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Fig. 9 in Scandinavian Oncophorus (Bryopsida, Oncophoraceae): species, cryptic species, and intraspecific variation

Fig. 9. Oncophorus virens (specimen P286; cf., Table 1). A. Stem leaves. B. Upper leaf acumen. C. Portion of leaf at widest point, showing the broadly recurved margin. D. Lower part of sheathing leaf portion, showing differentiated alar region (margin to the left).

Fig. 8. Oncophorus wahlenbergii B in Scandinavian Oncophorus (Bryopsida, Oncophoraceae): species, cryptic species, and intraspecific variation

Fig. 8. Oncophorus wahlenbergii B (specimen P234; cf., Table 1). A. Stem leaves. B. Upper leaf acumen. C. Uppermost leaf acumen at higher magnification. D. Sheathing leaf portion, showing short marginal leaf cells and alar region (margin to the left).

Fig. 7. Oncophorus wahlenbergii A in Scandinavian Oncophorus (Bryopsida, Oncophoraceae): species, cryptic species, and intraspecific variation

Fig. 7. Oncophorus wahlenbergii A (specimen P225; cf., Table 1). A. Stem leaves. B. Upper leaf acumen. C. Portion of leaf at widest point, showing the flat margin. D, E. Sheathing leaf portions, showing short marginal leaf cells (margin to the right) and, in D, alar region.

Fig. 5. A in Scandinavian Oncophorus (Bryopsida, Oncophoraceae): species, cryptic species, and intraspecific variation

Fig. 5. A. Latitudinal and longitudinal distribution of Oncophorus elongatus samples belonging to different haplotypes or groups of haplotypes (cf., Fig. 1) based on ITS and plastid (trnG, rps4) data. Sample P218 is related to O. elongatus B according to ITS data and O. elongatus A according to plastid data (Fig. 1). The positions of the Swedish towns Kiruna (K), Stockholm (St), Sundsvall (Su), and Östersund (Ö) are indicated as references. B. Elevational distribution of the molecularly sampled Oncophorus virens A and B (P278-P280, P282, P289, P299, P300) in Scandinavia.

Fig. 4 in Scandinavian Oncophorus (Bryopsida, Oncophoraceae): species, cryptic species, and intraspecific variation

Fig. 4. Habitat preferences of Oncophorus elongatus, O. wahlenbergii, O. virens, and O. integerrimus Hedenäs sp. nov. in Scandinavia, based on label information from studied material in S.

Fig. 2 in Scandinavian Oncophorus (Bryopsida, Oncophoraceae): species, cryptic species, and intraspecific variation

Fig. 2. The positions of three leaves from each of 18 molecularly identified specimens of O. elongatus, 14 of O. wahlenbergii A and C, and 3 of O. wahlenbergii B (cf. Fig. 1) (A), and of 10 specimens of O. virens and 10 of O. integerrimus Hedenäs sp. nov. (B), along the first two axes in a PCA. The PCA is based on each leaf's length (LL), width (LW), and leaf lamina cell length, width, and length/width ratio in the apical (AL, AW, AR), middle (ML, MW, MR), and sheathing basal (BL, BW, BR) lamina. Cell measurements are the mean values of 20 cells per position in each leaf. Axes 1 (x) and 2 (y) explain 30.69% and 25.24% of the variation in A, and 32.56% and 22.01% of the variation in B. Insert diagrams A:1 and B:1 depict explanatory factors in the plane of these two axes.

Fig. 3 in Scandinavian Oncophorus (Bryopsida, Oncophoraceae): species, cryptic species, and intraspecific variation

Fig. 3. Geographical distributions in Scandinavia. A. Oncophorus elongatus (n = 459). B. O. wahlenbergii (n = 333). C. O. virens (n = 361). D. O. integerrimus Hedenäs sp. nov. (n = 247). The distribution maps are based on the S material for which geographical origin could be determined.

Fig. 1. NeighborNet split network for the 104 in Scandinavian Oncophorus (Bryopsida, Oncophoraceae): species, cryptic species, and intraspecific variation

Fig. 1. NeighborNet split network for the 104 specimens studied, based on ITS (A) and the chloroplast markers trnG and rps4 (B): Oncophorus crispifolius (O.c., 2 specimens), O. dendrophilus (O.d., 2), O. elongatus (24), O. rauei (O.r., 2), O. virens (22), O. wahlenbergii (22), O. integerrimus Hedenäs sp. nov. (26), and outgroup (light grey boxes: C.s. = Cynodontium strumiferum, 2; R.f. = Rhabdoweisia fugax, 2). Haplotype networks based on all samples of O. elongatus, O. virens, O. wahlenbergii, and O. integerrimus Hedenäs sp. nov. are shown distal to 'branches' identified in the split network to show the full resolution among haplotypes. Circle size in the haplotype networks is proportional to the number of sampled populations of a certain haplotype, and sample numbers are explained in Table 1. Circles connected by a line differ in a single mutational difference; black dots indicate 'missing' haplotypes. Jacknife support values of 75–94.99 and 95–100 are indicated by transverse grey and black lines, respectively.

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Data from: Extreme elevational migration spurred cryptic speciation in giant hummingbirds

<p>The eco-evolutionary drivers of species niche expansion or contraction are critical for biodiversity but challenging to infer. Niche expansion may be promoted by local adaptation or constrained by physiological performance trade-offs. For birds, evolutionary shifts in migratory behavior permit broadening of the climatic niche by expansion into varied, seasonal environments. Broader niches can be short-lived if diversifying selection and geography promote speciation and niche subdivision across climatic gradients. To illuminate niche breadth dynamics, we can ask how 'outlier' species defy constraints. Of the 363 hummingbird species, the giant hummingbird (<em>Patagona gigas</em>) has the broadest climatic niche by a large margin. To test the roles of migratory behavior, performance trade-offs, and genetic structure in maintaining its exceptional niche breadth, we studied its movements, respiratory traits, and population genomics. Satellite and light-level geolocator tracks revealed an >8,300-km loop migration over the Central Andean Plateau. This migration included a three-week, ~4,100 m ascent punctuated by upward bursts and pauses, resembling the acclimatization routines of human mountain climbers, and accompanied by surging blood-hemoglobin concentrations. Extreme migration was accompanied by deep genomic divergence from high-elevation resident populations, with decisive postzygotic barriers to gene flow. The two forms occur side-by-side but differ almost imperceptibly in size, plumage, and respiratory traits. The high-elevation resident taxon is the world's largest hummingbird, a new species that we describe and name here. The giant hummingbirds demonstrate evolutionary limits on niche breadth: When the ancestral niche expanded due to evolution (or loss) of an extreme migratory behavior, speciation followed.</p>

FIG. 4 in Harmozica zangezurica (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Hygromiidae) - a cryptic species of land molluscs from southern Armenia

FIG. 4. The shells of anatomically verified specimens of H. zangezurica from different sites. A. Locus typicus (site 1). B. Shikahogh (site 2). С. Srashen (site 4). D. Vaganavank (site 7). Scale bars 5 mm.

FIG. 3 in Harmozica zangezurica (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Hygromiidae) - a cryptic species of land molluscs from southern Armenia

FIG. 3. Dissected specimens of H. zangezurica from different sites. A. Locus typicus (site 1). B. Between Srashen and Tsav (site 5). С. Tsav (site 6). D. Vaganavank (site 7). Arrows indicate vaginal appendages. Scale bars 1 mm.

FIG. 1 in Harmozica zangezurica (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Hygromiidae) - a cryptic species of land molluscs from southern Armenia

FIG. 1. The locations of the collecting sites of anatomically examined adults of Harmozica zangezurica.

РИС. 5. Местообитание, характерное длЯ H. zangezurica (А), и половоЗрелаЯ особь, обнаруженнаЯ во времЯ откладки Яиц (B). Обе фотографии сделаны в типовом местонахождении. in Harmozica zangezurica (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Hygromiidae) - a cryptic species of land molluscs from southern Armenia

РИС. 5. Местообитание, характерное длЯ H. zangezurica (А), и половоЗрелаЯ особь, обнаруженнаЯ во времЯ откладки Яиц (B). Обе фотографии сделаны в типовом местонахождении.

РИС. 2. ПоловаЯ система двух конхологически cхожих видов. A. Harmozica pisiformis по Шилейко (1978). B. Голотип H. zangezurica по Gural-Sverlova et al. (2017b). Стрелками покаЗаны вагинальные придатки. in Harmozica zangezurica (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Hygromiidae) - a cryptic species of land molluscs from southern Armenia

РИС. 2. ПоловаЯ система двух конхологически cхожих видов. A. Harmozica pisiformis по Шилейко (1978). B. Голотип H. zangezurica по Gural-Sverlova et al. (2017b). Стрелками покаЗаны вагинальные придатки.

Fig. 2. A in Cryptic multicolored lizards in the Polychrus marmoratus Group (Squamata: Sauria: Polychrotidae) and the status of Leiolepis auduboni Hallowell

Fig. 2. A: the paravertebral, lateral and ventral scales of Polychrus marmoratus. B: paravertebral scales of Polychrus auduboni, a single keel per scale. C: paravertebral scales of Polychrus marmoratus with multiple keels per scale (multicarinate). D: ventral scales of Polychrus auduboni with keel extending the length of the scale. E: ventral scales of Polychrus marmoratus showing short keels, with some terminating in a small swollen gland at the apex of some scales (FMNH 3294, Demerara, Guyana).

Fig. 1. A–B in Cryptic multicolored lizards in the Polychrus marmoratus Group (Squamata: Sauria: Polychrotidae) and the status of Leiolepis auduboni Hallowell

Fig. 1. A–B: Polychrus auduboni from the Arima Valley, Trinidad (JCM). C–D: Polychrus marmoratus, probably from Suriname, (Toan Leenders). E: Polychrus sp. from 4.5 km S of Cumanacoa, Venezuela at 300–400 m asl (Walter E. Schargel). F: Polychrus sp. from Vitória do Xingu, Pará, Brazil (Pedro Peloso). G: Polychrus sp. Camamu, Bahia, Brazil. H: Polychrus sp. from Guarapari, Espirito Santo, Brazil (bottom) (Pedro Peloso).

Fig. 5 in Cryptic multicolored lizards in the Polychrus marmoratus Group (Squamata: Sauria: Polychrotidae) and the status of Leiolepis auduboni Hallowell

Fig. 5. On the supraoccipital process, from the posterior perspective, the presence of a median seam that runs the length of the process, down to the rim of the foramen magnum (DW).

Fig. 4 in Cryptic multicolored lizards in the Polychrus marmoratus Group (Squamata: Sauria: Polychrotidae) and the status of Leiolepis auduboni Hallowell

Fig. 4. Localities of members of the Polychrus marmoratus Group. Green pushpins denote localities from which DNA was sampled. Red stars denote locations for Polychrus auduboni, black stars denote locations for P. marmoratus. Black circular markers represent unconfirmed locations for members of the P. marmoratus group based upon the literature and specimens reported in VertNet. The blue star is the type locality for P. marmoratus (Linnaeus). The purple star is the type locality of P. auduboni Hallowell. The green star is the type locality for Polychrus virescens Schniz, the orange star is the type locality for P. neovidanus Wagler.

Fig. 3. Consensus maximum likelihood tree for combined 16S in Cryptic multicolored lizards in the Polychrus marmoratus Group (Squamata: Sauria: Polychrotidae) and the status of Leiolepis auduboni Hallowell

Fig. 3. Consensus maximum likelihood tree for combined 16S and COI sequence data from seventeen Polychrus tissue samples (1,035 bp total). Bootstrap support values are indicated at each node, if greater than 50%. Samples are indicated by their museum accession number and country of origin, if known. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site. For details of analysis, see text.