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Figs 79–92 in Comparative analysis of male calling signals in closely related species of Macropsis Lewis, 1836 (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae: Eurymelinae: Macropsini) reveals possible ways of evolution of the signal temporal pattern

Figs 79–92. Oscillograms of male calling signals: 79–82 — Evacanthus asiaticus; 83–88 — Limotettix (Scleroracus) russeolus; 89–92 — Hephathus nanus. Faster oscillograms of the parts of signals indicated as "86–88" and "91–92" are given under the same numbers. Рис. 79–92. Осциллограммы приЗывных сигналов: 79–82 — Evacanthus asiaticus; 83–88 — Limotettix (Scleroracus) russeolus; 89– 92 — Hephathus nanus. Фрагменты сигналов, обоЗначенные цифрами "86–88" и "91–92", представлены на осциллограммах под такими же номерами.

Figs 64–78 in Comparative analysis of male calling signals in closely related species of Macropsis Lewis, 1836 (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae: Eurymelinae: Macropsini) reveals possible ways of evolution of the signal temporal pattern

Figs 64–78. Oscillograms of male calling signals: 64–65 — Handianus fartilis; 66–69 — Aconurella diplachnis; 70–78 — Fangamanus tripunctatus. Faster oscillograms of the parts of signals indicated as "67–69" and "74–78" are given under the same numbers. Рис. 64–78. Осциллограммы приЗывных сигналов: 64–65 — Handianus fartilis; 66–69 — Aconurella diplachnis; 70–78 — Fangamanus tripunctatus. Фрагменты сигналов, обоЗначенные цифрами "67–69" и "74–78", представлены на осциллограммах под такими же номерами.

Figs 54–63 in Comparative analysis of male calling signals in closely related species of Macropsis Lewis, 1836 (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae: Eurymelinae: Macropsini) reveals possible ways of evolution of the signal temporal pattern

Figs 54–63. Oscillograms of male calling signals: 54–57 — Macropsis megerlei; 58–63 — M. ornata. Faster oscillograms of the parts of signals indicated as "56–57" and "61–63" are given under the same numbers. Рис. 54–63. Осциллограммы приЗывных сигналов: 54–57 — Macropsis megerlei; 58–63 — M. ornata. Фрагменты сигналов, обоЗначенные цифрами "56–57" и "61–63", представлены на осциллограммах под такими же номерами.

Figs 39–53 in Comparative analysis of male calling signals in closely related species of Macropsis Lewis, 1836 (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae: Eurymelinae: Macropsini) reveals possible ways of evolution of the signal temporal pattern

Figs 39–53. Oscillograms of male calling signals: 39–47 — Macropsis milkoi; 48–53 — M. aselae. Faster oscillograms of the parts of signals indicated as "40", "46–47", and "52–53" are given under the same numbers. Рис. 39–53. Осциллограммы приЗывных сигналов: 39–47 — Macropsis milkoi; 48–53 — M. aselae. Фрагменты сигналов, обоЗначенные цифрами "40", "46–47" и "52–53", представлены на осциллограммах под такими же номерами.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

dryad32/100

Data from: Targeted resequencing reveals geographical patterns of differentiation for loci implicated in parallel evolution

Parallel divergence and speciation provide evidence for the role of divergent selection in generating biological diversity. Recent studies indicate that parallel phenotypic divergence may not have the same genetic basis in different geographical locations - "outlier loci" (loci potentially affected by divergent selection) are often not shared among parallel instances of phenotypic divergence. However, limited sharing may be due, in part, to technical issues if false positive outliers occur. Here, we test this idea in the marine snail Littorina saxatilis, which has evolved two partly isolated ecotypes (adapted to crab predation vs. wave action) in multiple locations independently. We argue that if the low extent of sharing observed in earlier studies in this system is due to sampling effects, we expect outliers not to show elevated FST when sequenced in new samples from the original locations, and also not to follow predictable geographical patterns of elevated FST. Following a hierarchical sampling design (within vs. between country), we applied capture sequencing, targeting outliers from earlier studies and control loci. We found that outliers again showed elevated levels of FST in their original location, suggesting they were not generated by sampling effects. Outliers were also likely to show increased FST in geographically close locations, which may be explained by higher levels of gene flow or shared ancestral genetic variation compared to more distant locations. However, in contrast to earlier findings, we also found some outlier types to show elevated FST in geographically distant locations. We discuss possible explanations for this unexpected result.

dryad32/100

Parallel evolution of ancient, pleiotropic enhancers underlies butterfly wing pattern mimicry

Color pattern mimicry in Heliconius butterflies is a classic case study of complex trait adaptation via selection on a few large effect genes. Association studies have linked color pattern variation to a handful of noncoding regions, yet the presumptive cis-regulatory elements (CREs) that control color patterning remain unknown. Here we combine chromatin assays, DNA sequence associations, and genome editing to functionally characterize 5 cis-regulatory elements of the color pattern gene optix. We were surprised to find that the cis-regulatory architecture of optix is characterized by pleiotropy and regulatory fragility, where deletion of individual cis-regulatory elements has broad effects on both color pattern and wing vein development. Remarkably, we found orthologous cis-regulatory elements associate with wing pattern convergence of distantly related comimics, suggesting that parallel coevolution of ancestral elements facilitated pattern mimicry. Our results support a model of color pattern evolution in Heliconius where changes to ancient, multifunctional cis-regulatory elements underlie adaptive radiation.

opencc-zeroNov 2019View details →

dryad32/100

Joermungandr bolti, an exceptionally preserved microsaur from Mazon Creek, Illinois, reveals patterns of integumentary evolution in Recumbirostra

<p>The Carboniferous Pennsylvanian-aged (309-307 Ma) Mazon Creek Lagerstätte produces some of the earliest fossils of major Paleozoic tetrapod lineages. Recently, several new tetrapod specimens collected from Mazon Creek have come to light, including the earliest fossorially-adapted recumbirostrans. Here we describe a new long-bodied recumbirostran, Joermungandr bolti gen et sp. nov., known from a single part and counterpart concretion bearing a virtually complete skeleton. Uniquely, Joermungandr preserves a full suite of dorsal, flank, and ventral dermal scales, together with a series of thinned and reduced gastralia. Investigation of these scales using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) reveals ultrastructural ridge and pit morphologies, revealing complexities comparable to the scale ultrastructure of extant snakes and fossorial reptiles, which have scales modified for body based propulsion and shedding substrate. Our new taxon also represents an important early record of an elongate recumbirostran bauplan, wherein several features linked to fossoriality, including a characteristic recumbent snout, are present. We utilized parsimony phylogenetic methods to conduct phylogenetic analysis using the most recent recumbirostran-focused matrix. The analysis recovers the new taxon within the Cocytinoidea clade as sister taxon to all brachystelechids. Finally, we review integumentary patterns in Recumbirostra, noting reductions and losses of gastralia and osteoderms associated with body elongation and, thus, likely also associated with increased fossoriality.</p>

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Figure 9 in Mimetic colour pattern evolution in the highly polymorphic Bombus trifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) species complex and its comimics

Figure 9. Haplotype networks of the Bombus trifasciatus lineage for each of three nuclear genes: internal transcribed spacer region 1 (ITS1), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and arginine kinase (ArgK). Each circle represents a sampled or intermediate haplotype and each connecting line a base change. Haplotypes are coloured to represent similarly coloured sublineages in Figure 6. Numbers refer to voucher specimens listed in Table S1. Dashed lines connect heterozygous alleles (a1, a2) from an individual. Grey circles and lines for PEPCK and ArgK represent reconstruction using alternative phase haplotypes with the percentages of those haplotypes indicated.

Figure 3 in Mimetic colour pattern evolution in the highly polymorphic Bombus trifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) species complex and its comimics

Figure 3. Distribution of colour patterns of Bombus (Orientalibombus) haemorrhoidalis sensu Williams (1998) with previously recognized species outlined using dashed lines. Localities with yellow markers were sampled for DNA sequencing.

Figure 6. A in Mimetic colour pattern evolution in the highly polymorphic Bombus trifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) species complex and its comimics

Figure 6. A, Bayesian phylogeny of the Bombus trifasciatus lineage inferred using the mitochondrial genes cytochrome oxidase I (COI) + 16S. Unique sublineages are highlighted on the tree in different colours and their localities are circumscribed on the map (B). Average per cent sequence divergence is indicated on deeper nodes with COI divergences above and 16S divergences below. Voucher numbers for each specimen (Table S1) are listed in parentheses after colour pattern names and distribution.

Figure 2 in Mimetic colour pattern evolution in the highly polymorphic Bombus trifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) species complex and its comimics

Figure 2. Distribution of colour patterns of Bombus (Megabombus) trifasciatus sensu Williams (1998) with previously recognized species outlined using dashed lines. Localities with yellow markers were sampled for DNA sequencing.

Figure 8. Cytochrome oxidase I in Mimetic colour pattern evolution in the highly polymorphic Bombus trifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) species complex and its comimics

Figure 8. Cytochrome oxidase I (COI) + 16S genetic distances between pairs of individuals from Figure 6 compared to their geographical distances. Distances between unique sublineages coloured in Figure 6 are in grey. Inferred withinlineage distances are coloured here by lineage. The line represents the trend of isolation by distance within Bombus trifasciatus s.s.

Figure 5 in Mimetic colour pattern evolution in the highly polymorphic Bombus trifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) species complex and its comimics

Figure 5. Per cent darkness of wings across the distribution of Bombus trifasciatus, Bombus breviceps, and Bombus haemorrhoidalis lineages. In B. trifasciatus two hierarchical levels of relationship are outlined: solid lines represent the major coloured sublineages inferred in Figure 6, and dashed lines represent higher-level bifurcations supported by mitochondrial, nuclear, and some morphometric data. The question mark indicates Bombus trifasciatus magrettianus, which has uncertain sublineage affinity.

Figure 4 in Mimetic colour pattern evolution in the highly polymorphic Bombus trifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) species complex and its comimics

Figure 4. Distribution of colour patterns of Bombus (Alpigenobombus) breviceps sensu Williams (1998) with previously recognized species outlined. Localities with yellow markers were sampled for DNA sequencing. Some of the specimens from China have variation in whether pleura and/or, more rarely, the dorsal mesosoma, are more yellowish or orange.

Figure 7 in Mimetic colour pattern evolution in the highly polymorphic Bombus trifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) species complex and its comimics

Figure 7. Comparison of Bombus trifasciatus lineage uncorrected pairwise genetic distances to genetic distances typically observed within and between Bombus species. A, histogram of maximum intraspecific divergences using the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) barcoding fragment for 70 species available in BOLD Data Systems. B, histogram of 16S genetic distances between pairs of undisputed sister species in the bumble bee phylogeny. These are compared to boxplots representing the distribution of genetic distances for these fragments for major splits between B. trifasciatus sublineages (A–F), and for COI, to divergences within each of these sublineages (a–e).

Figure 13. A in Mimetic colour pattern evolution in the highly polymorphic Bombus trifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) species complex and its comimics

Figure 13. A, colours at right were assigned to each of these 24 colour regions for all terminal taxa to assess ancestral patterns and rates of colour evolution for each body region. Diagram coding follows Williams (2007). B, terminal and reconstructed ancestral colour patterns mapped onto the Bombus trifasciatus lineage Bayesian phylogeny. Question marks indicate nonsignificant Bayesian character state reconstructions.

Figure 12 in Mimetic colour pattern evolution in the highly polymorphic Bombus trifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) species complex and its comimics

Figure 12. Haplotype networks of sequences of cytochrome oxidase I + 16S for A, the Bombus breviceps lineage and B, the Bombus haemorrhoidalis lineage. Each circle represents a sampled or intermediate haplotype and each line represents a single base change unless otherwise indicated. Numbers are voucher numbers from Table S1.

Figure 1 in Mimetic colour pattern evolution in the highly polymorphic Bombus trifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) species complex and its comimics

Figure 1. Colour patterns of the type specimens of the species/subspecies belonging to three South-East Asian comimetic species sensu Williams (1998), including their approximate geographical distribution. This demonstrates the colour pattern diversity and convergence on multiple mimicry groups across these species. Data sources: Bingham, 1897; Pendlebury, 1923; Richards, 1929, 1931; Frison, 1935; Skorikov, 1938; Tkalců, 1968, 1974, 1989; Sakagami, 1972; Williams, 1991, 1998.

opennotspecifiedApr 2010View details →

Figure 6 in Morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of a new marine urostylid ciliate (Ciliophora, Stichotrichia) from the South China Sea, and a brief overview of the convergent evolution of the midventral pattern within the Spirotrichea

Figure 6. The maximum-likelihood (ML) tree inferred from the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences of 63 spirotrichous taxa, showing the position of Bergeriella ovata gen. et sp. nov. (boxed), and the phylogenetic relationships among the taxa possessing midventral cirral rows (i.e. urostylids s.l.; branches are depicted by thick lines, and species names are highlighted in bold text). Nodal support for branches in the ML, Bayesian inference (BI), and neighbour-joining (NJ) trees are marked in order. Bootstrap values lower than 50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities lower than 0.70 are replaced with hyphens. Clades with different topologies in the NJ tree relative to the ML and BI trees are indicated with asterisks. All branches are drawn to scale. The scale bar corresponds to five substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions. Phacodinium and Protocruzia were taken as out-group taxa.