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308 results for “bromeliads”
FIGURE 5 in Comparative analysis of the chondrocranium and hyobranchial skeleton of bromeliad arboreal frog larvae of the genus Phyllodytes Wagler, 1830 (Anura Hylidae)
FIGURE 5. Hyobranchial skeleton. Ventral views for Phyllodytes acuminatus (A, Stage 31, MHN–UFAL 8385), P. brevirostris (B, Stage 34, MNRJ 53 122), P. edelmoi (C, Stage 36, MHN–UFAL 3768), P. maculosus (D, Stage 27, CZUFSB 509), P. melanomystax (E, Stage 28, MNRJ 04 868), P. praeceptor (F, Stage 31, MZUESC 16 059), P. punctatus (G, Stage 29, LABEV–UFS 1167), P. wuchereri (H, Stage 31, CLAR 9492), Phyllodytes sp. 5 (I, Stage 36, MHNBA 15 996). (ac) articular condyle; (bbc) basibranchial; (bh) basihyal; (cb I–IV) ceratobranchials; (ch) ceratohyal; (hbp) hypobranchial plate; (pab) processus anterior branchialis; (pac) processus anterior hyalis; (palc) processus anterolateralis hyalis; (plc) processus lateralis hyali; (ppc) processus posterior hyalis; (pr) pars reuniens; (sp) spicules; (tco) terminal commissure; (up) urobranchial process (scale bars =1 mm).
FIGURE 3 in Comparative analysis of the chondrocranium and hyobranchial skeleton of bromeliad arboreal frog larvae of the genus Phyllodytes Wagler, 1830 (Anura Hylidae)
FIGURE 3. Suprarostral cartilage of P. melanomystax (Stage 28, MNRJ 04 868), frontal view. (a) ala; (c) corpus; (ppd) processus posterior dorsalis (scale bar =1 mm).
FIGURE 4 in Comparative analysis of the chondrocranium and hyobranchial skeleton of bromeliad arboreal frog larvae of the genus Phyllodytes Wagler, 1830 (Anura Hylidae)
FIGURE 4. Chondrocranium. Lateral views for Phyllodytes acuminatus (A, Stage 31, MHN–UFAL 8385), P. brevirostris (B, Stage 34, MNRJ 53 122), P. edelmoi (C, Stage 36, MHN–UFAL 3768), P. maculosus (D, Stage 27, CZUFSB 509), P. melanomystax (E, Stage 28, MNRJ 04 868), P. praeceptor (F, Stage 31, MZUESC 16 059), P. punctatus (G, Stage 29, LABEV–UFS 1167), P. wuchereri (H, Stage 31, CLAR 9492), Phyllodytes sp. 5 (I, Stage 36, MHNBA 15 996). (bc) braincase; (fov) fenestra ovalis; (mc) Meckel's cartilage; (mp) muscular process; (oc) otic capsule; (ocf) oculomotor foramen; (opf) optic foramen; (orc) orbital cartilage; (pq) palatoquadrate; (plt) processus lateralis trabeculae; (sc) suprarostral cartilage; (th) trabecular horns; (trf) trochlear foramen (scale bars =1 mm).
FIGURE 2 in Comparative analysis of the chondrocranium and hyobranchial skeleton of bromeliad arboreal frog larvae of the genus Phyllodytes Wagler, 1830 (Anura Hylidae)
FIGURE 2. Chondrocranium. Ventral views for Phyllodytes acuminatus (A, Stage 31, MHN–UFAL 8385), P. brevirostris (B, Stage 34, MNRJ 53 122), P. edelmoi (C, Stage 36, MHN–UFAL 3768), P. maculosus (D, Stage 27, CZUFSB 509), P. melanomystax (E, Stage 28, MNRJ 04 868), P. praeceptor (F, Stage 31, MZUESC 16 059), P. punctatus (G, Stage 29, LABEV–UFS 1167), P. wuchereri (H, Stage 31, CLAR 9492), Phyllodytes sp. 5 (I, Stage 36, MHNBA 15 996). (cf) carotid foramen; (crf) craniopalatine foramen; (ic) infrarostral cartilage; (jf) jugulare foramen; (pf) perilymphaticum foramen; (pr) retroarticular process of Meckel's cartilage; (qcc) quadratocranial commissure (scale bars =1 mm).
FIGURE 1 in Comparative analysis of the chondrocranium and hyobranchial skeleton of bromeliad arboreal frog larvae of the genus Phyllodytes Wagler, 1830 (Anura Hylidae)
FIGURE 1. Chondrocranium. Dorsal views for Phyllodytes acuminatus (A, Stage 31, MHN–UFAL 8385), P. brevirostris (B, Stage 34, MNRJ 53 122), P. edelmoi (C, Stage 36, MHN–UFAL 3768), P. maculosus (D, Stage 27, CZUFSB 509), P. melanomystax (E, Stage 28, MNRJ 04 868), P. praeceptor (F, Stage 31, MZUESC 16 059), P. punctatus (G, Stage 29, LABEV–UFS 1167), P. wuchereri (H, Stage 31, CLAR 9492), Phyllodytes sp. 5 (I, Stage 36, MHNBA 15 996). (a) ala; (as) ascending process; (bf) basicranial fenestra; (c) corpus; (ep) ethmoid plate; (mc) Meckel's cartilage; (mp) muscular process; (oc) otic capsule; (op) larval otic process; (plp) posterolateral process; (pq) palatoquadrate; (paq) articular process of palatoquadrate; (qep) quadratoethmoid process; (sf) subocular fenestra; (st) synotic tectum; (th) trabecular horns (scale bars =1 mm).
Data from: Complex indirect effects of epiphytic bromeliads on the invertebrate food webs of their support tree
Ecosystem engineers are species that affect others through the provision of habitat rather than consumptive resources. The extent to which ecosystem engineers can indirectly affect entire food webs, however, is poorly understood. Epiphytic tank bromeliads (Bromeliaceae) are ecosystem engineers that are common throughout the Neotropics, and are associated with a variety of predatory arthropods. Here, we examine if bromeliads, by increasing predator densities, indirectly benefit their support tree through reduction in herbivorous insects and leaf damage. We observed and manipulated bromeliad densities in Costa Rican orange orchards, and measured impacts on leaf damage and arboreal and bromeliad invertebrate communities in two different seasons. Our results show that bromeliads are associated with predatory and herbivorous invertebrates but not leaf damage. Bromeliads were correlated with increased densities of their associated predators, especially ants and hunting spiders, but we could not confirm a causal link. Associations with bromeliads changed over time, with seasonal shifts interfering with responses to our manipulations. Bromeliads had a reduced association with predators in the dry season. Moreover, a null association between bromeliads and herbivorous invertebrates in the dry season unexpectedly became positive in the wet season. In summary, we have only limited evidence that bromeliads indirectly promote the top-down control of arboreal herbivores; instead, our manipulations suggest that bromeliads increase herbivore densities in the wet season. This research suggests that although bromeliads may act as ecosystem engineers, indirectly influencing the invertebrate food web on support trees, their effects are trophically complex and seasonally dependent.
Data from: Ecosystem services provided by bromeliad plants: a systematic review
The unprecedented loss of biological diversity has negative impacts on ecosystems and the associated benefits which they provide to humans. Bromeliads have high diversity throughout the Neotropics, but they have been negatively affected by habitat loss and fragmentation, climate change, herbivorous species invasions, and they are also being commercialized for ornamental use. These plants provide direct benefits to the human society and they also form micro ecosystems in which accumulated water and nutrients support the communities of aquatic and terrestrial species, thus maintaining local diversity. We performed a systematic review of the contribution of bromeliads to ecosystem services across their native geographical distribution. We showed that bromeliads provide a range of ecosystem services such as maintenance of biodiversity, community structure, nutrient cycling, and the availability of food and water. Moreover, bromeliads can regulate the spread of diseases, water and carbon cycling, and they have the potential to become important sources of chemical and pharmaceutical products. The majority of this research was performed in Brazil, but future research from other Neotropical countries with a high diversity of bromeliads would fill the current knowledge gaps, and increase the generality of these findings. This systematic review identified that future research should focus on provisioning, regulating and cultural services that have been currently overlooked. This would improve our understanding of how bromeliad diversity contributes to human welfare, and the negative consequences that loss of bromeliad plants can have on communities of other species and the healthy functioning of the entire ecosystems.
Data from: Resources alter the structure and increase stochasticity in bromeliad microfauna communities
Although stochastic and deterministic processes have been found to jointly shape structure of natural communities, the relative importance of both forces may vary across different environmental conditions and across levels of biological organization. We tested the effects of abiotic environmental conditions, altered trophic interactions and dispersal limitation on the structure of aquatic microfauna communities in Costa Rican tank bromeliads. Our approach combined natural gradients in environmental conditions with experimental manipulations of bottom-up interactions (resources), top-down interactions (predators) and dispersal at two spatial scales in the field. We found that resource addition strongly increased the abundance and reduced the richness of microfauna communities. Community composition shifted in a predictable way towards assemblages dominated by flagellates and ciliates but with lower abundance and richness of algae and amoebae. While all functional groups responded strongly and predictably to resource addition, similarity among communities at the species level decreased, suggesting a role of stochasticity in species-level assembly processes. Dispersal limitation did not affect the communities. Since our design excluded potential priority effects we can attribute the differences in community similarity to increased demographic stochasticity of resource-enriched communities related to erratic changes in population sizes of some species. In contrast to resources, predators and environmental conditions had negligible effects on community structure. Our results demonstrate that bromeliad microfauna communities are strongly controlled by bottom-up forces. They further suggest that the relative importance of stochasticity may change with productivity and with the organizational level at which communities are examined.
FIGURE 4 in A new Brazilian species of Stenochironomus Kieffer mining decayed leaves in bromeliads (Diptera: Chironomidae)
FIGURE 4. Stenochironomus atlanticus Pinho & Mendes new species, larva. A, head capsule, dorsal aspect. B, head capsule, ventral aspect. C, antenna. D, labrum. E, mandible. F, mentum and paralabial plate. G, labiohypopharynx. H, anal end.
FIGURE 3 in A new Brazilian species of Stenochironomus Kieffer mining decayed leaves in bromeliads (Diptera: Chironomidae)
FIGURE 3. Stenochironomus atlanticus Pinho & Mendes new species, pupa. A, frontal apotome. B, basal ring of thoracic horn and precorneals. C, thorax. D, tergites I–V. E, tergites VI–IX.
FIGURE 2 in A new Brazilian species of Stenochironomus Kieffer mining decayed leaves in bromeliads (Diptera: Chironomidae)
FIGURE 2. Stenochironomus atlanticus Pinho & Mendes new species, female imago. A, genitalia, dorsal view. B, genitalia, ventral view. C, dorsomesal lobe. D, apodeme lobe of gonapophysis VIII. E, ventrolateral lobe of gonapophysis IX.
FIGURE 1 in A new Brazilian species of Stenochironomus Kieffer mining decayed leaves in bromeliads (Diptera: Chironomidae)
FIGURE 1. Stenochironomus atlanticus Pinho & Mendes new species, male imago. A, head. B, cibarial pump, tentorium, and stipes. C, thorax. D, wing. E, anal point and tergite IX and dorsal aspect of left gonocoxite and gonostylus. F, hypopygium with anal point and tergite IX removed, left dorsal aspect, right ventral aspect.
FIGURES 17–22 in A new species of Polypedilum Kieffer from bromeliads in Parque Nacional Cusuco, Honduras (Chironomidae: Chironominae)
FIGURES 17–22. Polypedilum panacu sp. n., larva. 17—dorsal sclerites of head; 18—antenna; 19—labro-epipharyngeal region; 20—premandible; 21—mandible; 22—mentum and ventromental plates.
FIGURES 12–16 in A new species of Polypedilum Kieffer from bromeliads in Parque Nacional Cusuco, Honduras (Chironomidae: Chironominae)
FIGURES 12–16. Polypedilum panacu sp. n., pupa. 12—thorax and wing sheath; 13—frontal apotome; 14—tergites I–VII, 15—tergite VIII and anal lobe; 16—anal comb.
FIGURES 1–5 in A new species of Polypedilum Kieffer from bromeliads in Parque Nacional Cusuco, Honduras (Chironomidae: Chironominae)
FIGURES 1–5. Polypedilum panacu sp. n., male. 1—wing; 2—scale and spur of fore leg; 3—hypopygium, dorsal view; 4— hypopygium with anal point and tergite IX removed, dorsal aspect to the left and ventral aspect to the right; 5—superior volsella, dorsal view.
FIGURE 23. The bromeliad Tillandsia guatemalensis L. B in A new species of Polypedilum Kieffer from bromeliads in Parque Nacional Cusuco, Honduras (Chironomidae: Chironominae)
FIGURE 23. The bromeliad Tillandsia guatemalensis L. B. Smith is an epiphyte in the cloud forest in Parque Nacional Cusuco, Honduras (photo Merlijn Jocqué).
FIGURES 6–11 in A new species of Polypedilum Kieffer from bromeliads in Parque Nacional Cusuco, Honduras (Chironomidae: Chironominae)
FIGURES 6–11. Polypedilum panacu sp. n., female. 6—wing; 7—genitalia, ventral view; 8—genitalia, dorsal view; 9—ventrolateral lobe; 10—dorsomesal lobe; 11—apodeme lobe.
FIGURE 3 in Charinus bromeliaea sp. n. (Amblypygi: Charinidae); a new species of bromeliad inhabiting whip spider from French Guyana
FIGURE 3. Tarsus of holotype (female); A. Tarsus of pedipalp, ventral, B. pedipalp ventral, C. pedipalp dorsal.
FIGURE 2 in Charinus bromeliaea sp. n. (Amblypygi: Charinidae); a new species of bromeliad inhabiting whip spider from French Guyana
FIGURE 2. Charinus bromeliaea sp. n. holotype (female). 1. Cephalothorax, dorsal view. 2. Cephalothorax, ventral view.
FIGURE 3 in A new species of Erythrodiplax breeding in bromeliads in Costa Rica (Odonata: Libellulidae)
FIGURE 3. Erythrodiplax laselva, male holotype: a. abdominal appendages, lateral view; b. abdominal appendages, ventral view; c. vesica spermalis, dorsal view; d. vesica spermalis, lateral view; e. abdominal segment 2, lateral. E. bromeliicola male from Cuba: f. distal segment of vesica spermalis, lateral view; g. abdominal segment 2, lateral view. E. castanea male from Costa Rica: h. abdominal segment 2, lateral view. E. laselva female: i. vulvar lamina, ventral view. (Illustrations f. and g. by R. Garrison; the rest by WAH.)
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