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358 results for “hatching”
Spatiotemporal variation in hatching success and nestling sex ratios track rapid movement of a songbird hybrid zone
<p>Hybridization often occurs at the parapatric range interface between closely related species, but fitness outcomes vary: hybrid offspring exhibit diverse rates of viability and reproduction when compared to their parental species. The mobile hybrid zone between two chickadee congeners ( Poecile atricapillus x P. carolinensis ) has been well studied behaviorally and genetically but the viability of hybrids, as well as the underlying mechanisms contributing to hybrid fitness, have remained unclear. To better characterize the fitness costs of hybridization in this system, we analyzed 21 years of data from four sites, including over 1,400 breeding attempts by the two species, to show that rates of hatching success changed substantially as the zone of hybridization moved across the landscape. Admixture-associated declines in hatching success correlated with reduced proportions of heterogametic (female) offspring as predicted by Haldane's rule. Our data support an underlying mechanism implicating genetic admixture of the homogametic (male) parent as the primary determinant of offspring sex ratio, via incompatibilities on the hemizygous Z chromosome. Our long-term study is the first to directly measure changes in fitness costs as a vertebrate hybrid zone moves, and it shows that changes in these costs are a way to track the distribution of a hybrid zone across the landscape.</p>
Variation in incubation length and hatching asynchrony in Eastern Kingbirds: weather eclipses female effects
<p>Incubation length and hatching asynchrony are integral elements of the evolved reproductive strategies of birds and here we here quantify intra- and interpopulation variation in both traits for Eastern Kingbird (<i>Tyrannus tyrannus</i>) populations from New York (NY), Kansas (KS), and Oregon (OR). Multiple samples from a subset of females demonstrated that neither incubation length nor hatching asynchrony was repeatable, that both traits varied with a female trait (clutch size), but that variation in both incubation length and hatching asynchrony was to a substantial degree linked to weather, namely ambient temperature and precipitation. Incubation length exhibited the same median (15 days) and range (13 to 17 days) at all sites, and model selection results indicated that incubation periods were longer in NY than KS, among the smallest and largest clutches, when rain was frequent throughout the period when eggs were in the nest, in replacement nests, and likely when ambient temperatures were low during egg-laying. Full hatching usually required 2 days (but up to 3), and more synchronous hatching was associated with small clutch size, short incubation periods, frequent rain during the egg-laying period, and low ambient temperatures during the first half of incubation. Only 5% to 9% of nestlings starved and starvation was not associated with greater hatching asynchrony, indicating the nestling starvation was likely not a cost of hatching asynchrony. Thus, although clutch size, a female trait, contributed to variation in incubation length and hatching asynchrony, weather was a greater source of variation, especially for incubation length. Weather thus influences length of exposure of eggs to destructive forces (predators and severe weather), and as a consequence, climate change has the potential to influence reproductive success.</p>
Nocturnal emergence facilitated by thermally-induced hatching in the Chinese Softshell Turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis
<p><span>The coincidence of hatching timing and emergence events with favourable conditions is crucial for survival. Nocturnal emergence has been widely documented across marine and freshwater turtles and has long been suggested as an adaptive behaviour that reduces risk of heat stress and predation. However, our knowledge of emergence timing is mainly based on the observation of emergence events, and whether the timing of hatching is influenced by diel environmental factors remains largely unknown. Herein, we visually monitored the activity of the Chinese softshell turtle (<em>Pelodiscus sinensis</em>)—a shallow-nesting freshwater turtle—from hatching to emergence. Our data demonstrated that (i) the embryos within a single nest exhibited synchronous hatching; in particular, (ii) their synchronous hatching coincided with the period of decreased nest temperature. Further analysis indicated that pipping was specifically more likely to occur during the period of rapidly decreasing nest temperatures. Together, these results provide strong evidence for the existence of synchronous hatching in this freshwater, shallow-nesting turtle species, and that the timing for nest emergence may have already been selected at the hatching stage.</span></p>
Wisenden zebrafish embryo early hatching
<p>Plasticity in hatching time allows embryos to maximize fitness by balancing benefits and costs of remaining bound within the chorion against the benefits and costs of emerging as a free-swimming larva. In our first experiment, we exposed zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>) embryos to either chemical cues from crushed embryos (simulating egg predation) or to blank water control. Embryos exposed to alarm cues hatched sooner with shorter body lengths and underdeveloped fins relative to larvae from the water treatment. Burst swimming speed was significantly slower for larvae that hatched from the alarm cue treatment. In a second 2 x 2 experiment, we exposed zebrafish embryos to either chemical alarm cues from conspecific embryos, mechanical disturbance (magnetic stir bar) to simulate a predator probing the substrate for developing embryos, both chemical and mechanical indicators of risk, or neither (control). We found similar effects in terms of earlier time to hatch at an earlier stage of development and poorer swimming performance of hatchling larvae. In the second experiment these effects occurred in response to mechanical disturbance with or without the presence of chemical alarm cues. Alarm cues alone produced no effects in the second experiment. Taken together, these data indicate that zebrafish embryos demonstrate a facultative tradeoff between risk of predation acting on two stages of their life history.</p>
Supplementary material 3 from: Tanaka S (2017) Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) embryos monitor neighboring eggs for hatching synchrony. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 103-115. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.20935
Supplementary material 3 from: Tanaka S (2017) Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) embryos monitor neighboring eggs for hatching synchrony. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 103-115. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.20935
Supplementary material 1 from: Tanaka S (2017) Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) embryos monitor neighboring eggs for hatching synchrony. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 103-115. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.20935
Supplementary material 1 from: Tanaka S (2017) Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) embryos monitor neighboring eggs for hatching synchrony. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 103-115. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.20935
Supplementary material 2 from: Tanaka S (2017) Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) embryos monitor neighboring eggs for hatching synchrony. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 103-115. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.20935
Supplementary material 2 from: Tanaka S (2017) Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) embryos monitor neighboring eggs for hatching synchrony. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 103-115. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.20935
Supplementary material 4 from: Tanaka S (2017) Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) embryos monitor neighboring eggs for hatching synchrony. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 103-115. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.20935
Supplementary material 4 from: Tanaka S (2017) Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) embryos monitor neighboring eggs for hatching synchrony. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 103-115. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.20935
Resource for Hatch et al (2024), "What is the neutral wind in height-integrated electrodynamics?"
<p>Data and python scripts for creating figures in Hatch et al (2024), "What is the neutral wind in height-integrated ionospheric electrodynamics?"</p> <p>The 'data' folder contains PFISR measurements and neutral wind profiles needed for calculating the Hall- and Pedersen-weighted neutral winds. The 'scripts' folder contains python scripts.</p> <p>Figure 1: journal__20231228__plot_wind_profiles_grouped_by_day.py</p> <p>Figure 2: journal__20231209__look_at_swipe_for_rocket_times.py</p> <p>Figure 3: journal__20231220__is_it_any_better_to_use_neutralwind_at_160km_than_to_assume_uEq0QQ.py</p> <p>Figure 4: journal__20231209__look_at_swipe_for_rocket_times.py</p>
Supplementary materials related to the manuscript entitled "Crocodile mothers' response to hatching calls"
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FIGURE 42. Egg hatch from single field collected G in Crickets of the genus Gryllus in the United States (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae)
FIGURE 42. Egg hatch from single field collected G. firmus (S13-65) from near Schulenburg, TX, showing a mixed egg diapause pattern.
FIG. 8 in Multi-scale Assessment of Rock Barrens Turtle Nesting Habitat: Effects of Moisture and Temperature on Hatch Success
FIG. 8. Daily rainfall (mm) during the 2018 incubation period and average 15-minute soil saturation (%) at the bottom (solid line) and top (dashed line) of turtle nests (red, n ¼ 6) and haphazard sites (gray, n ¼ 6).
FIG. 6 in Multi-scale Assessment of Rock Barrens Turtle Nesting Habitat: Effects of Moisture and Temperature on Hatch Success
FIG. 6. Mean (6 range) daily soil temperature (8C) at the depth of the nest chamber center during the 2018 incubation season for turtle nests (n ¼ 6, red) and paired haphazard sites (n ¼ 6, light gray).
FIG. 7 in Multi-scale Assessment of Rock Barrens Turtle Nesting Habitat: Effects of Moisture and Temperature on Hatch Success
FIG. 7. Diel soil temperature (8C) pattern for turtle nests (n ¼ 6, red line) and paired haphazard sites (n ¼ 6, gray line) measured hourly (points) at depths equivalent to the bottom (A) and top (B) of the nest chambers during the 2018 summer incubation period.
FIG. 2 in Multi-scale Assessment of Rock Barrens Turtle Nesting Habitat: Effects of Moisture and Temperature on Hatch Success
FIG. 2. Mean (695% confidence interval) hourly soil temperature (8C) at the depth of the nest chamber top (A) and bottom (B) for turtle nests during the 2018 (n ¼ 6) and 2019 (n ¼ 6) incubation period. Nest were laid in sites with a crevice (red line, n ¼ 3), ledge (gray line, n ¼ 5), or flat (black line, n ¼ 4) bedrock morphology.
FIG. 5 in Multi-scale Assessment of Rock Barrens Turtle Nesting Habitat: Effects of Moisture and Temperature on Hatch Success
FIG. 5. Mean (6 SE) soil saturation (%) recession curves after rainfall events for sections of the turtle nest cavities with 100% hatch success (red line, n ¼ 8) and 0% hatch success (gray line, n ¼ 9) during the 2018 and 2019 incubation periods (A). Mean (6 SE) soil saturation (%) recession curves after rainfall events for turtle nests (red line, n ¼ 6) and paired haphazard sites (gray line, n ¼ 6) during the 2018 incubation period (B).
FIG. 3 in Multi-scale Assessment of Rock Barrens Turtle Nesting Habitat: Effects of Moisture and Temperature on Hatch Success
FIG. 3. Predicted probability (695% confidence intervals) of turtle egg hatch success (n ¼ 105) in relation to mean daily soil temperature (8C) when variance of percent soil saturation during incubation was high (standard deviation of 20% saturation, gray) compared to low (standard deviation of 10% saturation, red). Mean daily incubation temperature is shown for each turtle egg and black circles represent sample size (1–3 eggs [small circle], 4–6 eggs [medium circle], or 7þ eggs [large circle]).
FIG. 1 in Multi-scale Assessment of Rock Barrens Turtle Nesting Habitat: Effects of Moisture and Temperature on Hatch Success
FIG. 1. In a rock barrens landscape in the eastern Georgian Bay region (A), turtles nest in shallow soil deposits underlain by bedrock which can be classified as having either a crevice (B), ledge (C), or flat (D) morphology.
Рис. 11. ВыΛупΛение в гнёзΑах скаΛьных гоΛубей Columba rupestris. Уссурийский гороΑской округ, окрестности сеΛа НовоникоΛьск. 1–3 — 27.03.2022; 4 — 03.05.2022. Фото À. В. Коробова Fig. 11. Hatching in the nests of hill pigeons Columba rupestris. Ussuriysky City District, vicinity of the village of Novonikolsk. 1–3 — 27.03.2022; 4 — 03.05.2022. Photo by D. V. Korobov растений (нереΑко жестких, в частности, ΑопоΛнитеΛьно испоΛьзоваΛи сухие Λистья, поΛыни Artemisia sp.). Часто в гнезΑах при- пропиΛеновые нити, кусочки поΛиэтиΛена, сутствуют перья (преимущественно махо- а 3 мая 2022 гоΑа в окрестностях сеΛа Новые) скаΛьных, реже сизых гоΛубей и Αру- воникоΛьск быΛо найΑено гнезΑо, основу гих птиц. В некоторых Αругих сΛучаях в которого составΛяΛи обгоревшие кусочки качестве строитеΛьного материаΛа гоΛуби корΑа автомобиΛьного коΛеса, сожженного Рис. 12. ГнёзΑа скаΛьных гоΛубей Columba rupestris. 1 — с оперенными птенцами, Пограничный район, мост через реку СтуΑёная, 12.07.2007, фото À.В. Коробова; 2 — посΛе выΛета птенцов, Δазовский район, мост через кΛюч ЗвёзΑочка, 25.05.2022, фото В. П. Шохрина Fig. 12. Nests of hill pigeons Columba rupestris. 1 — with feathered chicks, Pogranichny District, bridge over the Studenaya River, 12.07.2007. Photo by D.V. Korobov; 2 — after the chicks have flown out, Lazovsky District, bridge over Zvezdochka Spring, 25.05.2022. Photo by V. P. Shokhrin in About breeding biology of the hill pigeon Columba rupestris in Primorsky Krai
Рис. 11. ВыΛупΛение в гнёзΑах скаΛьных гоΛубей Columba rupestris. Уссурийский гороΑской округ, окрестности сеΛа НовоникоΛьск. 1–3 — 27.03.2022; 4 — 03.05.2022. Фото À. В. Коробова Fig. 11. Hatching in the nests of hill pigeons Columba rupestris. Ussuriysky City District, vicinity of the village of Novonikolsk. 1–3 — 27.03.2022; 4 — 03.05.2022. Photo by D. V. Korobov растений (нереΑко жестких, в частности, ΑопоΛнитеΛьно испоΛьзоваΛи сухие Λистья, поΛыни Artemisia sp.). Часто в гнезΑах при- пропиΛеновые нити, кусочки поΛиэтиΛена, сутствуют перья (преимущественно махо- а 3 мая 2022 гоΑа в окрестностях сеΛа Новые) скаΛьных, реже сизых гоΛубей и Αру- воникоΛьск быΛо найΑено гнезΑо, основу гих птиц. В некоторых Αругих сΛучаях в которого составΛяΛи обгоревшие кусочки качестве строитеΛьного материаΛа гоΛуби корΑа автомобиΛьного коΛеса, сожженного Рис. 12. ГнёзΑа скаΛьных гоΛубей Columba rupestris. 1 — с оперенными птенцами, Пограничный район, мост через реку СтуΑёная, 12.07.2007, фото À.В. Коробова; 2 — посΛе выΛета птенцов, Δазовский район, мост через кΛюч ЗвёзΑочка, 25.05.2022, фото В. П. Шохрина Fig. 12. Nests of hill pigeons Columba rupestris. 1 — with feathered chicks, Pogranichny District, bridge over the Studenaya River, 12.07.2007. Photo by D.V. Korobov; 2 — after the chicks have flown out, Lazovsky District, bridge over Zvezdochka Spring, 25.05.2022. Photo by V. P. Shokhrin
Supplementary_Gene ontology defines pre-post- hatch energy dynamics in the complexus muscle of broiler chickens
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