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170 results for “forest litter”
Data from: Foraging by an avian ecosystem engineer extensively modifies the litter and soil layer in forest ecosystems
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Data from: Spruce and beech as local determinants of forest fungal community structure in litter, humus and mineral soil
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Litter–trapping tank bromeliads in five different forests: carbon and nutrient pools and fluxes
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Data from: Leaf litter arthropod responses to tropical forest restoration
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Fig. 6 in Camerobiid mites (Acariformes: Raphignathina: Camerobiidae) inhabiting epiphytic bromeliads and soil litter of tropical dry forest with analysis of setal homology in the genus Neophyllobius
Fig. 6. Neophyllobius tescalicola sp. nov., ♀, holotype. A. Palp. B. Subcapitulum. C. Dorsal idiosoma. D. Ventral idiosoma. E. Trochanter–tibia of leg I. F. Tarsus I.
Fig. 3 in Camerobiid mites (Acariformes: Raphignathina: Camerobiidae) inhabiting epiphytic bromeliads and soil litter of tropical dry forest with analysis of setal homology in the genus Neophyllobius
Fig. 3. Schematic leg setations of Neophyllobius cibyci sp. nov. A–D. ♀, holotype. A. Trochanter–tibia of leg I. B. Trochanter–tibia of leg II. C. Trochanter–tibia of leg III. D. Trochanter–tibia of leg IV. E–H. ♁, paratype (CNAC009238). E. Trochanter–tibia of leg I. F. Trochanter–tibia of leg II. G. Trochanter–tibia of leg III. H.Trochanter–tibia of leg IV. I–L. Protonymph, paratype (CNAC009241). I. Trochantertibia of leg I. J. Trochanter–tibia of leg II. K. Trochanter–tibia of leg III. L. Trochanter–tibia of leg IV. M–O. Larva, paratype (CNAC009242). M. Trochanter–tibia of leg I. N. Trochanter–tibia of leg II. O. Trochanter–tibia of leg III.
Figure 13 from: Vagmaker N, Pereira-Ribeiro J, Colombo Ferreguetti Á, Boazi A, Gama-Matos R, Bergallo HG, Duarte Rocha CF (2020) Structure of the leaf litter frog community in an area of Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil. Zoologia 37: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.37.e38877
Figure 13 Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) showing the similarity of the leaf litter anuran community in two areas of the Duas Bocas Biological Reserve. The points represent the plots sampled in the two areas between October 2017 to September 2018, with the circles representing the plots arranged in the Alto Alegre area and the triangles representing the plots arranged in the Represa Velha area.
Figures 2-12 from: Vagmaker N, Pereira-Ribeiro J, Colombo Ferreguetti Á, Boazi A, Gama-Matos R, Bergallo HG, Duarte Rocha CF (2020) Structure of the leaf litter frog community in an area of Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil. Zoologia 37: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.37.e38877
Figures 2-12 Species of anurans found in the Duas Bocas Biological Reserve, Cariacica, Espírito Santo: (2) Proceratophrys schirchi; (3) Rhinella crucifer; (4) Proceratophrys laticeps; (5) Euparkerella tridactyla; (6) Crossodactylus aff. gaudichaudii; (7) Ischnocnema oea; (8) Ischnocnema abdita; (9) Physalaemus crombiei; (10) Ololygon kautskyi; (11) Haddadus binotatus; (12) Zachaenus carvalhoi .
Figure 14 from: Vagmaker N, Pereira-Ribeiro J, Colombo Ferreguetti Á, Boazi A, Gama-Matos R, Bergallo HG, Duarte Rocha CF (2020) Structure of the leaf litter frog community in an area of Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil. Zoologia 37: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.37.e38877
Figure 14 Density of forest leaf litter anurans by locality in the Duas Bocas Biological Reserve, Espírito Santo, Brazil. (Rh_cr) Rhinella crucifer, (Ha_bi) Haddadus binotatus, (Pr_sc) Proceratophrys schirchi, (Is_oe) Ischnocnema oea, (Ph_cr) Physalaemus crombiei, (Cr_ga) Crossodactylus gaudichaudii, (Pr_la) Proceratophrys laticeps, (Ol_ka) Ololygon kautskyi,(Eu_tr) Euparkerella tridactyla, (Is_ab) I. abdita, (Za_ca) Zachaenus carvalhoi.
Figure 1 from: Vagmaker N, Pereira-Ribeiro J, Colombo Ferreguetti Á, Boazi A, Gama-Matos R, Bergallo HG, Duarte Rocha CF (2020) Structure of the leaf litter frog community in an area of Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil. Zoologia 37: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.37.e38877
Figure 1 Location of the Duas Bocas Biological Reserve, Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil. The black lines show the two localities sampled (1 = Represa Velha Trail, 2 = Alto Alegre Trail). Gray lines represent the contour lines of the area.
Forest soil acidification consistently reduces litter decomposition irrespective of nutrient availability and litter type
<p><span><span>Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and acid deposition are co-occurring in many ecosystems, likely with complex interactive effects on litter decomposition. </span></span></p> <p><span><span>Few studies have been conducted to distinguish the interactive effects of these three factors on forest litter decomposition. Thus, we performed a 5-year litter decomposition experiment with N, P, acid addition in a temperate forest of Changbai Mountain in China, including four litter types from <i>Pinus koraiensis</i>, <i>Quercus mongolica</i>, <i>Tilia amurensis</i> and their mixtures. </span></span></p> <p><span><span>Our results showed that acid addition consistently reduced litter decomposition rate, irrespective of nutrient addition or litter types. In contrast, N and P addition had less impact on litter decomposition. Litter decomposition rate linearly reduced with decreasing soil pH, but positively increased with soil N availability. No relationship was found between soil P availability and litter decomposition. Soil enzyme activity played a key role in regulating litter decomposition response, such as acid phosphatase, xylosidase, N-cacetyl-b-D-glucosaminidase and α-1,4 glucosidase. Besides, low-quality litter (i.e. high C concentration, C:N and C:P ratio) amplified the negative effect of soil acidification on litter decomposition. </span></span></p> <p><span><span>This study suggests that soil acidification consistently decelerates litter decomposition in temperate forests, which is independent of soil nutrient availability and litter types. The intensifying soil acidification with continuous N deposition in the future will greatly reduce litter nutrient return to soil, increasing the risk of multiple soil nutrient limitation.</span></span></p>
Data from: Quantifying the factors affecting leaf litter decomposition across a tropical forest disturbance gradient
Deforestation and forest degradation are driving unprecedented declines in biodiversity across the tropics, and understanding the consequences of these changes for ecosystem functioning is essential for human well-being. Forest degradation and loss alter ecosystem functioning through changes in species composition and abiotic conditions. However, the consequences of these changes for heterospecific processes are often poorly understood. Leaf litter decomposition is a major source of atmospheric carbon and critical for carbon and nutrient cycling. Through a highly replicated litter-bag experiment (3360 bags), we quantified the effects of litter quality, decomposer functional diversity and seasonal precipitation regime on litter decomposition along a tropical disturbance gradient in SW China. In addition, using soil and litter from sites selected from across the disturbance gradient, we established replicated litter-bed treatments and exposed these to a gradient of simulated canopy cover in a shade-house. Across the landscape, mass loss from litter-bags after 12 months varied from 7% to 98%. Even after 12 months, litter-bags installed at the beginning of the dry season had much lower mass loss than those installed at the beginning of the wet season. As expected, litter quality and faunal exclusion had substantial effects on decomposition rates. Decomposition rates declined along the disturbance gradient from mature forest, through regenerating forest to open land, although the effect size was strongly dependent on installation season. The effect of excluding meso- and macro-invertebrates increased with increasing forest degradation, whereas the effect of litter quality declined. Results from the shade-house experiment strongly suggested that forest degradation effects were driven predominantly by changes in micro-climatic conditions resulting from increased canopy openness. To better model the impacts of anthropogenic global change on litter decomposition rates, it will be important to consider landscape scale processes, such as forest degradation.
Data from: Determinants of litter decomposition rates in a tropical forest: functional traits, phylogeny and ecological succession
Plant litter decomposition is one of the most important processes in terrestrial ecosystems, as it is a key factor in nutrient cycling. Decomposition rates depend on environmental factors, but also plant traits, as these determine the character of detritus. We measured litter decomposition rate for 57 common tree species displaying a variety of functional traits within four sites in primary and four sites in secondary tropical forest in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. The phylogenetic relationships between these trees were also estimated using molecular data. The leaves collected from different tree species were dried for two days, placed into detritus bags and exposed to ambient conditions for two months. Nitrogen, carbon and ash content were assessed as quantitative traits and used together with a phylogenetic variance-covariance matrix as predictors of decomposition rate. The analysis of the tree species composition from 96 quadrats located along a successional gradient of swidden agriculture enabled us to determine successional preferences for individual species. Nitrogen content was the only functional trait measured to be significantly positively correlated with decomposition rate. Controlling for plant phylogeny did not influence our conclusions, but including phylogeny demonstrated that the mainly early successional family Euphorbiaceae is characterized by a particularly high decomposition rate. The acquisitive traits (high nitrogen content and low wood density) correlated with rapid decomposition were characteristic for early successional species. Decomposition rate thus decreased from early successional to primary forest species. However, the decomposition of leaves from the same species was significantly faster in primary than in secondary forest stands, very probably because the high humidity of primary forest environments keeps the decomposing material wetter.
Data from: Traits including leaf dry matter content and leaf pH dominate over forest soil pH as drivers of litter decomposition among 60 species
1. Soil pH varies by several units among ecosystems. While soil pH is known to be a key driver of plant species composition, we still have a poor understanding of how it affects carbon cycling processes. For instance, soil pH, or its associated chemistry in terms of base cations and organic acids, may affect decomposition rates of dead matter directly, by controlling decomposer composition and activity, and indirectly, by controlling the traits of the plant species and thereby the afterlife effects of those traits on litter decomposition. Leaf and litter pH may play a role in this control. Based on the very limited empirical data available, we hypothesized that variation in species traits including leaf (litter) pH, within and between ecosystems contrasting in soil pH, would have stronger effects on leaf litter decomposition rates than variation in soil chemistry would. 2. We tested this hypothesis by carrying out a 'common garden' litterbed experiment in subtropical SW China, in which leaf litters of the 30 predominant plant species from mid-successional forest on acidic sandstone (soil pH around 4.0) and calcareous soil (pH around 7.5) respectively, were incubated and their decomposition rates measured over two harvests in fourteen months, both in soil plus litter matrix from their 'home' forest and in those from the "away" forest. 3. We found that leaf (litter) trait variation among species and plant functional types, headed by species' dry matter content but also including tissue pH, was the strongest driver of variation in leaf litter decomposition rates. Surprisingly however, while these effects of interspecific trait variation were very strong among species from the same site, there was no overall difference in litter decomposability between the species from the acidic versus calcareous site. Equally surprising was that this strong difference in pH of soil substrate plus litter matrix from an acidic sandstone site versus a calcareous karst site did not directly affect leaf litter decomposition rates across a given species set. 4. This first attempt to disentangle the multiple potential direct and indirect ways in which soil and leaf (litter) acidity might be related to litter decomposition rates, has important implications for our understanding of soil-plant feedbacks. Based on our forest-based study, we predict that soil-plant feedbacks via acidity are unlikely to be strong in ecosystems with wide-ranging species in terms of their leaf functional traits, including leaf pH.
Can immature stages be ignored in studies of forest leaf litter arthropod diversity? A test using Oxford Nanopore DNA barcoding
<p>Datasets and results for the study</p>
Figure 8 from: Hu F-S, Arriaga-Varela E, Biffi G, Bocák L, Bulirsch P, Damaška AF, Frisch J, Hájek J, Hlaváč P, Ho B-H, Ho Y-H, Hsiao Y, Jelínek J, Klimaszewski J, Kundrata R, Löbl I, Makranczy G, Matsumoto K, Phang G-J, Ruzzier E, Schülke M, Švec Z, Telnov D, Tseng W-Z, Yeh L-W, Le M-H, Fikáček M (2024) Forest leaf litter beetles of Taiwan: first DNA barcodes and first insight into the fauna. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 71(1): 17-47. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.71.112278
Figure 8 Cantharidae: larva of Maltypus ryukyuanus (OTU66, voucher HS4055L) associated with adults by DNA. A. Head and pro- and mesothorax, ventral view; B. Head, dorsal view; C. Detail of anterior part of the head, dorsal view; D. Detail of the head surface, with smooth anterior and sculptured posterior part; E. Antenna; F. Front leg.
Figure 7 from: Hu F-S, Arriaga-Varela E, Biffi G, Bocák L, Bulirsch P, Damaška AF, Frisch J, Hájek J, Hlaváč P, Ho B-H, Ho Y-H, Hsiao Y, Jelínek J, Klimaszewski J, Kundrata R, Löbl I, Makranczy G, Matsumoto K, Phang G-J, Ruzzier E, Schülke M, Švec Z, Telnov D, Tseng W-Z, Yeh L-W, Le M-H, Fikáček M (2024) Forest leaf litter beetles of Taiwan: first DNA barcodes and first insight into the fauna. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 71(1): 17-47. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.71.112278
Figure 7 Ptilodactylidae: larva of Ptilodactyla sp. (OTU83, voucher 20-02HS155) associated with adults by DNA. A. Head and thorax in dorsal view; B. Head, ventral view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Anterior part of the head, dorsal view; E. Detail of labrum; F. Antenna in lateral view; G. Front and middle leg.
Figure 6 from: Hu F-S, Arriaga-Varela E, Biffi G, Bocák L, Bulirsch P, Damaška AF, Frisch J, Hájek J, Hlaváč P, Ho B-H, Ho Y-H, Hsiao Y, Jelínek J, Klimaszewski J, Kundrata R, Löbl I, Makranczy G, Matsumoto K, Phang G-J, Ruzzier E, Schülke M, Švec Z, Telnov D, Tseng W-Z, Yeh L-W, Le M-H, Fikáček M (2024) Forest leaf litter beetles of Taiwan: first DNA barcodes and first insight into the fauna. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 71(1): 17-47. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.71.112278
Figure 6 Carabidae: Perigonini: larva of Perigona cf. nigriceps Dejean, 1831 (OTU158, voucher 20-06HS344) associated with adults by DNA. A, B. Head (A. Ventral view; B. Dorsal view); C. Antenna; D. Mouthparts, ventral view; E. Nasale; F. Thorax, dorsal view; G. Middle leg; H. Abdominal apex.
Figure 3 from: Hu F-S, Arriaga-Varela E, Biffi G, Bocák L, Bulirsch P, Damaška AF, Frisch J, Hájek J, Hlaváč P, Ho B-H, Ho Y-H, Hsiao Y, Jelínek J, Klimaszewski J, Kundrata R, Löbl I, Makranczy G, Matsumoto K, Phang G-J, Ruzzier E, Schülke M, Švec Z, Telnov D, Tseng W-Z, Yeh L-W, Le M-H, Fikáček M (2024) Forest leaf litter beetles of Taiwan: first DNA barcodes and first insight into the fauna. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 71(1): 17-47. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.71.112278
Figure 3 Sivacrypticus taiwanicus Kaszab, 1964 (Archeocrypticidae). A–C. Habitus (A. Dorsal; B. Lateral; C. Ventral); D. Abdominal ventrites, male; E–H. Male genitalia (E. Median lobe and the sperm pump, lateral view; F. Median lobe and parameres, lateral view; G. Detail of median lobe and parameres, lateral view; H. Detail of parameres, dorsal view).
Figure 2 from: Hu F-S, Arriaga-Varela E, Biffi G, Bocák L, Bulirsch P, Damaška AF, Frisch J, Hájek J, Hlaváč P, Ho B-H, Ho Y-H, Hsiao Y, Jelínek J, Klimaszewski J, Kundrata R, Löbl I, Makranczy G, Matsumoto K, Phang G-J, Ruzzier E, Schülke M, Švec Z, Telnov D, Tseng W-Z, Yeh L-W, Le M-H, Fikáček M (2024) Forest leaf litter beetles of Taiwan: first DNA barcodes and first insight into the fauna. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 71(1): 17-47. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.71.112278
Figure 2 Gyrelon jenpani sp. nov. (Cerylonidae). A, B. Habitus (A. Dorsal view, female; B. Ventral view, male); C. Tegmen of the aedeagus; D–F. Variability of the shape of the prosternal process and metaventral process (D, E. Males; F. Female). Last abdominal ventrite in ventral and postero-ventral views (G. Male; H. Female); I. Maximum likelihood tree based on cox1 barcodes of the sequenced Cerylonidae specimens.
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