg = cephalic glands; cm = circular muscle layer; co = cerebral organ; dl = dorsal brain lobe; ec = excretory canal; gd = gonoduct; i = intestine; ic = intestinal cecum; ip = intestinal pouches; lm = longitudinal muscle layer; ln = lateral nerve cord; mv = mid-dorsal vessel; p = proboscis; pe = proboscis epithelium; pp = proboscis pore; py = pylorus; rc = rhynchocoel; rd = rhynchodaeum; sb = stylet basis; st = stomach; t = testis; vl = ventral brain lobe. Scale bars: A–G = 100 µm; H–N = 30 µm.
Fig. 8 in Cutting the ribbon: bathyal Nemertea from seeps along the Costa Rica margin, with descriptions of 2 new genera and 9 new species
Fig. 8. Live images of eumonostiliferous hoplonemerteans collected along the Costa Rica margin and the NE Pacific. A. Chernyshevia escarpiaphila sp. nov., paratype (SIO-BIC N112). B. Chernyshevia escarpiaphila sp. nov., paratype (SIO-BIC N266). C. Octocoral Paragorgia sp. (SIO-BIC Co3054) with several specimens of Alvinonemertes dariae sp. nov., holotype (arrows; ex SIO-BIC N262). D. Alvinonemertes dariae sp. nov., holotype (ex SIO-BIC N262).E. Antipatharian coral (SIO-BIC Co3031) with specimens of Alvinonemertes dagmarae sp. nov., holotype (SIO-BIC N260). F. Alvinonemertes christianeae sp. nov., holotype (SIO-BIC N253). G. Alvinonemertes claudiae sp. nov., holotype (ex SIO-BIC N231). H. Alvinonemertes tatjanae sp. nov., holotype (SIO-BIC N119). I. Eumonostilifera (SIO-BIC N259). J–L. Tetrastemma sundbergi sp. nov., holotype (SIO-BIC N256) whole animal (J), dorsal view of head (K), and ventral view of head (L). M. Tetrastemma polyakovae sp. nov. (MZUCR Nemertea Collection MZUCR-101-01). N. Tetrastemma polyakovae sp. nov., holotype (SIO-BIC N258), with everted proboscis. O. Eumonostilifera (SIO-BIC N109).
Fig. 7 in Cutting the ribbon: bathyal Nemertea from seeps along the Costa Rica margin, with descriptions of 2 new genera and 9 new species
Fig. 7. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree for the monostiliferan supermatrix based on the concatenated four gene dataset (16S, COI, 18S, H3). Black circles indicate nodal support of 100/100/1.0; asterisks indicate nodal support of either 100/ or /1.0. Alternative branches found in the BI analysis are given as blue dotted lines. Sonnenemertes cantelli Chernyshev, Abukawa & Kajihara, 2015 and Micrura callima Sundberg & Gibson, 1995 were used for outgroup rooting. Specimens belonging to new species are given in bold. Specimen-ID, sampling locality, and depth (for deep-sea species) are provided.
Fig. 6 in Cutting the ribbon: bathyal Nemertea from seeps along the Costa Rica margin, with descriptions of 2 new genera and 9 new species
Fig. 6. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree for the polystiliferan supermatrix based on the concatenated four gene dataset (16S, COI, 18S, H3). Black circles indicate nodal support of 100/100/1.0; asterisks indicate nodal support of either 100/ or /1.0. Alternative branches found in the BI analysis are given as blue dotted lines. Sonnenemertes cantelli Chernyshev, Abukawa & Kajihara, 2015 and Micrura callima Sundberg & Gibson, 1995 were used for outgroup rooting. The reptant hoplonemertean specimen collected at the Costa Rica margin is given in bold. Specimen-ID, sampling locality, and depth (for deep-sea species) are provided.
Fig. 5 in Cutting the ribbon: bathyal Nemertea from seeps along the Costa Rica margin, with descriptions of 2 new genera and 9 new species
Fig. 5. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree for the heteronemertean supermatrix based on the concatenated four gene dataset (16S, COI, 18S, H3). Numbers beside nodes indicate support values. Black circles indicate nodal support of 100/100/1.0; asterisks indicate nodal support of either 100/ or /1.0. Alternative branches found in the BI analysis are given as blue dotted lines. Tubulanus polymorphus Renier, 1804 and Carinoma mutabilis Griffin, 1898 were used for outgroup rooting. The specimen found at the Costa Rica margin is given in bold. Specimen-ID, sampling locality, and depth (for deep-sea species) are provided.
Fig. 4 in Cutting the ribbon: bathyal Nemertea from seeps along the Costa Rica margin, with descriptions of 2 new genera and 9 new species
Fig. 4. Tubulanus cf. lutescens Cantell, 2001 (SIO-BIC N277), transverse histological sections. A. Anterior region of head with proboscis pore. B. Posterior brain region with mouth opening and buccal nerves (arrowheads). C. Proboscis composition and the two proboscis nerves (arrowheads) in the foregut region. D. Brain region showing the cerebral canal. E. Body wall composition in the foregut region, arrowhead indicates upper dorsal nerve. F. Lateral nerve cord in the foregut region. Abbreviations: br = brain; cc = cerebral canal; cl = cephalic loop; dl = dorsal brain lobe; e = epidermis; es = esophagus; icm = inner circular muscle layer; lb = lateral blood vessel; lm = longitudinal muscle layer; ln = lateral nerve cord; mo = mouth opening; ocm = outer circular muscle layer; p = proboscis; pcm = circular musculature of proboscis; pcn = precerebral nerves; pe = proboscis epithelium; plm = longitudinal musculature of proboscis; pp = proboscis pore; rc = rhynchocoel; rcm = circular musculature of rhynchocoel; vc = ventral commissure; vl = ventral brain lobe. Scale bars: A–C, E = 200 µm; D, F = 100 µm.
Fig. 1. Sampling sites along the Costa Rica margin and exemplary habitat pictures. A in Cutting the ribbon: bathyal Nemertea from seeps along the Costa Rica margin, with descriptions of 2 new genera and 9 new species
Fig. 1. Sampling sites along the Costa Rica margin and exemplary habitat pictures. A. Map of the seven sampling sites along the Costa Rica margin: Cocos Canyon (CC), Jaco Scar (JS), Mound 11 (M11), Mound 12 (M12), Mound Jaguar (MJ), Parrita Seep (PS), and Quepos Plateau (QP). B. Aggregation of the vestamentiferan Escarpia spicata Jones, 1985. C. Nemerteans of the species Chernyshevia escarpiaphila sp. nov. (arrows) found on Escarpia spicata. Photo credit: ROV SuBastian/Schmidt Ocean Institute.
Fig. 2 in Cutting the ribbon: bathyal Nemertea from seeps along the Costa Rica margin, with descriptions of 2 new genera and 9 new species
Fig. 2. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree for the palaeonemertean supermatrix based on the concatenated four gene dataset (16S, COI, 18S, H3). Numbers beside nodes indicate support values. Black circles indicate nodal support of 100/100/1.0; asterisks indicate nodal support of either 100/ or /1.0. Alternative branches found in the BI analysis are given as blue dotted lines. Sonnenemertes cantelli Chernyshev, Abukawa & Kajihara, 2015 and Micrura callima Sundberg & Gibson, 1995 were used for outgroup rooting. Specimens belonging to the new species Tubulanus cf. lutescens are highlighted in bold. When available a specimen-ID, sampling locality, and depth (for deep-sea species) are provided. A statistical parsimony haplotype network based on the COI gene fragment reveals close relationship between Tubulanus cf. lutescens and Tubulanus lutescens.
Data from: How long does a brachiopod shell last on a seafloor? Modern mid-bathyal environments as taphonomic analogues of continental shelves prior to the Mesozoic Marine Revolution
<p class="MsoNormal">Carbonate skeletal remains are altered and disintegrate at yearly to decadal scales in present-day shallow-marine environments with intense bioerosion and dissolution. Present-day brachiopod death assemblages are invariably characterized by poor preservation on continental shelves, and abundant articulated shells of brachiopods with well-preserved brachidia are thus not expected to be preserved if not rapidly buried. However, such preservation is paradoxically observed in shallow-water Paleozoic and Mesozoic brachiopod assemblages. Here, we show that a bathyal death assemblage time-averaged to several millennia (Adriatic Sea) consists of sediment-filled articulated shells of <em>Gryphus</em> <em>vitreus</em> with complete brachidia. Postmortem age distributions indicate that disintegration half-lives exceed several centuries (~500-1,700 years). The high frequency of articulated but centuries-old shells (>50%) and the fitting of taphonomic models to postmortem ages indicate that disarticulation half-life is unusually long (~200 years). Rapid sediment filling of shells (1) inhibited disarticulation, loop fragmentation and colonization by coelobites and (2) induced precipitation of ferromanganese oxides at redox fronts within shells. Sediment-filled articulated shells, however, still resided at the sediment-water interface as indicated by encrusters and sponges that infested them after death. Sediment-filled shells disintegrated through bioerosion and wear when residence time in the taphonomically active zone exceeded ~2,000 years. We suggest that the articulation paradox is driven by the Mesozoic Marine Revolution (MMR) that escalated predation, bioturbation and organic matter recycling, all intensifying shell disintegration. A scenario with slow disarticulation in bathyal environments can be an analogue of conditions leading to preservation of articulated shells in shallow-water assemblages prior to the MMR.</p>
Figure 2. a–f. a, b, Zygophylax concinna. a, branch internodes with hydrothecae. b, hydrotheca. c, d in Bathyal and abyssal hydroids (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from southeastern Australia
Figure 2. a–f. a, b, Zygophylax concinna. a, branch internodes with hydrothecae. b, hydrotheca. c, d, Amphisbetia ramifera sp. nov. c, stem with subopposite hydrothecae and axillar hydrotheca. d, branch with opposite hydrothecae. e, f. Lytocarpia parvispiralis sp. nov. e, holotype colony. f, hydrothecae, lateral view.
Figure 1. a−g. a, b, Acryptolaria angulata. a, distal monosiphonic stem. b, hydrotheca. c–e, Cryptolarella abyssicola. c, monosiphonic branch with subalternate hydrothecae. d in Bathyal and abyssal hydroids (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from southeastern Australia
Figure 1. a−g. a, b, Acryptolaria angulata. a, distal monosiphonic stem. b, hydrotheca. c–e, Cryptolarella abyssicola. c, monosiphonic branch with subalternate hydrothecae. d, gonotheca with wrinkled abcauline wall and upturned margin. e, gonotheca with oblique margin. f, Hebella macroplana sp. nov., stolonal hydrotheca. g, Hebella sp., stolonal colony and pedicellate hydrotheca.
Data from: How long does a brachiopod shell last on a seafloor? Modern mid-bathyal environments as taphonomic analogues of continental shelves prior to the Mesozoic Marine Revolution
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FIGURE 3 in Bathyal ostracods from the Santa Maria di Leuca deep-water coral province (northern Ionian Sea)
FIGURE 3. Ostracod distribution per samples.
FIG. 3. — Apseudes batillus n in New apseudomorph tanaidaceans (Crustacea, Peracarida, Tanaidacea) from the bathyal slope off New Caledonia
FIG. 3. — Apseudes batillus n. sp.: A-F, pereopods 1-6 respectively. Scale bar: 0.6 mm.
Interannual structure of the bathyal deep-sea food-web at South Sandwich Islands (Southern Ocean): Stable isotope values of 𝛅13C and 𝛅15N
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FIGURE 30 in Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition
FIGURE 30. Lycopodina cassida sp. nov. A. Fixed holotype QM G337416. B. Large anisochelae. C. Subtylostyle. D. Magnified ends of the subtylostyle illustrated in C. E. Small anisochelae. F. Looking into the calyx bowl, with the filaments around the perimeter. G. Close-up of the base of the interior of the bowl. H. Filaments illustrating the anisochelae ectosome. I. Stem remains showing the subtylostyle axis of the endosome.
FIGURE 29 in Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition
FIGURE 29. Lycopodina helios sp. nov., holotype QM G337468. A. Anisochelae. B. Large subtylostyles 1. C. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 1 depicted in B. D. Smaller subtylostyles 2. E. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 2 depicted in D. F. Sigmancistra. G.SEM of the sponge body and stalk. H. Holotype QM G337468 after fixation. I. SEM image of the styles supporting the membranous ectosome containing the anisochelae. J. SEM image of the stalk showing the membranous anisochelae ectosome over the subtylostyle bundle forming the stalk.
FIGURE 28 in Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition
FIGURE 28. Lycopodina nikitawimandi sp. nov. A. Preserved specimens of paratypes QM G337510 and QM G337534 still attached to the hexactinellid skeleton substrate. Arrows pointing to carnivorous sponges. B. Copepod trapped in isochelae, arrow pointing to the copepod. C. Bottlebrush body of the holotype QM G337534, showing the many filaments and the anisochelae in the ectosome. D. Close-up of the filaments branching from the stem. E. Filaments showing the ectosomal clusters of anisochelae and the underlying mycalostyles. F. Root ball and stem showing the hispid surface from the small mycalostyles.
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