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312 results for “goat”
Haplotype analysis of the mitochondrial DNA d-loop region reveals the maternal origin and historical dynamics among the indigenous goat populations in east and west of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
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Goat collective decisions
<p>For group-living animals to remain cohesive they must agree on where to travel. Theoretical models predict shared group decisions should be favoured, and a number of empirical examples support this. However, the behavioural mechanisms that underpin shared decision-making are not fully understood. Groups may achieve consensus of direction by active communication of individual preferences (i.e. voting), or by responding to each other's orientation and movement (i.e. copying). For example, African buffalo (<i>Syncerus caffer</i>) are reported to use body orientation to vote and indicate their preferred direction to achieve a consensus on travel direction, whilst <span>golden shiners (<em>Notemigonus crysoleucas</em>) achieve consensus of direction by responding to the movement cues of their neighbours.</span> Here, we present a conceptual model (supported by agent-based simulations) that allows us to distinguish patterns of motion that represent voting or copying. We test our model predictions using high-resolution GPS and magnetometer data collected from a herd of free-ranging goats (<i>Capra aegagrus hircus</i>) in the Namib Desert, Namibia. We find that decisions concerning travel direction were more consistent with individuals copying one another's motion and find no evidence to support the use of voting with body orientation. Our findings highlight the role of simple behavioural rules for collective decision making by animal groups.</p>
Data from: Controlled feeding experiments with diets of different abrasiveness reveal slow development of mesowear signal in goats (Capra aegagrus hircus)
Dental mesowear is applied as a proxy to determine the general diet of mammalian herbivores based on tooth-cusp shape and occlusal relief. Low, blunt cusps are considered typical for grazers and high, sharp cusps typical for browsers. However, how internal or external abrasives impact mesowear, and the time frame the wear signature takes to develop, still need to be explored. Four different pelleted diets of increasing abrasiveness (lucerne, grass, grass and rice husks, grass, rice husks and sand) were fed to four groups of a total of 28 adult goats in a controlled feeding experiment over a six-month period. Tooth morphology was captured by medical CT scans at the beginning and end of the experiment. These scans, as well as the crania obtained postmortem, were scored using the mesowear method. Comparisons between diet groups only showed few significant differences after six months, irrespective of whether CT scans or the real teeth were scored. Only when assessing the difference in signal between start and end did relevant, significant diet-specific effects emerge. Diets containing lower phytolith content caused a more pronounced change in mesowear towards sharper cusps/higher reliefs, while the feed containing sand did not result in more extreme changes in mesowear when compared to the same feed without sand. Our experiment suggests that the formation of a stable and hence reliable mesowear signal requires more time to develop than six months.
Data from: Genomic analysis suggests KITLG is responsible for a roan pattern in two Pakistani goat breeds
The roan coat color pattern is described as the presence of white hairs intermixed with pigmented hairs. This kind of pigmentation pattern has been observed in many domestic species, including the goat. The molecular mechanisms and inheritance that underlie this pattern are known for some species and the KITLG gene has been shown associated with this phenotype. To date, no research effort has been done to find the gene(s) that controls roan coat color pattern in goats. In the present study, after genotyping with the GoatSNP50 BeadChip, 35 goats that showed a roan pattern and that belonged to two Pakistan breeds (Group A) were analyzed and then compared to 740 goats of 39 Italian and Pakistan goats breeds that did not have the same coat color pattern (Group B). Run of homozygosity-based and XP-EHH analyses were used to identify unique genomic regions potentially associated with the roan pattern. A total of 3 regions on chromosomes 5, 6 and 12 were considered unique among the group A versus B group comparisons. The A region > 1.7 Mb on chromosome 5 was the most divergent between the two groups. This region contains six genes, including the KITLG gene. Our findings support the hypothesis that the KITLG gene may be associated with the roan phenotype in goats.
Data from: Genetic diversity analyses reveal first insights into breed-specific selection signatures within Swiss goat breeds
We used genotype data from the caprine 50k Illumina BeadChip for the assessment of genetic diversity within and between 10 local Swiss goat breeds. Three different cluster methods allowed the goat samples to be assigned to the respective breed groups, whilst the samples of Nera Verzasca and Tessin Grey goats could not be differentiated from each other. The results of the different genetic diversity measures show that Appenzell, Toggenburg, Valais and Booted goats should be prioritized in future conservation activities. Furthermore, we examined runs of homozygosity (ROH) and compared genomic inbreeding coefficients based on ROH (FROH) with pedigree-based inbreeding coefficients (FPED). The linear relationship between FROH and FPED was confirmed for goats by including samples from the three main breeds (Saanen, Chamois and Toggenburg goats). FROH appears to be a suitable measure for describing levels of inbreeding in goat breeds with missing pedigree information. Finally, we derived selection signatures between the breeds. We report a total of 384 putative selection signals. The 25 most significant windows contained genes known for traits such as: coat color variation (MITF, KIT, ASIP), growth (IGF2, IGF2R, HRAS, FGFR3) and milk composition (PITX2). Several other putative genes involved in the formation of populations, which might have been selected for adaptation to the alpine environment, are highlighted. The results provide a contemporary background for the management of genetic diversity in local Swiss goat breeds.
A graph-based goat pangenome reveals structural variations involved in domestication and adaptation
<p>Data are organized as a folder and compressed with tar.gz.</p> <p> </p>
Assessment of animal diseases caused by bacteria resistant to antimicrobials: Sheep and goats- Appendix B: Excel file with all data extracted
<p>Information on all the full-text studies that were assessed, including the reason for exclusion for those that were excluded at the full-text screening and the data extracted from the included studies, can be consulted here. </p> <p>The extensive literature review was carried out by the University of Copenhagen under the contract OC/EFSA/ALPHA/2020/02 – LOT 1 (https://ted.europa.eu/udl?uri=TED:NOTICE:457654-2020:TEXT:EN:HTML)</p>
Genomic patterns of homozygosity and inbreeding depression in Murciano-Granadina goats
<p>Genotypic data from 1,040 Murciano-Granadina female goats genotyped with the Goat SNP50 BeadChip, as well as milk production records of 817 Murciano-Granadina goats for the traits milk yield measured in kilograms at 210 days (MY210), 240 days (MY240) and 305 days (MY305), the natural logarithm of the somatic cell count divided by 1,000 (lnSCC, to convert this value into a somatic cell count please use the formula: e<sup>lnSCC</sup> × 10<sup>3</sup> cells/mL), fat percentage (FP), protein percentage (PP) and lactose percentage (LP).</p>
Data from: Innate ability of goats to sense and avoid ingestion of noxious insects while feeding
Large mammalian herbivores regularly encounter noxious insects on their food plants. Recent evidence revealed that goats efficiently avoid insect ingestion while feeding, yet it is unknown whether this ability is innate. We experimentally examined the behavioural responses of naïve goat kids to a common insect, the spring-webworm (Ocnogyna loewii). We filmed and analysed the kids' behaviour while feeding and compared it to the behaviour described in adults. Naïve kids sorted the webworms apart from the food without ingesting them (all webworms survived). They exhibited behaviours similar to those displayed by adults, demonstrating an innate ability to avoid insect ingestion. The kids detected webworms using tactile stimulation, obtained by repeatedly touching the leaves with their muzzles. This enabled them to pick webworm-free leaves (leaving 93% of webworms behind). While adults frequently shook or discarded leaves with webworms or spat out webworms, these behaviours were rare in kids. The kids' mean feeding rates doubled over the trials, indicating that their feeding efficiency on plants with and without insects improved with experience. Since ingesting noxious insects could be fatal, innate avoidance is critical. These findings highlight the importance of direct interactions between mammalian and insect herbivores.
Diagnosis and Surgical Management of Gid in Nondescript Goat
<p>Coenurosis, also known as coenuruses, gid or sturdy, is a parasitic infection that developsin the intermediate hosts of some tapeworm species (Taenia multiceps, T. brauni, or T. glomerata). Coenurus cerebralisis the larval form of Taenia multiceps which is seen in the small intestines of carnivores. It is caused by the coenurus, the larval stage of these tapeworms. Infection occurs as a result of the oral intake of eggs spreading via fecal dumps of those animals by intermediate hosts. The disease occurs mainly in sheep, goat and other ungulates, but it may occur in humans by accidental ingestion of tapeworm eggs. Adult worms of these species develop in the small intestine of the definitive hosts (dogs, foxes and other canids), causing a disease from the group of taeniasis. Total 10 nondescript breed of goat were presented to the clinic of Bihar Veterinary College, Patna, Bihar (India) with the history of anorexia, bleating, ataxia, seizure, head pressing against the wall, circling movements, at times keeping the head upwards and walking in circle. Softening of skull bone at occipital region was seen. It was also diagnosed by the X-ray as radiolucent density above the occipital bone and a mild rarefaction was distinctly visible. Prior to reporting to the present clinic, it was treated with local veterinarian but no improvement was recorded. The case was tentatively diagnosed as of coenurosis and it was decided to remove the cysts surgically from subdural space after trephening the occipital bone. Goat was cast in lateral recumbency and site was prepared aseptically for surgical intervention. The exact site of cyst was the area between two horns. The goat was tranquilized with xylazine @ 0.1mg/kg body weight and anesthesia were obtained by local infiltration of 2% lignocaine hydrochloride solution at the central point of occipital region. A linear skin incision was made on the skin measuring 4-6 cm through fascia and periosteum at left side of occipital region. The bone and meninges were incised by a nick with scalpel blade and enlarged with scissors.</p>
Haw Par Villa Pig & Goat
Haw Par Villa Google Maps: <br> https://goo.gl/maps/YdpyJQvjk5SwsNBU8 Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Figure 6 from: Joshi A, Lanjekar VB, Dhakephalkar PK, Callaghan TM, Griffith GW, Dagar SS (2018) Liebetanzomyces polymorphus gen. et sp. nov., a new anaerobic fungus (Neocallimastigomycota) isolated from the rumen of a goat. MycoKeys 40: 89-110. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.40.28337
Figure 6 The ITS1 based maximum-likelihood tree is showing the phylogenetic position of Liebetanzomycespolymorphus with nearest uncultured clones and other members of phylum Neocallimastigomycota. Bootstrap values (>50%) based on 500 replicates are indicated at branching points. The GenBank accession number of each strain is listed in parentheses. Scale bar: 0.5 substitutions per site.
Figure 5 from: Joshi A, Lanjekar VB, Dhakephalkar PK, Callaghan TM, Griffith GW, Dagar SS (2018) Liebetanzomyces polymorphus gen. et sp. nov., a new anaerobic fungus (Neocallimastigomycota) isolated from the rumen of a goat. MycoKeys 40: 89-110. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.40.28337
Figure 5 The LSU based maximum-likelihood tree is showing the phylogenetic position of Liebetanzomycespolymorphus with other members of phylum Neocallimastigomycota. Bootstrap values (>50%) based on 500 replicates are indicated at branching points. The GenBank accession number of each strain is listed in parentheses. Scale bar: 0.1 substitutions per site.
Figure 4 from: Joshi A, Lanjekar VB, Dhakephalkar PK, Callaghan TM, Griffith GW, Dagar SS (2018) Liebetanzomyces polymorphus gen. et sp. nov., a new anaerobic fungus (Neocallimastigomycota) isolated from the rumen of a goat. MycoKeys 40: 89-110. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.40.28337
Figure 4 Phase contrast (A, C, E, G), fluorescence (B, D, F, H) and confocal (I) microscopic images of Liebetanzomycespolymorphus showing elongate (A–B) and triangular (C–D) sporangium filled with zoospores. Nuclei were seen in sporangium but not in sporangiophore (B) or rhizoidal system (F, H, I). No constrictions were observed in rhizoids. Scanning electron microscopy images of elongate (J) and globose (K) sporangium showing monocentric thallus. Scale bar: 20 µM (A–I); 10 µM (J–K).
Figure 2 from: Joshi A, Lanjekar VB, Dhakephalkar PK, Callaghan TM, Griffith GW, Dagar SS (2018) Liebetanzomyces polymorphus gen. et sp. nov., a new anaerobic fungus (Neocallimastigomycota) isolated from the rumen of a goat. MycoKeys 40: 89-110. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.40.28337
Figure 2 Microscopic features of Liebetanzomycespolymorphus showing pleomorphism in sporangial and rhizoidal structures, when grown on different carbon sources like rice straw (A), wheat straw (B), cellulose (C), xylan (D), starch (E), cellobiose (F), lactose (G), maltose (H), sucrose (I), glucose (J), xylose (K) and fructose (L). The exogenous sporangia appearing on a sporangiophore (A–B) and endogenous sporangia of different shapes (C–L) are shown. Scale bar: 20 µM.
Figure 3 from: Joshi A, Lanjekar VB, Dhakephalkar PK, Callaghan TM, Griffith GW, Dagar SS (2018) Liebetanzomyces polymorphus gen. et sp. nov., a new anaerobic fungus (Neocallimastigomycota) isolated from the rumen of a goat. MycoKeys 40: 89-110. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.40.28337
Figure 3 Microscopic images of Liebetanzomycespolymorphus. On rice straw (A–F) sporangia of varying sizes and shapes, like elongate (A), ellipsoid (B), ovoid (C), clavate (E) and globose (F). The zoospore cyst (A–C arrowed) is also visible, highlighting bipolar germination. Sporangiophore of varying length and shape, from short to long (A), sometimes eggcup shaped (C) and constricted (E arrowed) is shown. The sporangia with a papilla (D arrowed) and septum (B, C, D, E starred) are also indicated. Sporangia and thalli of irregular morphology on xylose (G–I) and cellobiose (J–L), including some pseudo-intercalary sporangia (J–L) can be observed. Scale bar: 20 µM.
Figure 1 from: Joshi A, Lanjekar VB, Dhakephalkar PK, Callaghan TM, Griffith GW, Dagar SS (2018) Liebetanzomyces polymorphus gen. et sp. nov., a new anaerobic fungus (Neocallimastigomycota) isolated from the rumen of a goat. MycoKeys 40: 89-110. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.40.28337
Figure 1 Macroscopic and microscopic features of Liebetanzomycespolymorphus. Colony morphology on agar roll tubes (A–C), showing the development of a colony attached (A) to a straw particle (arrowed), dense growth in the centre surrounded by numerous sporangia and zoospores (B–C) causing expansion of colony size. Growth in liquid medium showing a biofilm-like growth (D). Zoospores are spherical and Uniflagellate (E–F) or biflagellate (G). Germinating zoospore (H) showing a zoospore cyst (arrowed), presence and absence of sporangiophore indicating the endogenous and exogenous type of sporangial development (I) and different shapes of sporangia (I, J). Early stages of thallus development showing a single (K), bifurcated (L) and multifurcated (M) rhizoidal system. Scale bar: 1 mm (A–C); 10 µM (E–M).
Figure 2 in The effect of grazing by geese, goats, and fallow deer on soil mites (Acari)
Figure 2. Qualitative – quantitative similarities Bray–Curtis coefficient of Oribatida abundance at the study plots.
Figure 6 in The effect of grazing by geese, goats, and fallow deer on soil mites (Acari)
Figure 6. Percentage ratio of adult and juvenile oribatids at goat pasture and corresponding meadow. Oribatida: A_col – Achipteria coleoptrata, E_occ – Eupelops occultus, L_sim – Liebstadia similis, M_pul – Metabelba pulverosa, P_pel – Platynothrus peltifer, P_pun – Punctoribates punctum, S_lae –Scheloribates laevigatus, S_imm – Sellnickochthonius immaculatus, T_vel – Tectocepheus velatus, T_nov – Trichoribates novus.
Data from: Cross-modal recognition of familiar conspecifics in goats
When identifying other individuals, animals may match current cues with stored information about that individual from the same sensory modality. Animals may also be able to combine current information with previously acquired information from other sensory modalities, indicating that they possess complex cognitive templates of individuals that are independent of modality. We investigated whether goats (Capra hircus) possess cross-modal representations (auditory–visual) of conspecifics. We presented subjects with recorded conspecific calls broadcast equidistant between two individuals, one of which was the caller. We found that, when presented with a stablemate and another herd member, goats looked towards the caller sooner and for longer than the non-caller, regardless of caller identity. By contrast, when choosing between two herd members, other than their stablemate, goats did not show a preference to look towards the caller. Goats show cross-modal recognition of close social partners, but not of less familiar herd members. Goats may employ inferential reasoning when identifying conspecifics, potentially facilitating individual identification based on incomplete information. Understanding the prevalence of cross-modal recognition and the degree to which different sensory modalities are integrated provides insight into how animals learn about other individuals, and the evolution of animal communication.
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