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Figs. 57–58 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Figs. 57–58. SEM micrographs of fifth instar of Coelioxys chichimeca. 57. Head, near frontal view. 58. Head, lateral view. 59. Spiracle, now with rim.

Figs. 41–50 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Figs. 41–50. SEM micrographs of third instar of Coelioxys chichimeca. 41. Entire larva, lateral view. 42. Head, near frontal view. 43. Head, lateral view. 44. Close-up of hypostomal tubercle of another specimen, showing setalike sensilla compared with those of second instar, 45. Left mandible, dorsal view showing reduced basal tubercles, absence of outer spine on apical part of mandible, and elongate, fanglike apex. 46. Antenna, lateral view. 47–50. Spiracles of abdominal segment 5–8, respectively, all to same scale, showing size increases of atrial opening; nature of material in 8th spiracle not understood but occurs in another specimen as well.

Figs. 38–40 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Figs. 38–40. Microphotographs of third instar of Coelioxys chichimeca. 38. Entire larva, lateral view, showing elongate shape, constriction behind head, reduced size of abdominal segments 9 and 10. 39. Head of cast skin, ventral view, showing sclerites of labiomaxillary region, hypopharyngeal lobes, and postoccipital bridge. 40. Same, lateral view, showing posterior extension of parietal, cardo, and labium to form ventral postoccipital bridge. PTP 5 posterior tentorial pit.

Fig. 32 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Fig. 32. Microphotograph of cast exuviae of first instar of Coelioxys chichimeca appressed to inner surface of chorion, showing mandibular apices and small tubercle at outer base of each. Figs. 33–37. SEM micrographs of second instar of Coelioxys chichimeca. 33. Entire larva, lateral view, showing reduced abdominal segments 9 and 10 and enlarged spiracles on abdominal segments 6–8. 34. Head, near frontal view from below, showing armature of base of mandible and spine on outer surface of apical part of mandible. 35. Head, lateral view. PTP 5 posterior tentorial pit. 36. Antenna, lateral view. 37. Close-up of hypostomal tubercle identified by rectangle in figure 35.

Figs. 15–19 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Figs. 15–19. Photomicrographs of Coelioxys chichimeca. 15–17. Three frames of single third instar demonstrating reach of activity while posterior end attached to egg chorion imbedded in cell wall. 18. Closeup of head of another third instar showing spread of mandibles enabling it to seize victim immediately on contact. 19. Second instar immersed in nectar while posterior end attached to chorion inserted in cell wall under pollen layer of provisions.

Figs. 20–23 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Figs. 20–23. SEM micrographs of mature oocytes of Coelioxys chichimeca. 20, 21. Entire oocyte, dorsal and anterodorsal views, respectively. 22. Close-up of micropylar area of 21. 23. Entire oocyte, near ventral view, demonstrating thinness of torn ventral chorion, near ventral view.

Figs. 9–14 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Figs. 9–14. Microphotographs of egg and egg insertions of Coelioxys chichimeca in cells of Centris cornuta. 9. Individual egg extracted from cell wall. 10. Egg in shallow pit. 11. Eclosing second instar with head emerged from chorion. 12. Egg with dark mandibles and parietals of second instar visible. 13. Egg insertion pit where only chorion of cleptoparasite remains. 14. Egg insertion pit lacking evidence of egg.

Figs. 1–7 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Figs. 1–7. Photographs of trap nests and the trap-nesting sites at Hacienda Monteverde, where Centris bicornuta was induced to nest. 1. Approximate position of three sites (A, B, C) in the forest along the northern edge of a large agricultural area. 2, 3. Trap nests hung from nails driven into trees and branches at sites A and C, respectively. 4. Close-up of one trap nest consisting of 10 individual sticks. 5. Female perched outside nest waiting for host female to enter or leave (photo courtesy of Rollin Coville). 6. Individual sticks being held to retrieve emerging adults of host and cleptoparasites. 7. An individual nest stick opened to reveal nest structure and immatures.

Figs. 68–73 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Figs. 68–73. Diagrams of immatures of Coelioxys chichimeca. 68. Entire fifth larval instar, lateral view (scale 5 1 mm). 69. Male pupa, lateral view (scale 5 1 mm). 70. Length of longest seta from pupal mesoscutum (left) compared with that from metasomal T2 (right). 71–73. Enlarged metasomal apex of male pupa, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, respectively, in maximum profile, all to same scale.

Figs. 24–31 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Figs. 24–31. Microphotographs of cleared exoskeleton of second instar of Coeliooxys chichimeca. 24. Mouthparts, frontal view, showing lobes of hypopharynx. 25. Spiracle and section of lateral tracheal trunks. 26. Close-up of spiracle showing details of atrium, chamber of primarily spiracular opening, and subatrium, side view. Figs. 27–31. SEM micrographs of spiracles of abdominal segments 5–8, respectively, showing size increases. 27. Close-up of atrial wall identified by rectangle in fig. 31. 28–31. Exterior views of spiracles on segments 5–8 respectively, to same scale, showing size increase.

Figs. 51–56 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Figs. 51–56. SEM micrographs of fourth instar of Coelioxys chichimeca. 51. Head, frontal view. 52. Head of another specimen, lateral view. 53. Hypostomal tubercle, frontal view, with sensilla greatly reduced in size. 54. Antenna, approximate frontal view. 55. Right mandible, outer view. 56. Spiracle.

Figs. 60–67 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Figs. 60–67. Right mandible of larval instars 2–5 of Coelioxys chichimeca, respectively, dorsal and outer views; latter with their apices in maximum profile (all to same scale).

Figs. 27–30 in Oocytes, Larvae, and Cleptoparasitic Behavior of Biastes emarginatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Nomadinae: Biastini)

Figs. 27–30. Diagrams of postdefecating larva of Biastes emarginatus. 27. Entire larva, lateral view. 28. Right mandible, outer view. 29, 30. Head, frontal and lateral views respectively. ATP 5 anterior tentorial pit; PTP 5 posterior tentorial pit.

Figs. 23–26 in Oocytes, Larvae, and Cleptoparasitic Behavior of Biastes emarginatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Nomadinae: Biastini)

Figs. 23–26. SEM micrographs of first instar of Neopasites cressoni. 23. Head, near frontal view. 24. Close-up of part of left side of head in fig. 23. 25. Head, ventrolateral view. 26. Head, of another specimen, approximate ventrolateral view. ATP 5 anterior tentorial pit.

Figs. 8–15 in Oocytes, Larvae, and Cleptoparasitic Behavior of Biastes emarginatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Nomadinae: Biastini)

Figs. 8–15. SEM micrographs of head of first instar Biastes emarginatus. 8. Entire head lateral view. 9. Close-up of top of head showing position of antenna and linear row of sensilla across top. 10. Close-up of antenna with 4 sensilla. 11. Close-up of labrum, approximate lateral view. 12. Ventral view of head from behind showing mandibles and labiomaxillary region. 13. Close-up of labrum, approximate ventral view. 14. Close-up of labiomaxillary region, identified by rectangle in fig. 8, dashed line demarking boundary of sclerotized (above) and membranous (below) areas. 15. Close-up of membranous area of figure 14 identifying palpi and salivary opening. PTP 5 posterior tentorial pit.

Figs. 18, 19 in Oocytes, Larvae, and Cleptoparasitic Behavior of Biastes emarginatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Nomadinae: Biastini)

Figs. 18, 19. Microphotographs of cleared head of Biastes emarginatus, lateral (18) and ventral (19) views, respectively. Fig. 20. Microphotographs of cleared head of Neopasites cressoni, lateral view, showing greater curvature to frontal profile. Fig. 21. Microphotograph of side of cleared head of mature larvae of Biastes emarginatus, showing texture of integument associate with rear part of head. Fig. 22. Microphotograph of spiracle of mature larva of Biastes emarginatus, side view. PTP 5 posterior tentorial pit.

Figs. 16, 17 in Oocytes, Larvae, and Cleptoparasitic Behavior of Biastes emarginatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Nomadinae: Biastini)

Figs. 16, 17. SEM micrographs of first instar of Biastes emarginatus. 16. Integument of first abdominal segment showing transverse, multidentate spicules. 17. Close-up of area identified by rectangle in fig. 16.

Figs. 3–7 in Oocytes, Larvae, and Cleptoparasitic Behavior of Biastes emarginatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Nomadinae: Biastini)

Figs. 3–7. SEM micrographs of mature oocytes of Biastes emarginatus. 3. Entire oocyte, dorsal view, anterior end to the right. 4. Same, approximate ventral view. 5. Close-up of anterior end, near lateral view. 6. Close-up of micropyle and lamellate tubercle from fig. 5. 7. Anterior end of another oocyte, showing variation in shape of lamellate tubercle, anterodorsal view.

Figs. 1, 2 in Oocytes, Larvae, and Cleptoparasitic Behavior of Biastes emarginatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Nomadinae: Biastini)

Figs. 1, 2. Microphotographs of Biastes emarginatus. 1. Mature oocyte, lateral view, showing transparent, glassy chorion. 2. First instar apparently attacking another first instar.

Figs. 23, 24 in Last Larval Instar and Mature Oocytes of the Old World Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis murina, Including a Review of Stelis Biology (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini)

Figs. 23, 24. Macrophotographs of cleared specimen of Stelis murina. 23. Spiracle, seen from inside body, showing spines on atrial wall and subparallel-sided subatrium. 24. Pleural swelling of abdominal segment 8 (identified by polygon), showing abundant setae and position of spiracle.