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302 results for “cotton”
Data from: Effects of early-season insect herbivory on subsequent pathogen infection and ant abundance on wild cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
1. Plant induced defences play an important role in mediating interactions between insects and pathogens. Yet, the plant traits underlying these effects, the extended consequences for higher trophic levels (i.e. predators), and the implications for plant growth and reproduction have received little attention. 2. Here we asked whether simulated early insect leaf damage on wild cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) affected subsequent damage by insect leaf chewers and pathogenic fungi, as well as ant abundance. To address the mechanisms behind such effects, we measured plant defensive traits induced by early leaf damage to determine which inducible traits might determine the effects on plant-associates. We also evaluated whether early damage influenced plant growth and flower production, and if such effects were mediated by subsequent insect herbivory or pathogen infection. 3. We show that simulated early leaf damage reduced damage by subsequent leaf-chewing insects, increased plant fungal infections, but did not affect ant abundance. Leaf defensive traits (lignins and pubescence) were significantly induced by early damage and were negatively associated with insect herbivory and infection severity, but did not account for the effects of early leaf damage on either of these subsequent attackers. In addition, ant abundance was not associated with (or accounted for) subsequent herbivory or infection, suggesting they did not confer plant protection. Finally, early leaf damage negatively affected plant growth and flower production and analyses suggested that the effect on the latter was, at least partly, mediated by increased fungal infections. 4. Synthesis: Overall, these findings show that early herbivory determines the outcome of cotton interactions with subsequent attackers, and such effects have an impact on plant growth and flower output.
Data from: Molecular analysis of caffeoyl residues related to pigmentation in green cotton fibers
The pigment components in green cotton fibers were isolated and identified as 22-O-caffeoyl-22-hydroxymonodocosanoin and 22-O-caffeoyl-22-hydroxydocosanoic acid. The concentration of 22-O-caffeoyl-22-hydroxymonodocosanoin was correlated positively with the degree of green fibers of color, indicating a role of caffeoyl derivatives in pigmentation of green cotton fibers. Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) contains four genes (Gh4CL1 to Gh4CL4) encoding 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL), key enzymes of the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway. In 15 to 24 days-post anthesis fibers, the expression level of Gh4CL1 was very low, Gh4CL3 had a similar expression level between the white and green cottons, Gh4CL2 had a significantly higher expression level in the green fibers than in the white fibers, whereas Gh4CL4 seemed to have a higher expression level in the white fibers than in the green fibers. According to enzyme kinetics analysis, Gh4CL1 displayed a preference for 4-coumarate, Gh4CL3 and Gh4CL4 exhibited a somewhat low but still prominent activity towards ferulate, while Gh4CL2 had a strong preference for caffeate and ferulate. These results suggest that Gh4CL2 might be involved in the metabolism of caffeoyl residues and related to pigment biosynthesis in green cotton fibers. Our findings provide insights for understanding biochemical and molecular mechanisms of pigmentation in green cotton fibers.
Data from: Mesocarnivores affect hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) body mass
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span>Predator communities are changing worldwide: large carnivores are declining while mesocarnivores (medium-sized mammalian predators) are increasing in number and ecological influence. Predator choice of prey is not random and different predators select prey with different characteristics. Changes in predator communities can change predation patterns experienced by prey. Little is known about how mesocarnivore communities influence prey morphology. We used 14 years of mark-recapture data to investigate how mesocarnivore exclusion affected body mass of hispid cotton rats (<i>Sigmodon hispidus</i>). Finding adult male cotton rats were 9 % heavier with mesocarnivore exclusion, we developed hypotheses to explain this observation. Greater adult male body mass in exclosures resulted from: 1) a non-significant trend of increased survival of large males, 2) faster juvenile male growth during the fall and a similar non-significant trend among adult males, and 3) spatial partitioning by size among males. Taxa-specific predation rates (i.e., rates of predation by snakes, raptors, or mesocarnivores) did not differ among male body mass classes. Mesocarnivores disproportionately preyed on large females while raptors targeted small females, but female body mass was not influenced by mesocarnivore exclusion. Changes in predator communities can result in multiple small effects that collectively result in large differences in prey morphology.</span></p>
Data from: Competitive release and outbreaks of non-target pests associated with transgenic Bt cotton
The adoption of transgenic Bt cotton has, in some cases, led to environmental and economic benefits through reduced insecticide use. However, the distribution of these benefits and associated risks among cotton growers and cotton-growing regions, has been uneven due in part to outbreaks of non-target or secondary pests, thereby requiring the continued use of synthetic insecticides. In the southeastern United States, Bt cotton adoption has resulted in increased abundance of and damage from stink bug pests, Euschistus servus and Nezara viridula (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). While the impact of increased stink bug abundance has been well-documented, the causes have remained unclear. We hypothesize that release from competition with Bt-susceptible target pests may drive stink bug outbreaks in Bt cotton. We first examined the evidence for competitive release of stink bugs through meta-analysis of previous studies. We then experimentally tested if herbivory by Bt-susceptible Helicoverpa zea increases stink bug leaving rates and deters oviposition on non-Bt cotton. Consistent with previous studies, we found differences in leaving rates only for E. servus, but we found that both species strongly avoided ovipositing on H. zea-damaged plants. Considering all available evidence, competitive release of stink bug populations in Bt cotton likely contributes to outbreaks, though the relative importance of competitive release remains an open question. Ecological risk assessments of Bt crops and other transgenic insecticidal crops would benefit from greater understanding of the ecological mechanisms underlying non-target pest outbreaks and greater attention to indirect ecological effects more broadly.
LOCAL FERTILIZER APPLICATION DEVICE BETWEEN COTTON ROWS
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STUDYING INTERACTION OF COTTON-RAW MATERIAL WITH WORKING BODIES OF COTTON-CLEANING MACHINES
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STUDY OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF THE COTTON SEPARATOR DEVICE
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Bt cotton area contraction drives regional pest resurgence, crop loss, and pesticide use
<p>Genetically-modified crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins have been widely cultivated, permitting an effective non-chemical control of major agricultural pests. While their establishment can enable an area-wide suppression of polyphagous herbivores, no information is available on the impact of Bt crop abandonment in entire landscape matrices. Here, we detail a resurgence of the cosmopolitan bollworm <em>Helicoverpa armigera</em> following a contraction of Bt cotton area in dynamic agro-landscapes over 2007–2019 in North China Plain. An 80% reduction in Bt cotton was mirrored in a 1.9-fold increase of ambient H. armigera population levels, culminating in 1.5–2.1-fold higher yield loss and a 2.0–4.4-fold increase in pesticide use frequency in non-Bt crops (i.e. maize, peanut, soybean). Our work unveils the fate of herbivorous insect populations following a progressive dis-use of insecticidal crop cultivars, and hints at how tactically deployed Bt crops could be paired with agro-ecological measures to mitigate the environmental footprint of crop production.</p>
Cotton verticillium wilt in Xinjiang
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Temperature-driven cotton verticillium wilt risks in Xinjiang
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IMPROVING THE METHOD OF EVALUATING THE EXPORT CAPACITY OF COTTON-TEXTILE CLUSTERS
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Figure 1 in Retithrips syriacus (Mayet) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae): first record damaging cotton plants in Brazil
Figure 1. Adaxial part of the cotton leaf, partially damaged by Retithrips syriacus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) with small chlorotic spots (A), adult insect (B), colony with red nymphs of R. syriacus (C) and silver leaf, severely attacked (D).
Fig. 3 in Predation of stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) by a complex of predators in cotton and adjoining soybean habitats in Georgia, USA
Fig. 3. Least squares means (± SE) for number of stink bugs (species combined) and Hippodamia convergens per 1.83 m length of row and percentage of predators positive for stink bug DNA in (A) soybean and cotton by treatment and (B) soybean and cotton by sampling week. Within an insect group in a crop, treatment or week means with the same lowercase letter are not significantly different (Tukey's HSD, P> 0.05). No predators were collected for PCR analyses in week 3 in soybean.
Fig. 5 in Predation of stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) by a complex of predators in cotton and adjoining soybean habitats in Georgia, USA
Fig. 5. Least squares means (± SE) for number of stink bugs (species combined) and Solenopsis invicta per 1.83 m length of row and percentage of predators positive for stink bug DNA in (A) soybean and cotton by treatment and (B) soybean and cotton by sampling week. Within an insect group in a crop, treatment or week means with the same lowercase letter are not significantly different (Tukey's HSD, P> 0.05).
Fig. 1 in Predation of stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) by a complex of predators in cotton and adjoining soybean habitats in Georgia, USA
Fig. 1. Least squares means (± SE) for number of stink bugs (species combined) and Geocoris species (G. punctipes and G. uliginosus) per 1.83 m length of row and percentage of predators positive for stink bug DNA in (A) soybean and cotton by treatment and (B) soybean and cotton by sampling week. Within an insect group in a crop, treatment or week means with the same lowercase letter are not significantly different (Tukey's HSD, P> 0.05).
Figure 2 in Temporal variation and spatial distribution of the pest insect Edessa meditabunda in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) as an alternative host plant
Figure 2. Surface maps constructed based on Inverse Distance Weight (IDW) interpolation showing spatial distribution of nymphs in cotton between 70 (A), 77 (B), 84 (C), 91 (D) days after emergence (DAE) and Sum of all Evaluations (E). Low density is represented in green while red indicates high density of E. meditabunda.
MOISTURE, HARDNESS AND DENSITY OF THE SOIL IN THE TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS OF FORMING TRANSVERSE PAWLS BETWEEN ROWS OF COTTON
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Early Assessment of Drought Tolerance in Cotton Genotypes at seedling stage
<p>Early Assessment of Drought Tolerance in Cotton Genotypes at <br>seedling stage </p>
Figure 7 from: Daly-Engel TS, Koch A, Anderson JM, Cotton CF, Grubbs RD (2018) Description of a new deep-water dogfish shark from Hawaii, with comments on the Squalus mitsukurii species complex in the West Pacific. ZooKeys 798: 135-157. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.798.28375
Figure 7 Caudal fin of Squalushawaiiensis sp. n. A Holotype (UF241161, female 750.5 mm TL) B fresh adult male C fresh adult female.
Figure 8 from: Daly-Engel TS, Koch A, Anderson JM, Cotton CF, Grubbs RD (2018) Description of a new deep-water dogfish shark from Hawaii, with comments on the Squalus mitsukurii species complex in the West Pacific. ZooKeys 798: 135-157. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.798.28375
Figure 8 Images of the Hawaiian spurdog, Squalushawaiiensis. A Lateral view of adult female Squalushawaiiensis, drawing by R. McPhie B embryonic Squalushawaiiensis, lateral and dorsal views, drawings by R. McPhie C embryonic Squalushawaiiensis, dorsal view. Photo by RDG.
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