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885 results for “data strategy”
Data from: Incorporating herders' knowledge and ecosystem-based adaptation strategies in local decision-making
<p class="CxSpFirst"> 1. Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) relies upon the capacity of ecosystems to buffer communities against the adverse impacts of climate change. Maintaining ecosystems that deliver critical services to communities can also provide co-benefits beyond adaptation, such as climate mitigation and protection of biological diversity and livelihoods. EbA has to a limited extent drawn upon indigenous-and local knowledge (ILK) for defining critical services and for implementing EbA in decision-making. This is a paradox given that the primary focus of EbA is to enable communities to adapt to climate change.<br> 2. The purpose of this study was to elucidate EbA strategies that take into account the knowledge of Sámi reindeer herders about pastures in tundra regions. We first examined what constitutes critical services as perceived by Sámi reindeer herders through a synthesis of data and literature. We thereafter used content analysis of 91 land use cases from 2010-2018 to investigate to what extent the herders' knowledge and maps over seasonal pastures and migratory routes are used in local decision-making. Finally, we propose EbA strategies of relevance to Sámi communities and pastoral communities elsewhere.<br> 3. Our analysis revealed that reindeer herders and organizations representing their interests perceived threats from green energy development, tourism, recreation, public road construction and powerlines. These threats included the loss of key habitats and the loss of connectivity for migration between seasonal pastures. Herders' knowledge is incorporated through participatory tools to protect the ecosystems and services crucial for herders, but multiple competing land uses result in incremental loss of pastures regardless. <br> 4. Synthesis and application. Pastoralists need access to diverse resources on seasonal pastures and the ability to move between pastures when snow, ice, rainfall and the timing of critical service supplies changes. Drawing on herders' knowledge to elicit EbA strategies is vital for buffering the adverse effects of climate change. EbA that incorporates indigenous perspectives cannot purely rely on co-benefit approaches. Fundamental trade-offs exist between adaptation needs and other land uses, such as infrastructure, tourism and green energy development</p>
Data from: Feeding strategies of brown howler monkeys in response to variations in food availability
Primates display varying degrees of behavioral flexibility that allow them to adjust their diet to temporal changes in food availability. This trait might be critical for the survival of folivorous-frugivorous species inhabiting small forest fragments, where the availability of food resources tends to be lower than in large fragments and continuous forests. However, the scarcity of studies addressing this issue hampers our understanding of the adaptive behaviors that favor the survival of these primates in low-quality habitats. We conducted a 36-mo study testing the hypothesis that brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) are able to adjust their diet in response to local and seasonal changes in resource availability. We compared the diet of six free-ranging groups inhabiting three small (<10 ha) and three large (>90 ha) Atlantic forest fragments in southern Brazil and estimated the temporal availability of their top food species (i.e., those species that together contribute ≥80% of total feeding records). We found that brown howlers exploited similarly rich diets in small (45, 54, and 57 plant species) and large (48, 51, and 56 species) fragments. However, intermonth diet similarity was higher for groups in small fragments, where howlers also fed on plant items from nine alien species. Fruits and leaves were the most consumed plant items in both small (42% and 49% of feeding records, respectively) and large (51% and 41%, respectively) fragments. The consumption of young leaves was higher in small than in large fragments, whereas the consumption of other plant items did not show a pattern related to fragment size. Regarding the contribution of growth forms as food sources, only the exploitation of palms showed a pattern related to fragment size. Palms contributed more to the diet of groups inhabiting large fragments. The availability of seasonal food items–ripe fruits and young leaves–influenced their consumption in both habitat types. Therefore, brown howlers cope with local and seasonal fluctuations in food availability by opportunistically exploiting resources. We believe that this feeding flexibility is a key component of the phenotypic plasticity that enables howlers to thrive in disturbed habitat patches, where periods of scarcity of preferred foods shall be more common.
Data from: Mate choice strategies in a spatially-explicit model environment
Decisions about the choice of a mate can greatly impact both individual fitness and selection processes. We developed a novel agent-based model to investigate two common mate choice rules that may be used by female gray treefrogs (Hyla versicolor). In this model environment, female agents using the minimum-threshold strategy found higher quality mates and traveled shorter distances on average, compared with female agents using the best-of-n strategy. Females using the minimum-threshold strategy, however, incur significant lost opportunity costs, depending on the male population quality average. The best-of-n strategy leads to significant female:female competition that limits their ability to find high quality mates. Thus, when the sex ratio is 0.8, best-of-5 and best-of-2 strategies yield mates of nearly identical quality. Although the distance traveled by females in the mating task varied depending on male spatial distribution in the environment, this did not interact with female choice for the best-of-n or minimum-threshold strategies. By incorporating empirical data from the frogs in this temporally- and spatially-explicit model, we thus show the emergence of novel interactions of common decision-making rules with realistic environmental variables.
Data from: Diet variability among insular populations of Podarcis lizards reveals diverse strategies to face resource-limited environments
Access to resources is a dynamic and multi-causal process that determines the success and survival of a population. It is therefore often challenging to disentangle the factors affecting ecological traits like diet. Insular habitats provide a good opportunity to study how variation in diet originates, in particular in populations of mesopredators such as lizards. Indeed, high levels of population density associated with low food abundance and low predation are selection pressures typically observed on islands. In the present study, the diet of eighteen insular populations of two closely related species of lacertid lizards (Podarcis sicula and Podarcis melisellensis) was assessed. Our results reveal that despite dietary variability among populations, diet taxonomic diversity is not impacted by island area. In contrast, however, diet disparity metrics, based on the variability in the physical (hardness) and behavioral (evasiveness) properties of ingested food items, are correlated with island size. These findings suggest that an increase in intraspecific competition for access to resources may induce shifts in functional components of the diet. Additionally, the two species differed in the relation between diet disparity and island area suggesting that different strategies exist to deal with low food abundance in these two species. Finally, sexual dimorphism in diet and head dimensions is not greater on smaller islands, in contrast to our predictions.
Data from: Deer indirectly alter the reproductive strategy and operational sex ratio of an unpalatable forest perennial
Environmental conditions impose restrictions and costs on reproduction. Multiple reproductive options exist when increased reproductive costs drive plant populations toward alternative reproductive strategies. Using four years of demographic data across a deer impact gradient, where deer alter the abiotic environment, we parameterize a size-dependent integral projection model for a sexually labile and unpalatable forest perennial to investigate the demographic processes driving differentiation in the operational sex ratio (OSR) of local populations. In addition to a relative increase in asexual reproduction, our results illustrate that non-trophic indirect effects by overabundant deer on this perennial result in delayed female sex expression to unsustainably large plant sizes and leads to more pronounced plant shrinkage following female sex expression, effectively increasing the cost of reproduction. Among plants of reproductive age, increased deer impact decreases the size-dependent probability of flowering and reduces reproductive consistency over time. This pattern in sex expression skews populations toward female-biased OSRs at low deer impact sites and male-biased OSRs at intermediate and high deer impact sites. While this shift toward a male-biased OSR may ameliorate pollen limitation, it also decreases the effective population size when coupled with increased asexual reproduction. The divergence of reproductive strategies and reduced lifetime fitness in response to indirect deer impacts illustrate the persistent long-term effects of overabundant herbivores on unpalatable understory perennials.
Data from: The role of male coloration and ornamentation in potential alternative mating strategies of the dimorphic jumping spider, Maevia inclemens
Polymorphism can arise across taxa due to various selection pressures and potentially lead to alternative mating or antipredator strategies. For male jumping spiders, sexual selection and predation risk are often intertwined when courting cannibalistic females and may be a driving factor in the polymorphism of the jumping spider, Maevia inclemens. The dimorphic males of M. inclemens differ dramatically in their complex courtship behavior and display traits that may function as alternative mating strategies to reduce female aggression and maximize mating success. We hypothesized that males of the "tufted" morph honestly communicate condition or body size to females with three conspicuous tufts of setae on their head and males of the "striped" morph reduce female aggression with coloration commonly found in aposematic animals (here, yellow-orange pedipalps and striped legs). We examined correlations between tuft length and symmetry and metrics of body size and condition in field-collected spiders and conducted prey color choice tests (with live color-manipulated prey) to determine if yellow-orange and striped prey are avoided. Tuft length was variable and correlated with male size (but not condition). All prey color types were attacked at equal rates, but spiders oriented to striped prey more often, suggesting that male stripes may attract female attention without increasing predation. This study provides insight into the potential functions of the different courtship and visual displays of M. inclemens males. Using jumping spiders to study polymorphism can provide new insight into how multiple morphs can evolve, as males use mating strategies not only to impress females but also avoid getting eaten by their potential mates.
Data from: Recognition of endophytic Trichoderma species by leaf-cutting ants and their potential in a Trojan-horse management strategy
Interactions between leaf-cutting ants, their fungal symbiont (Leucoagaricus) and the endophytic fungi within the vegetation they carry into their colonies are still poorly understood. If endophytes antagonistic to Leucoagaricus were found in plant material being carried by these ants, then this might indicate a potential mechanism for plants to defend themselves from leaf-cutter attack. In addition, it could offer possibilities for the management of these important Neotropical pests. Here, we show that, for Atta sexdens rubropilosa, there was a significantly greater incidence of Trichoderma species in the vegetation removed from the nests—and deposited around the entrances—than in that being transported into the nests. In a no-choice test, Trichoderma-infested rice was taken into the nest, with deleterious effects on both the fungal gardens and ant survival. The endophytic ability of selected strains of Trichoderma was also confirmed, following their inoculation and subsequent reisolation from seedlings of eucalyptus. These results indicate that endophytic fungi which pose a threat to ant fungal gardens through their antagonistic traits, such as Trichoderma, have the potential to act as bodyguards of their plant hosts and thus might be employed in a Trojan-horse strategy to mitigate the negative impact of leaf-cutting ants in both agriculture and silviculture in the Neotropics. We posit that the ants would detect and evict such 'malign' endophytes—artificially inoculated into vulnerable crops—during the quality-control process within the nest, and, moreover, that the foraging ants may then be deterred from further harvesting of 'Trichoderma-enriched' plants.
Data from: Periodic shell decollation as an ecology-driven strategy in the early Cambrian Cupitheca
<p>Shell decollation is a growth strategy that has been adopted by a number of invertebrate taxa to offset the metabolic and ecological disadvantages of shell growth. However, little is known about the origin and evolution of this process. We here describe well-preserved specimens of the hyolith, <i>Cupitheca decollata</i> sp. nov., preserving the decollation process from the early Cambrian Yu'anshan Formation (ca. 518 million years ago) of South China. Based on a large number of specimens collectively representing different developmental stages, we use high-resolution X-ray microtomography and scanning electronic microscopy to reconstruct the process of decollation in this taxon. <i>Cupitheca</i> is among the earliest known small shelly fossils, and thus our discovery confirmed that periodic decollation had evolved by the onset of the Cambrian explosion, reflecting the high intensity of the predator-prey arms race in early Cambrian ecosystems. A comparison between the decollation processes of <i>Cupitheca</i> and other shelly invertebrates suggests that periodic decollation and the associated molecular mechanisms of calcium dissolution, uptake, allocation, and deposition may have had multiple independent origins.Shell decollation is a growth strategy that has been adopted by a number of invertebrate taxa to offset the metabolic and ecological disadvantages of shell growth. However, little is known about the origin and evolution of this process. We here describe well-preserved specimens of the hyolith, <i>Cupitheca decollata</i> sp. nov., preserving the decollation process from the early Cambrian Yu'anshan Formation (ca. 518 million years ago) of South China. Based on a large number of specimens collectively representing different developmental stages, we use high-resolution X-ray microtomography and scanning electronic microscopy to reconstruct the process of decollation in this taxon. <i>Cupitheca</i> is among the earliest known small shelly fossils, and thus our discovery confirmed that periodic decollation had evolved by the onset of the Cambrian explosion, reflecting the high intensity of the predator-prey arms race in early Cambrian ecosystems. A comparison between the decollation processes of <i>Cupitheca</i> and other shelly invertebrates suggests that periodic decollation and the associated molecular mechanisms of calcium dissolution, uptake, allocation, and deposition may have had multiple independent origins.</p>
Data from: Contrasting leaf trait responses of conifer and broadleaved seedlings to altered resource availability are linked to resource strategies
<p>(1) Understanding tree seedling responses to water, nutrient and light availability is crucial to precisely predict potential shifts in composition and structure of forest communities under future climatic conditions.</p> <p>(2) We exposed seedlings of widespread central European tree species with contrasting leaf habit, deciduous broadleaves (DB) and evergreen conifers (EC), to factorial combinations of manipulated precipitation (100% and 50% of ambient), shade (40% and 60% of full sunlight) and nutrient availability (low and high NPK), and measured specific leaf area, C/N ratio, soluble sugars, starch and non-structural carbohydrate concentration, and δ<sup>13</sup>C of the leaves.</p> <p>(3) We found contrasting effects of water and nutrient availability on foliar traits of the two species groups: EC exhibited higher tolerance to low resource availability but also less plasticity in foliar traits, which is congruent with a "slow" resource strategy. In contrast, foliage of DB reacted particularly to altered nutrient availability, corresponding to a "fast" resource strategy with high foliar plasticity and rapid adjustments to resource fluctuations, commonly adopted by species with high growth rates.</p> <p>(4) We conclude that DB will respond to environmental change with foliar acclimation, while EC will either tolerate, to some extent, or shift their distribution range in response to environmental change.</p>
Data from: Connecting the dots: Stopover strategies of an intercontinental migratory songbird in the context of the annual cycle
The phases of the annual cycle for migratory species are inextricably linked. Yet, less than five percent of ecological studies examine seasonal interactions. In this study, we utilized stable hydrogen isotopes to geographically link individual black-and-white warblers (Mniotilta varia) captured during spring migration with breeding destinations to understand a migrant's stopover strategy in the context of other phases of the annual cycle. We found that stopover strategy is not only a function of a bird's current energetic state, but also the distance remaining to breeding destination and a bird's time-schedule, which has previously been linked to habitat conditions experienced in the preceding phase of the annual cycle. Birds in close proximity to their breeding destination accumulate additional energy reserves prior to arrival on the breeding grounds, as reflected by higher migratory condition upon arrival, higher refueling rates measured via blood plasma metabolites, and longer stopover durations compared to birds migrating to breeding destinations farther from the stopover site. However, late birds near their breeding destination were more likely to depart on the day of arrival (i.e., transients), and among birds that stopped over at the site, the average duration of stopover was almost half the time of early conspecifics, suggesting late birds are trying to catch-up with the overall time-schedule of migration for optimal arrival time on the breeding grounds. In contrast, birds with long distances remaining to breeding destinations were more likely to depart on the day of arrival and primarily used stopover to rest before quickly resuming migration, adopting similar strategies regardless of a bird's time-schedule. Our study demonstrates that migrants adjust their en route strategies in relation to their time-schedule and distance remaining to their breeding destination, highlighting that strategies of migration should be examined in the context of other phases of the annual cycle.
Data for: Variability in thermal and phototactic preferences in Drosophila may reflect an adaptive bet-hedging strategy
<p>Data and code for "Variability in thermal and phototactic preferences in <em>Drosophila</em> may reflect an adaptive bet-hedging strategy." </p> <p>.zip file contains .mats with data, a LabView .vi for the acquisition instrument, and Matlab .m analysis and visualization scripts. </p> <p>The included index.html file acts as a readme and contains descriptions of all other files and links.</p>
Raw data for "Lithium carbonate-promoted mixed rare earth oxides as a generalized strategy for oxidative coupling of methane with exceptional yields"
<p>Raw data for "Lithium carbonate-promoted mixed rare earth oxides as a generalized strategy for oxidative coupling of methane with exceptional yields"</p>
Data from: To lose is to win: long-term co-occurrence of two asexual populations realized by a dormant strategy of the inferior competitor
<p><span>Asexual organisms are ubiquitous. While they are the same single species with the same ecological requirements, multiple asexual genotypes within a species are often found in a single habitat. Niche partitioning in time and space among genotypes has been proposed to explain this phenomenon. However, it is not clear whether these different genotypes co-occur in the long term. </span><span>Therefore, we examined the population dynamics of two asexual <em>Daphnia</em> cf. <em>pulex</em> genotypes (JPN1 and JPN2) over nine years in a small mountain lake. These two genotypes consistently occurred in the same seasons and layers, suggesting that niche partitioning cannot explain their long-term co-occurrence. The abundance of JPN1 was typically higher in most years. However, the abundance of dormant eggs in lake sediments was at the same level between the genotypes. </span><span>The laboratory experiment showed that JPN1 excluded JPN2. However, many JPN2 individuals produced the dormant eggs before JPN1 competitively excluded them from the experiment. Furthermore, the competitively inferior JPN2 produced the dormant eggs abundantly in the medium containing a crowding cue from JPN1. However, no such trend was observed for JPN1. </span><span>These results showed that the competitively inferior asexual genotype could maintain the population with the competitively superior genotype for a long period of time because it had the ability to detect the increase in competitors and produce the dormant eggs each year before being competitively eliminated. </span><span>Based on these results, we suggest that the variation in the genotype-specific response in dormant egg production to environmental change plays a key role in t</span><span>he long-term co-occurrence of different asexual genotypes in single habitats.</span></p>
Code, benchmarks and experiment data for the ICAPS 2024 paper "Merging or Computing Saturated Cost Partitionings? A Merge Strategy for the Merge-and-Shrink Framework"
<p>This bundle contains code, scripts and benchmarks for reproducing all experiments reported in the paper. It also contains the data generated for the paper. Finally, it contains an appendix with some more detailed results for the paper.</p> <p>appendix.pdf: document with more detailed results ommitted in the paper.</p> <p>sievers-et-al-icaps2024-fast-downward.zip contains the implementation based on Fast Downward. It also contains the experiment scripts compatible with Lab 7.1 for reproducing all experiments of the paper, under experiments/scp-ms. The scripts 2024-03-* contain configurations for running the experiments and the script paper-crc.py gathers the data and produces plots and tables. (Note that some adjustments to the scripts would need to be done because, e.g., the entire tree is not a repository anymore.)</p> <p>sievers-et-al-icaps2024-ipc-benchmarks.zip contains the IPC benchmarks. It consists of the STRIPS IPC benchmarks used in all optimal sequential tracks of IPCs up to 2023 (suite optimal_strips from https://github.com/aibasel/downward-benchmarks).</p> <p>sievers-et-al-icaps2024-lab.tar.gz contains a copy of Lab 7.1 (https://github.com/aibasel/lab).</p> <p>sievers-et-al-icaps2024-raw-data.zip and sievers-et-al-icaps2024-processed-data.zip contain the experimental data. Directories without the "-eval" ending (sievers-et-al-icaps2024-raw-data.zip) contain raw data, distributed over a subdirectory for each experiment. Each of these contain a subdirectory tree structure "runs-*" where each planner run has its own directory. For each run, there are symbolic links to the input PDDL files domain.pddl and problem.pddl (can be resolved by putting the benchmarks directory to the right place), the run log file "run.log" (stdout), possibly also a run error file "run.err" (stderr), the run script "run" used to start the experiment, and a "properties" file that contains data parsed from the log file(s). Directories with the "-eval" suffix (sievers-et-al-icaps2024-processed-data.zip) contain a "properties" file, which contains a JSON directory with combined data of all runs of the corresponding experiment. In essence, the properties file is the union over all properties files generated for each individual planner run.</p> <p>Note on license: we chose GPL v3.0 or later mainly because we consider our implementation based on Fast Downward the main contribution of this package, and Fast Downward comes with GPL v3.0. We only include a copy of Lab and the benchmarks for convenience.</p>
Data from: Tree demographic strategies largely overlap across succession in Neotropical wet and dry forest communities
<p>Secondary tropical forests play an increasingly important role in carbon budgets and biodiversity conservation. Understanding successional trajectories is therefore imperative for guiding forest restoration and climate change mitigation efforts. Forest succession is driven by the demographic strategies – combinations of growth, mortality, and recruitment rates – of the tree species in the community. However, our understanding of demographic diversity in tropical tree species stems almost exclusively from old-growth forests. Here, we assembled demographic information from repeated forest inventories along chronosequences in two wet (Costa Rica, Panama) and two dry (Mexico) Neotropical forests to assess whether the ranges of demographic strategies present in a community shift across succession. We calculated demographic rates for >500 tree species while controlling for canopy status to compare demographic diversity (i.e. the ranges of demographic strategies) in early successional (0-30 years), late successional (30-120 years), and old-growth forests using two-dimensional hypervolumes of pairs of demographic rates. Ranges of demographic strategies largely overlapped across successional stages, and early successional stages already covered the full spectrum of demographic strategies found in old-growth forests. An exception was a group of species characterized by exceptionally high mortality rates that were confined to early successional stages in the two wet forests. The range of demographic strategies did not expand with succession. Our results suggest that studies of long-term forest monitoring plots in old-growth forests, from which most of our current understanding of demographic strategies of tropical tree species is derived, are surprisingly representative of demographic diversity in general, but do not replace the need for further studies in secondary forests.</p>
Data and Software of "Development of a Geometric Modeling Strategy for the Generation of Representative Unit Cells in 2D Braids"
<h1><strong>Id: Data of following publication</strong></h1> <p>title = "Development of a Geometric Modeling Strategy for the Generation of Representative Unit Cells in 2D Braids",<br>journal = "<span>Composite Structures</span>",<br>volume =" 348",<br>pages = "118503",<br>year = "2025",<br>doi = "<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118503" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118503</a>",<br>author = "José Rothkegel, Benjamin Renson, Michael Bruyneel, Ludovic Noels"</p> <p>Data doi on 10.5281/zenodo.10829042</p> <h1>pyRVE</h1> <h2><em>Python Code for Geometrical Generator for Braided Composites RVE</em></h2> <p>pyRVE is a code written in <em>Python</em> using the <em>GMSH API</em> that generates the Representative Unit Cell (RUC) of braided composites. It allows the generation of the RUC of triaxial braided for <em>Diamond</em> and <em>Regular</em> patterns.</p> <h2>Requirements</h2> <p>To run, it requires:</p> <ul> <li>The GMSH Python API, which must be built with OpenCascade support. <ul> <li>Choose a local installation directory; <code>CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$HOME/local/gmsh</code>, and <code>GMSHPY_INSTALL_DIRECTORY=$HOME/local/gmsh</code> e.g.;</li> <li>Make that directory part of your <code>export PYTHONPATH=$HOME/local/gmsh/lib:$PYTHONPATH</code>.</li> <li>After compiling use <code>make install</code>.</li> </ul> </li> <li>The CM3 app dG3D if the final RVE homogenized solution is needed (<a href="https://gitlab.onelab.info/cm3/cm3Libraries">https://gitlab.onelab.info/cm3/cm3Libraries</a>).</li> <li>Make sure that the latest version of OpenCascade (OCCT) is used. Current used version in occt-V7.8.0.</li> </ul> <h2>Usage</h2> <h3>File Structure</h3> <p>A typical run case must have a file structure, where:</p> <ul> <li><code>brd</code>: the files <code>.brd</code> and <code>.brep</code> are located here. The <code>.brd</code> is a backup of the <code>braidClass</code> instance used in the model saved using <code>pickle</code>, the <code>.brep</code> is the Boundary Representation file that can be opened with <em>GMSH</em>.</li> <li><code>csv</code>: the <code>.csv</code> file saved here is the initial output of the code. It contains the actually used dimensions and the final cover factor of the braid.</li> <li><code>data</code>: It contains <code>.csv</code> files with the material properties and the dimensions of the tows. The original model dimensions are read from here.</li> <li><code>dir</code>: In the case of running the RVE homogenization, the directions of the tow fibers are stored here. They are saved for post processing.</li> <li><code>msh</code>: the mesh file <code>.msh</code> obtained after the geometry geneartion is stores here.</li> <li><code>png</code>: in the case of automatic post processing, png files are stored here.</li> <li><code>res</code>: this folder is used to store the homogenization results. They have to be moved here.</li> <li><code>stp</code>: if acitvated, a <code>.stp</code> file of the geometry is stored here</li> <li><code>svg</code>: the projection of the geometry on the <em>x-y</em> plane is stored here.</li> <li><code>vtk</code>: A copy of the mesh file without the matrix mesh is sotred here as a `.vtk`` file.</li> </ul> <h3>How to Run</h3> <p>We will consider the current file structure to run the example in 000_Base. To run the code, it can be called from the command prompt as</p> <div> <pre><code>python3 ../../source/mainRVE.py --name <i> --pattern <pattern></code></pre> </div> <p>In this case, the <code>--name</code> refers to the index that will be given to the model, where <code><i></code> must be changed to an integer and <code>--pattern</code> refers to the wanted pattern to be used, where <code><pattern></code> must be changed to either <code>dia</code> or <code>reg</code>.</p> <blockquote> <p>Note: <code><code>--name</code>cat</code> can also be used to reproduce the regular pattern benchmark of the paper. In that case, the volume fraction of fiber in the tows is hard coded as the provided value in the reference (i.e. 0.86). For other cases, the volume fraction is evaluated from the tow cross-sections.</p> <p>Note: <code>mainRVE.py</code> must be accesible from the directory where the case is being run. This example shows the usage of the current file structure.</p> </blockquote> <h3>All Command Line Options</h3> <p>The code can be run using further options that serve different purpouses, some serving pre processing needs and other serving run administration. The different command line options are:</p> <ul> <li>Required: <ul> <li><code>--name</code> : it gives a suffix to the run model. It is usually an integer.</li> <li><code>--pattern</code> : indicates the type of pattern to be used to build the geometry. The two current options are <code>dia</code> for diamond and <code>reg</code> for regular.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Optional <ul> <li><code>-dG3D</code>: it indicates that the homogenization of the generated RUC is to be perfomed.</li> <li><code>-GMSH</code> : it indicates that GMSH must be open upon competion of the generation of the mesh.</li> <li><code>-loadModel</code> : it will try to load a premade model. It will ignore <code>--pattern</code>.</li> <li><code>--rndPrm</code> : it will generate randomized geometrical parameters. It can be used to generate batches of results. It takes an argument that can be <code>2</code>, <code>4</code> or <code>6</code>. Currently, <code>2</code> gives a random value for <code>s_axial</code> and <code>theta</code>, <code>4</code> randomizes the same as <code>2</code> and adds <code>h_axial</code> and <code>h_bias</code>, and <code>6</code> randomizes the same as <code>4</code> and adds <code>w_axial</code> and <code>w_bias</code>.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Pre-Processing <ul> <li><code>-refCF</code>: it tells the code to generate a grid of values for <code>s_axial</code> and <code>theta</code> where only the cover factor is obtained. It is meant for posterior graphing purposes.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3>Examples</h3> <p>Following the run options, a few examples are indicated</p> <ul> <li>A basic mesh generation run for the basic data, considering a <strong>regular pattern</strong>, for a model named <strong>2</strong>:</li> </ul> <div> <pre><code>python3 ../../source/mainRVE.py --name 2 --pattern reg</code></pre> </div> <ul> <li>The generation of the cover factor data and export, considering a <strong>regular pattern</strong>:</li> </ul> <div> <pre><code>python3 ../../source/mainRVE.py --pattern reg -refCF</code></pre> </div> <ul> <li>A run for the modified basic data, where the <strong>2</strong> parameters are modified <em>randomly</em>, considering a <strong>regular pattern</strong>, for a model named <strong>2</strong>:</li> </ul> <div> <pre><code>python3 ../../source/mainRVE.py --name 2 --pattern reg --rndPrm 2</code></pre> </div> <ul> <li>A run, where model <strong>2</strong> already exists in <code>brd</code> folder but not the <code>.msh</code> and <code>.vtk</code> files:</li> </ul> <div> <pre><code>python3 ../../source/mainRVE.py --name 2 -loadModel </code></pre> </div> <h2>Code Structure</h2> <p>The code is implemented into Python files, where <code>mainRVE.py</code> runs the whole code. The files are:</p> <ul> <li>Braid: <ul> <li><code>braidClass.py</code> :</li> <li><code>bzrPairClass.py</code> :</li> </ul> </li> <li>Geometry <ul> <li><code>bezrClass.py</code> :</li> <li><code>bilnClass.py</code> :</li> <li><code>patchClass.py</code> :</li> <li><code>pntSetClass.py</code> :</li> <li><code>pointClass.py</code> :</li> <li><code>sctnClass.py</code> :</li> <li><code>stripeClass.py</code> :</li> <li><code>surfClass.py</code> :</li> <li><code>surfOffClass.py</code> :</li> </ul> </li> <li>Material: <ul> <li><code>chamis.py</code> :</li> </ul> </li> <li>Tools: <ul> <li><code>dataIO.py</code> :</li> <li><code>postDirection.py</code> :</li> <li><code>tool.py</code> :</li> <li><code>toolData.py</code> :</li> </ul> </li> <li><code>curveClass.py</code> :*</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data and code from: Healthy young adults use distinct gait strategies to enhance stability when walking on mild slopes and when altering arm swing
<p>This repository contains the Julia code, Jupyter notebook, and data used in the study “Healthy young adults use distinct gait strategies to enhance stability when walking on mild slopes and when altering arm swing” by MacDonald et al.</p> <p><strong>Instructions</strong></p> <p>To run this analysis on your computer, both Julia and Jupyter Notebook must be installed. A version of Julia appropriate for your OS can be downloaded from the <a href="https://julialang.org/downloads/">Julia website</a>, and Jupyter can be installed from within Julia (in the REPL) with</p> <pre><code>] add IJulia</code></pre> <p>Alternate instructions for installing Jupyter can be found on the <a href="https://github.com/JuliaLang/IJulia.jl">IJulia github</a> or the <a href="https://jupyter.org/install">Jupyter homepage</a> (not recommended).</p> <p>From within the main repository directory, start Julia and then start Jupyter in the Julia REPL</p> <pre><code>using IJulia notebook(;dir=pwd())</code></pre> <p>or if using a system Jupyter installation, start Jupyter from your favorite available shell (e.g. Powershell on Windows, bash on any *nix variant, etc.). In Jupyter, open the <code>notebooks/analysis.ipynb</code> notebook. Running all cells will reproduce the results for this paper.</p> <p><strong>Description of data</strong></p> <p>The <code>data</code> directory contains all the data used in the production of the results which were statistically tested.</p> <p>Each <code>.mat</code> file contains events and data generated in Visual3D:</p> <ul> <li>Events <ul> <li><code>LTO</code>/<code>RTO</code> (Left/right toe-off)</li> <li><code>LHS</code>/<code>RHS</code> (Left/right heel-strike)</li> <li><code>HIST</code>/<code>HIEN</code> (Hilly start/end)</li> <li><code>ROST</code>/<code>ROEN</code> (Rocky start/end)</li> <li><code>MLST</code>/<code>MLEN</code> (ML translation start/end)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Data <ul> <li><code>LFootPos</code>/<code>RFootPos</code> (Left/right foot COM position)</li> <li><code>TrunkPos/TrunkVel</code>/<code>TrunkAcc</code> (Trunk COM position, velocity, and acceleration)</li> <li><code>HeadPos/HeadVel</code>/<code>HeadAcc</code> (Head COM position, velocity, and acceleration)</li> <li><code>COG</code> (Whole-body COM/COG)</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p>The <code>.csv</code> files contain system state of the CAREN system produced by D-Flow software, which includes various system and software settings, most pertinent of which is the treadmill speed.</p> <p>The <code>.c3d</code> files contain the raw motion capture data from Vicon Nexus.</p> <ul> </ul> <p>The results of the <code>notebooks/analysis.ipynb</code> notebook are found in the <code>results</code> folder. Please see the paper for a list of the dependent variables and statistical analyses.</p>
Termite trait data from: Continental-scale shifts in termite diversity and nesting and feeding strategies
<p>Typically, termites are treated as a single guild, which ignores important internal diversity, including diverse feeding and nesting traits. These termite traits are crucial for both ecosystem-level fluxes and trophic webs, with implications for vertebrate species. Despite their ecological importance, the large-scale distribution of termite feeding and nesting traits and the relationship with termite diversity is largely unknown. We investigated whether functional diversity, species richness, and feeding (wood, litter, grass, dung) and nesting trait (aboveground mound, belowground nest, inside tree or outside tree nest) distributions of termites were climatically control. To address this gap, we assembled a continental-scale database of termite traits and occurrence in Australia and modelled termite nesting and feeding traits in response to macroclimate. Functional richness and evenness increased primarily with temperature. Australia showed multiple hotspots of termite diversity with each hotspot showing a distinct guild composition. The large-scale distribution of nesting traits showed that aboveground nesting species were the most common nesting guild in the dry and wet tropics while belowground nesting dominated in seasonally cold arid environments, demonstrating a strong climatic control on nesting strategy. Given their large biomass and many interactions with other species, the macro-ecology of termite traits may be especially important in predicting shifts in other species' distributions at continental and global scales.</p>
Phenotype and QTL mapping data from: Genetic trade-offs underlie divergent life history strategies for local adaptation in white clover
<p>Local adaptation is common in plants, yet characterization of its underlying genetic basis is rare in herbaceous perennials. Moreover, while many plant species exhibit intraspecific chemical defense polymorphisms, their importance for local adaptation remains poorly understood. We examined the genetic architecture of local adaptation in a perennial, obligately-outcrossing herbaceous legume, white clover (<i>Trifolium repens</i>). This widespread species displays a well-studied chemical defense polymorphism for cyanogenesis (HCN release following tissue damage) and has evolved climate-associated cyanogenesis clines throughout its range. Two biparental F<sub>2</sub> mapping populations, derived from three parents collected in environments spanning the U.S. latitudinal species range (Duluth, MN, St. Louis, MO and Gainesville, FL), were grown in triplicate for two years in reciprocal common garden experiments in the parental environments (6,012 total plants). Vegetative growth and reproductive fitness traits displayed trade-offs across reciprocal environments, indicating local adaptation. Genetic mapping of fitness traits revealed a genetic architecture characterized by allelic trade-offs between environments, with 100% and 80% of fitness QTL in the two mapping populations showing significant QTL X E interactions, consistent with antagonistic pleiotropy. Across the genome there were three hotspots of QTL co-localization. Unexpectedly, we found little evidence that the cyanogenesis polymorphism contributes to local adaptation. Instead, divergent life history strategies in reciprocal environments were major fitness determinants: selection favored early investment in flowering at the cost of multi-year survival in the southernmost site vs. delayed flowering and multi-year persistence in the northern environments. Our findings demonstrate that multi-locus genetic tradeoffs contribute to contrasting life history characteristics that allow for local adaptation in this outcrossing herbaceous perennial.</p>
Survey Data Results for Project Strategies for Mitigating Congestion in Small Urban and Rural Areas
<p>File contains the Survey Data Results for Project Strategies for Mitigating Congestion in Small Urban and Rural Areas.</p> <p>Row 1 is the question number.</p> <p>Row 2 is the question.</p> <p>Remaining Rows are individual survey responses.</p>
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.