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1,488 results for “helping”
Datasets used in 'Streambed hydraulic conductivity estimated by spectral induced polarization imaging can help to improve groundwater modeling'
<p>These datasets pertain to the manuscript entitled 'Streambed hydraulic conductivity estimated by spectral induced polarization imaging can help to improve groundwater modeling', which is currently submitted for revision in Water Resources Research. They comprise raw data from measurements taken in the field at 2 sites in terms of (1) pressure time series during the performed slug tests, (2) impedance from spectral induced polarization, (3) submersion levels of the used electrodes below the top of the water column, and (4) three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates relating the measurements spatially. The coordinates have been projected to a local coordinate system for each site, to comply with a non-disclosure agreement of the measurement locations. The projection of the coordinates still allows to fully reproduce the presented results, if using the methods described in the manuscript. The naming convention throughout the datasets is consistent with site labels used in the manuscript. All data is given as comma-separated values with intuitive file names and self-explanatory headers containing a list of field names. The slug test data includes multiple repetitions of the same measurement, and the impedance measurements contain normal as well as reciprocal readings – as described in the manuscript.</p> <p>The data is separated into two compressed file archives, named according to the site names given in the manuscript. Each file pertaining to slug tests at a certain location, in the subfolder “slugTestRecordings” has the following naming convention: “<locationTag>_<finalDepth>.csv”, where <locationTag> corresponds to the local coordinates given in “coordinates.txt”, and where <finalDepth> is an integer describing the largest depth in cm at which a slug test was performed according to the protocol described in the manuscript. Each file pertaining to impedance measurements at a certain profile, in the subfolder “SIPRecordings”, has the following naming convention: “<locationTag>_<frequency>.dat”, where <locationTag> corresponds to the local coordinates given in “coordinates.txt”, and where <frequency> is a zero-padded integer describing the measurement frequency in Hz at which the measurement was performed according to the protocol described in the manuscript. Submersion levels of the electrodes below the top of the stream’s water column are given in m in the file “submersionLevels.txt”, corresponding to the local coordinates given in “coordinates.txt”. The local coordinates given in m in “coordinates.txt” have the following convention for the column “locationTag”: “<profileTag>-<electrodeNumber>, where <profileTag> pertains to a name of the electrical array and <electrodeNumber”> is a continuous number for the electrode. Slug tests were exclusively perfomed at the location of electrodes and files are, thus, as described above, named accordingly.</p>
Artificial night light helps account for observer bias in citizen science monitoring of an expanding large mammal population
1. The integration of citizen scientists into ecological research is transforming how, where, and when data are collected, and expanding the potential scales of ecological studies. Citizen-science projects can provide numerous benefits for participants, while educating and connecting professionals with lay audiences, potentially increasing acceptance of conservation and management actions. However, for all the benefits, collection of citizen-science data is often biased towards areas that are easily accessible (e.g. developments and roadways), and thus data are usually affected by issues typical of opportunistic surveys (e.g. uneven sampling effort). These areas are usually illuminated by artificial light at night (ALAN), a dynamic sensory stimulus that alters the perceptual world for both humans and wildlife. 2. Our goal was to test whether satellite-based measures of ALAN could improve our understanding of the detection process of citizen scientist-reported sightings of a large mammal. 3. We collected observations of American black bears (Ursus americanus; n = 1,315) outside their primary range in Minnesota, USA, as part of a study to gauge population expansion. Participants from the public provided sighting locations of bears on a website. We used an occupancy modelling framework to determine how well ALAN accounted for observer metrics when compared to other commonly used metrics (e.g. housing density). 4. Citizen scientists reported 17% of bear sightings were under artificially-lit conditions and monthly ALAN estimates did the best job accounting for spatial bias in detection of all observations, based on AIC values and effect sizes (β ^ = 0.81, 0.71 – 0.90 95% CI). Bear detection increased with elevated illuminance; relative abundance was positively associated with natural cover, closer proximity to primary bear range and lower road density. Although the highest counts of bear sightings occurred in the highly illuminated suburbs of the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan region, we estimated substantially higher bear abundance in another region with plentiful natural cover and low ALAN (up to 275% increased predicted relative abundance) where observations were sparse. 5. We demonstrate the importance of considering ALAN radiance when analyzing citizen scientist-collected data, and we highlight the ways that ALAN data provides a dynamic snapshot of human activity. 31-Jul-2020
Integrating floral trait and flowering time distribution patterns help reveal a more dynamic nature of co-flowering community assembly processes
<p>Species' floral traits and flowering times are known to be the major drivers of pollinator-mediated plant-plant interactions in diverse co-flowering communities. However, their simultaneous role in mediating plant community assembly and plant-pollinator interactions is still poorly understood. Since not all species flower at the same time, inference of facilitative and competitive interactions based on floral trait distribution patterns should account for fine phenological structure (intensity of flowering overlap) within co-flowering communities. Such an approach may also help reveal the simultaneous action of competitive and facilitative interactions in structuring co-flowering communities.</p> <p>Here we used modularity within a co-flowering network context, as a novel approach to detect convergent and/or over-dispersed patterns in floral trait distribution and pollinator sharing. Specifically, we evaluate differences in floral trait and pollinator distribution patterns within (high temporal flowering overlap) and among co-flowering modules (low temporal flowering overlap). We further evaluate the consistency of observed floral trait and pollinator sharing distribution patterns across space (three geographic regions) and time (dry and rainy seasons).</p> <p>We found that floral trait similarity was significantly higher in plant species within co-flowering modules than in species among them. This suggests pollinator facilitation may lead to floral trait convergence, but only within co-flowering modules. However, our results also revealed seasonal and spatial shifts in the underlying interactions (facilitation or competition) driving co-flowering assembly, suggesting that the prevalent dominant interactions are not static.</p> <p>Synthesis: Overall, we provide strong evidence showing that the use of flowering time and floral trait distribution alone may be insufficient to fully uncover the role of pollinator-mediated interactions in community assembly. Integrating this information along with patterns of pollinator sharing will greatly help reveal the simultaneous action of facilitative and competitive pollinator-mediated interactions in co-flowering communities. The spatial and temporal variation in flowering and trait distribution patterns observed further emphasize the importance of adopting a more dynamic view of community assembly processes.</p>
Data for: Feedback between coevolution and epidemiology can help or hinder the maintenance of genetic variation in host-parasite models
<p>Antagonistic coevolution has long been suggested to help maintain host genetic variation. While, ecological and epidemiological feedbacks are known to have important consequences on coevolutionary allele frequency dynamics, their effects on the maintenance of genetic variation remains poorly understood.Here, we extend our previous work on the maintenance of genetic variation in a classic matching-alleles coevolutionary model by exploring the effects of ecological and epidemiological feedbacks, where both allele frequencies and population sizes are allowed to vary over time. We find that coevolution rarely maintains more host genetic variation than expected under neutral genetic drift alone. When and if coevolution maintains or depletes genetic variation relative to neutral drift is determined, predominantly, by two factors: the deterministic stability of the Red Queen allele frequency cycles and the chance of allele fixation in the pathogen, as this results in directional selection and depletion of genetic variation in the host. Compared to purely coevolutionary models with constant host and pathogen population sizes, ecological and epidemiological feedbacks stabilize Red Queen cycles deterministically, but population fluctuations in the pathogen increase the rate of allele fixation in the pathogen, especially in epidemiological models. Our results illustrate the importance of considering the ecological and epidemiological context in which coevolution occurs when examining the impact of Red Queen cycles on genetic variation.</p>
Low oxygen levels can help to prevent the detrimental effect of acute warming on mitochondrial efficiency in fish
<p>Aerobic metabolism of aquatic ectotherms is highly sensitive to fluctuating climates. Many mitochondrial traits exhibit phenotypic plasticity in response to acute variations in temperature and oxygen availability. These responses are critical for understanding the effects of environmental variations on aquatic ectotherms performance. Using the European seabass, <i>Dicentrarchus labrax</i>, we determined the effects of acute warming and deoxygenation <i>in vitro </i>on mitochondrial respiratory capacities and mitochondrial efficiency to produce ATP (ATP/O ratio). We show that acute warming reduced ATP/O ratio but deoxygenation marginally raised ATP/O ratio, leading to compensatory effect of low oxygen availability on mitochondrial ATP/O ratio at high temperature. The acute effect of warming and deoxygenation on mitochondrial efficiency might be related to the leak of protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane, as the mitochondrial respiration required to counteract the proton leak increased with warming and decreased with deoxygenation. Our study underlines the importance of integrating the combined effects of temperature and oxygen availability on mitochondrial metabolism. Predictions on decline in performance of aquatic ectotherms due to climate change may not be accurate, since these predictions typically look at respiratory capacity and ignore efficiency of ATP production.</p>
Data from: Cryptic diversity in the Mexican highlands: thousands of UCE loci help illuminate phylogenetic relationships, species limits and divergence times of montane rattlesnakes (Viperidae: Crotalus)
With the continued adoption of genome-scale data in evolutionary biology comes the challenge of adequately harnessing the information to make accurate phylogenetic inferences. Coalescent-based methods of species tree inference have become common, and concatenation has been shown in simulation to perform well, particularly when levels of incomplete lineage sorting are low. However, simulation conditions are often overly simplistic, leaving empiricists with uncertainty regarding analytical tools. We use a large ultraconserved element (UCE) data set (>3000 loci) from rattlesnakes of the Crotalus triseriatus group to delimit lineages and estimate species trees using concatenation and several coalescent-based methods. Unpartitioned and partitioned maximum-likelihood and Bayesian analysis of the concatenated matrix yield a topology identical to coalescent analysis of a subset of the data in bpp. ASTRAL analysis on a subset of the more variable loci also result in a tree consistent with concatenation and bpp, whereas the SVDquartets phylogeny differs at additional nodes. The size of the concatenated matrix has a strong effect on species-tree inference using SVDquartets, warranting additional investigation on optimal data characteristics for this method. Species-delimitation analyses suggest up to 16 unique lineages may be present within the C. triseriatus group, with divergences occurring during the Neogene and Quaternary. Network analyses suggest hybridization within the group is relatively rare. Altogether, our results reaffirm the Mexican highlands as a biodiversity hotspot and suggest that coalescent-based species-tree inference on data subsets can provide a strongly supported species tree consistent with concatenation of all loci with a large amount of missing data.
Influence of Coupled Changes on Help Seeking Strategy
<p>The data set includes the results on the influence on coupled file changes on the help seeking locations and their sequence during maintenance tasks.</p>
Supplementary Tables for Can leafhoppers help us trace the impact of climate change on agriculture?
<p>Supplementary Tables for the Preprint entitled: Can leafhoppers help us trace the impact of climate change on agriculture? to be posted in bioRxiv. </p> <p><strong>Table S1. </strong>Detailed information on the strawberry fields included in this study.</p> <p><strong>Table S2</strong>. Detailed information on the weather stations used to retrieve temperature and precipitation data used in this study </p> <p><strong>Table S3. </strong>Strawberry samples analyzed in this study with symptoms resembling strawberry green petal phytoplasma disease during both growing seasons studied here.</p> <p><strong>Table S4.</strong> The geographic location of all the strawberry green petal phytoplasma disease cases reported to the provincial laboratory in expertise in diagnostic and phytopathology in the last decade.</p> <p><strong>Table S5.</strong> Leafhopper species and the number of specimens per species analyzed by phytoplasma-specific PCR to detect the presence of the pathogen.</p> <p><strong>Table S6.</strong> Detailed information on the leafhoppers incubated with strawberry plants during the phytoplasma transmission assays.</p> <p><strong>Table S7.</strong> Detailed information on <em>Macosteles quadrilineatus</em> used to study the leafhopper microbiome.</p> <p><strong>Table S8. </strong>Detailed information on the insecticides used by strawberry growers during both grow seasons included in the study and those treatments selected for further statistic analyses.</p> <p><strong>Table S9. </strong>Identification and number of leafhopper species captured in strawberry fields in each geographic region screened in this study.</p> <p><strong>Table S10. </strong>Detailed information of diversity indexes Shannon and Simpson calculated using the data collected in this study.</p> <p><strong>Table S11.</strong> Fixed days and temperature values used during leafhopper populations modelling.</p> <p><strong>Table S12.</strong> Detailed information on the taxonomy of the phytoplasma strain SbGPQ affecting strawberry plants in eastern Canada by hybridization and illumine sequencing and by PCR amplification, cloning and Sanger sequencing.</p> <p><strong>Table S13.</strong> Detailed information on <em>Macosteles quadrilineatus</em> microbiome including OTUs, reads, and metadata information.</p> <p><strong>Table S14.</strong> Detailed information on the core microbiome for <em>Macosteles quadrilineatus</em> captured during each growing season and in common for all the leafhoppers analyzed during this study.</p> <p><strong>Table S15. </strong><span>BIC values for models selection. </span></p>
Using a standardized sound set to help characterize misophonia: The international affective digitized sounds
<p>Misophonia is a condition characterized by negative affect, intolerance, and functional impairment in response to particular repetitive sounds usually made by others (e.g., chewing, sniffing, pen tapping) and associated stimuli. To date, researchers have largely studied misophonia using self-report measures. As the field is quickly expanding, assessment approaches need to advance to include more objective measures capable of differentiating those with and without misophonia. Although several studies have used sounds as experimental stimuli, few have used standardized stimuli sets with demonstrated reliability or validity. To conduct rigorous research to better understand misophonia, it is important to have an easily accessible, standardized set of acoustic stimuli for use across studies. Accordingly, in the present study, the International Affective Digitized Sounds (IADS-2), developed by Bradley and Lang [1], were used to determine whether participants with misophonia responded to certain standardized sounds differently than a control group. Participants were 377 adults (132 participants with misophonia and 245 controls) recruited from an online platform to complete several questionnaires and respond to four probes (arousal, valence, similarity to personally relevant aversive sounds, and sound avoidance) in response to normed pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral IADS-2 sounds. Findings indicated that compared to controls, participants with high misophonia symptoms rated pleasant and neutral sounds as significantly more (a) arousing and similar to trigger sounds in their everyday life, (b) unpleasant, and (c) likely to be avoided in everyday life. For future scientific and clinical innovation, we include a ranked list of IADS-2 stimuli differentiating responses in those with and without misophonia, which we call the IADS-M.</p>
The Influence of Code Comments on the Perceived Helpfulness of Stack Overflow Posts (Supplementary Material)
<p>Question-and-answer platforms such as Stack Overflow have become an important way for software developers to share and retrieve knowledge. However, reusing poorly understood code can lead to serious problems, such as bugs or security vulnerabilities. To better understand the role of code comments in the perceived helpfulness of answers on Stack Overflow, we conducted an online experiment simulating a Stack Overflow environment (n=91). The results indicate that block comments in particular were perceived as significantly more helpful than uncommented source code, especially by novices. Novices also found code snippets with block comments more helpful than those with inline comments. Interestingly, other surface features, such as the position of an answer and its usefulness score, were considered less important. The content of Stack Overflow has been a major source for training large language models. Although AI-based coding assistants such as GitHub Copilot, which are based on these models, might change the way Stack Overflow is used, our findings have implications beyond this specific platform. First, the findings of this study may help improve the ongoing relevance of community-driven platforms like Stack Overflow that provide human advice and explanations of code solutions to complement AI-based support for programmers. Second, since chat-based tools can be prompted to generate code in different ways, knowing which properties influence the perceived helpfulness of code snippets is beneficial.</p>
Dataset for "Pop Quiz! Can a Large Language Model Help WIth Reverse Engineering?"
<p>Source files and scripts for the test framework used in evaluating OpenAI's code-davinci-001 (also known as davinci-codex) model for reverse engineering tasks. All results presented in the associated manuscript are preserved in this dataset, or you can use it to perform additional experiments or re-generate the results.</p>
Supporting data for "Riparian buffers can help mitigate biodiversity declines in oil palm agriculture"; doi.org/10.1002/fee.2473
<b>Description: </b><p>Ecological data underpinning the Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment publication "Riparian buffers can help mitigate biodiversity declines in oil palm agriculture" (doi.org/10.1002/fee.2473). <br><br>Data describe species abundance and community composition for 377 species and eight taxonomic groups (insect larvae, dragonflies, dung beetles, fish, frogs, birds, small mammals, large mammals) across 345 riparian sampling locations at the Stability of Altered Forest Ecosystems (SAFE) project study site and surrounding oil palm plantations. Sampling locations captured four distinct riparian habitat treatments across the study site: recovering logged forest (LF), heavily disturbed forest (HDF), riparian buffers (RB) and oil palm rivers (ROP). Compositional metrics are provided for all species within a taxonomic group and forest dependent species only. Forest-dependence was defined based on the sensitivity of a species to habitat conversion according expert opinion. Riparian characteristics used as covariates in hierarchical models, defining the extent and quality of available forest habitat in the immediate vicinity of each sampling locations, are also provided. <br><br>Please note that the raw data underpinning the biodiversity summaries provided are also available for a select number of the taxonomic groups studied:<br>- Dung beetles: https://zenodo.org/record/3906118#.YTY_To5KiUk; https://zenodo.org/record/3906441#.YTY_a45KiUk<br>- Fish: https://zenodo.org/record/4072959#.YTY_pY5KiUk<br>- Frogs: https://zenodo.org/record/1995439#.YTY_z45KiUk<br><br>For specific taxonomic queries, including potential collaborations, please direct enquiries to the lead researcher of that group:<br>- Insect larave/dragonflies: Dr Sarah H. Luke<br>- Dung beetles: Asst. Prof. Eleanor M. Slade; Dr Joseph Williamson<br>- Fish: Dr Clare L. Wilkinson<br>- Frogs: Dr Oliver Konppik (contact details currently unavailable)<br>- Birds: Dr Simon L. Mitchell<br>- Small mammals: Dr Henry Bernard; Dr Matthew J. Struebig<br>- Large mammals: Dr Nicolas J. Deere; Dr Matthew J. Struebig </p><p><b>Project: </b>This dataset was collected as part of the following SAFE research project: <a href="https://safeproject.net/projects/project_view/26"><b>Understanding covariation between mammalian diversity and forest carbon across a human-modified tropical landscape</b></a></p><p><b>Funding: </b>These data were collected as part of research funded by: </p><ul><li>NERC (Human Modified Tropical Forests Programme, NE/K016407/1, <a href="http://lombok.nerc-hmtf.info/">http://lombok.nerc-hmtf.info/</a>)</li><li>NERC (Human Modified Tropical Forests Programme, NE/K016261/1, <a href="http://lombok.nerc-hmtf.info/">http://lombok.nerc-hmtf.info/</a>)</li><li>British Council and Malaysian Industry Government Group for High Technology (Newton-Ungku Omar Fund, 216433953.0, <a href="http://www.newtonfund.ac.uk/about/about-partner-countries/malaysia/">http://www.newtonfund.ac.uk/about/about-partner-countries/malaysia/</a>)</li><li>British Council and Malaysian Industry Government Group for High Technology (Newton-Ungku Omar Fund, 537134717.0, <a href="http://www.newtonfund.ac.uk/about/about-partner-countries/malaysia/">http://www.newtonfund.ac.uk/about/about-partner-countries/malaysia/</a>)</li></ul><p>This dataset is released under the CC-BY 4.0 licence, requiring that you cite the dataset in any outputs, but has the additional condition that you acknowledge the contribution of these funders in any outputs.</p><p></p><p><b>XML metadata: </b>GEMINI compliant metadata for this dataset is available <a href="https://safeproject.net/datasets/xml_metadata?id=6477764">here</a></p><p><b>Files: </b>This consists of 1 file: FEE_DataDeposition.xlsx</p><p><b>FEE_DataDeposition.xlsx</b></p><p>This file contains dataset metadata and 5 data tables:</p><ol><li><p><b>Forest-dependence classification</b> (described in worksheet Species classification)</p><p>Description: Forest-dependence classification of 377 species based on sensitivity to habitat conversion according to expert opinion</p><p>Number of fields: 3</p><p>Number of data rows: 377</p><p>Fields: </p><ul><li><b>Taxa</b>: Coarse taxonomic classification for each family/species (Field type: categorical)</li><li><b>Scientific_name</b>: Taxon identifier, resolved to family for insect larvae and species for all other taxonomic groups (Field type: taxa)</li><li><b>Habitat_specialism</b>: Degree of forest-dependence based on sensitivity to habitat conversion. NB: as insect larvae could not be reliably identified to species level, this group was excluded from classification (Field type: categorical)</li></ul></li><li><p><b>Species-specific biodiversity measures</b> (described in worksheet Species data)</p><p>Description: Abundance and presence/absence data for 377 species across 334 sampling locations. These data were implemented in the meta-analysis and abundance-related components of the publication</p><p>Number of fields: 6</p><p>Number of data rows: 39460</p><p>Fields: </p><ul><li><b>Site_ID</b>: Unique alphanumeric identifier of riparian sampling locations (Field type: location)</li><li><b>Treatment</b>: Riparian habitat treatment within which sampling was conducted: LF = recovering logged forest; HDF = heavily disturbed forest; RR = riparian reserve; ROP = oil palm river (Field type: categorical)</li><li><b>Taxa</b>: Coarse taxonomic classification for each family/species (Field type: categorical)</li><li><b>Scientific_name</b>: Taxon identifier, resolved to family for insect larvae and species for all other taxonomic groups (Field type: taxa)</li><li><b>Abundance</b>: Relative abundance of the family/species at the sampling location (Field type: abundance)</li><li><b>Spp_Present</b>: Presence/absence of family/species at the sampling location (Field type: abundance)</li></ul></li><li><p><b>Community intactness measures (all species)</b> (described in worksheet Community data (all species))</p><p>Description: Community composition metrics for eight taxonomic groups across plantation rivers (RR and ROP). All species present in the community were included in the calculation of these measures</p><p>Number of fields: 5</p><p>Number of data rows: 276</p><p>Fields: </p><ul><li><b>Site_ID</b>: Unique alphanumeric identifier of riparian sampling locations (Field type: location)</li><li><b>Taxa</b>: Taxon identifier, resolved to family for insect larvae and species for all other taxonomic groups (Field type: taxa)</li><li><b>Rarefied_SpeciesRichness</b>: Community-level metric representing the number of unique species encountered at a sampling location (Field type: numeric trait)</li><li><b>Relative_Richness</b>: Relative measure of community intactness representing the proportion of species found at a sampling species compared to the mean rarefied richness observed at recovering logged forest sites (Field type: numeric trait)</li><li><b>Sorensen_Similarity</b>: Relative measure of cimmunity intactness representing compositional similarity between the sampling location and average community composition across recovering logged forest sites. The index ranges from zero (complete taxonomic seperation) to one (identical community structure) (Field type: numeric trait)</li></ul></li><li><p><b>Community intactness measures (forest-dependents)</b> (described in worksheet Community data (for. dependent))</p><p>Description: Community composition metrics for eight taxonomic groups across plantation rivers (RR and ROP). Only forest-dependent species were included in the calculation of these measures</p><p>Number of fields: 5</p><p>Number of data rows: 276</p><p>Fields: </p><ul><li><b>Site_ID</b>: Unique alphanumeric identifier of riparian sampling locations (Field type: location)</li><li><b>Taxa</b>: Taxon identifier, resolved to family for insect larvae and species for all other taxonomic groups (Field type: taxa)</li><li><b>Rarefied_SpeciesRichness</b>: Community-level metric representing the number of unique species encountered at a sampling location (Field type: numeric trait)</li><li><b>Relative_Richness</b>: Relative measure of community intactness representing the proportion of species found at a sampling species compared to the mean rarefied richness observed at recovering logged forest sites (Field type: numeric trait)</li><li><b>Sorensen_Similarity</b>: Relative measure of cimmunity intactness representing compositional similarity between the sampling location and average community composition across recovering logged forest sites. The index ranges from zero (complete taxonomic seperation) to one (identical community structure) (Field type: numeric trait)</li></ul></li><li><p><b>Site-specific riparian characteristics</b> (described in worksheet Site covariates)</p><p>Description: Riparian characteristics describing the extent and quality of available forest habitat across 334 sampling locations</p><p>Number of fields: 10</p><p>Number of data rows: 329</p><p>Fields: </p><ul><li><b>Site_ID</b>: Unique alphanumeric identifier of riparian sampling locations (Field type: location)</li><li><b>fSite</b>: Numeric identifier used to group sampling locations from the same river. Implemented to define spatial random effects in hierarchical models. Only relevant for plantation rivers (RR and ROP) (Field type: id)</li><li><b>Treatment</b>: Riparian habitat treatment within which sampling was conducted: LF = recovering logged forest; HDF = heavily disturbed forest; RR = riparian reserve; ROP = oil palm river (Field type: categorical)</li><li><b>Reserve_Width</b>: Terrestrial width of riparian buffer. Only relevant for plantation rivers (RR and ROP) (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>AGB_30m</b>: Forest quality in the immediate vicinity of the sampling location. Quality is expressed using above ground biomass, which reflects stand structural integrity (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>AGB_50m</b>: Forest quality in the immediate vicinity of the sampling location. Quality is expressed using above ground biomass, which reflects stand structural integrity (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>AGB_100m</b>: Forest quality in the immediate vicinity of the sampling location. Quality is expressed using above ground biomass, which reflects stand structural integrity (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>AGB_250m</b>: Forest quality in the immediate vicinity of the sampling location. Quality is expressed using above ground biomass, which reflects stand structural integrity (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>AGB_500m</b>: Forest quality in the immediate vicinity of the sampling location. Quality is expressed using above ground biomass, which reflects stand structural integrity (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>ForCov</b>: Proportion of available forest habitat at the scale of water catchment (Field type: numeric)</li></ul></li></ol><p><b>Date range: </b>2011-04-01 to 2018-03-31</p><p><b>Latitudinal extent: </b>4.3000 to 4.8100</p><p><b>Longitudinal extent: </b>117.1500 to 117.7000</p><p><b>Taxonomic coverage: </b><br> All taxon names are validated against the GBIF backbone taxonomy. If a dataset uses a synonym, the accepted usage is shown followed by the dataset usage in brackets. Taxa that cannot be validated, including new species and other unknown taxa, morphospecies, functional groups and taxonomic levels not used in the GBIF backbone are shown in square brackets.</p><div> -  Animalia <br> -  -  Arthropoda <br> -  -  -  Insecta <br> -  -  -  -  Odonata <br> -  -  -  -  -  Calopterygidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neurobasis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neurobasis longipes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Chlorogomphidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Euphaeidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Euphaea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Euphaea impar</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Euphaea subcostalis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dysphaea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dysphaea dimidiata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Gomphidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ictinogomphus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ictinogomphus decoratus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Libellulidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cratilla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cratilla lineata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trithemis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trithemis aurora</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trithemis festiva</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orthetrum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orthetrum chrysis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orthetrum glaucum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orthetrum testaceum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neurothemis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neurothemis fluctuans</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neurothemis ramburii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onychothemis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onychothemis culminicola</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Zygonyx</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Zygonyx iris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Platycnemididae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Copera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Copera vittata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Coenagrionidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pseudagrion</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pseudagrion pilidorsum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Chlorocyphidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhinocypha</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhinocypha aurofulgens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhinocypha humeralis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Heliocypha</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Heliocypha biseriata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Libellago</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Libellago semiopaca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Protoneuridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prodasineura</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prodasineura verticalis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Megapodagrionidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhinagrion</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhinagrion elopurae</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Coleoptera <br> -  -  -  -  -  Elmidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Gyrinidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Psephenidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Scirtidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Scarabaeidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus hidakai</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Microcopris hidakai</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus arayai</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus deliensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus diabolicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus hidakai</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus kawaharai</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  [Onthophagus (aff) liliputanus] <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus limbatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus rutilans</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus phanaeides</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus rutilans</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  [Onthophagus (aff) tridentitibialus] <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  [Onthophagus (agg) indachorius] <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus pacificus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus angustatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus aphodioides</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus aurifex</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus batillifer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus brendelli</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus cervicapra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus deflexicollis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus dux</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus fujiii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus incisus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus johkii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus laevis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus muelleri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus nigriobscurior</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  [Onthophagus nr. borneensis] <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus obscurior</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus ochromerus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus pastillatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus pavidus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus peninsularis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus rorarius</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus rudis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus rugicollis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus sarawacus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus semiaureus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus semicupreus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus taeniatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus trituber</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus vulpes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus waterstradti</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Yvescambefortius</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Yvescambefortius sarawacus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Copris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Copris agnus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Copris ramosiceps</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Copris sinicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Oniticellus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Oniticellus tessellatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ochicanthon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ochicanthon woroae</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ochicanthon dytiscoides</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ochicanthon masumotoi</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Microcopris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Microcopris doriae</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Synapsis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Synapsis ritsemae</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Proagoderus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Proagoderus watanabei</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sisyphus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sisyphus thoracicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Caccobius</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Caccobius bawangensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Catharsius</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Catharsius dayacus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Catharsius renaudpauliani</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paragymnopleurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paragymnopleurus maurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paragymnopleurus sparsus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paragymnopleurus striatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Megaloptera <br> -  -  -  -  -  Corydalidae <br> -  -  -  -  Trichoptera <br> -  -  -  -  -  Calamoceratidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Ecnomidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Hydropsychidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Leptoceridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Philopotamidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Polycentropodidae <br> -  -  -  -  Ephemeroptera <br> -  -  -  -  -  Baetidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Caenidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Ephemerellidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Euthyplociidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Heptageniidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Leptophlebiidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Teloganodidae <br> -  -  -  -  Diptera <br> -  -  -  -  -  Ceratopogonidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Chironomidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Simuliidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Tipulidae <br> -  -  -  -  Lepidoptera <br> -  -  -  -  -  Crambidae <br> -  -  -  -  Plecoptera <br> -  -  -  -  -  Perlidae <br> -  -  Chordata <br> -  -  -  Actinopterygii <br> -  -  -  -  Anguilliformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Anguillidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anguilla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anguilla borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anguilla marmorata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Perciformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Channidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Channa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Channa striata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Osphronemidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Betta</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Betta unimaculata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Siluriformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Bagridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemibagrus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemibagrus baramensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemibagrus fortis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Clariidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Clarias</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Clarias anfractus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Synbranchiformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Mastacembelidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mastacembelus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mastacembelus unicolor</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macrognathus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macrognathus keithi</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Cypriniformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Cyprinidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rasbora</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rasbora elegans</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rasbora hubbsi</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rasbora pycnopeza</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anematichthys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anematichthys repasson</i> (as synonym: <i>Cyclocheilichthys repasson</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Crossocheilus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Crossocheilus elegans</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Garra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Garra borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Luciosoma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Luciosoma pellegrinii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tor</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tor tambra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Puntius</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Puntius sealei</i> (as synonym: <i>Barbodes sealei</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nematabramis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nematabramis everetti</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptobarbus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptobarbus melanotaenia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Osteochilus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Osteochilus chini</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Osteochilus ingeri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lobocheilos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lobocheilos erinaceus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lobocheilos unicornis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Barbonymus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Barbonymus balleroides</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hampala</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hampala sabana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Nemacheilidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nemacheilus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nemacheilus olivaceus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Balitoridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Protomyzon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Protomyzon borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Protomyzon griswoldi</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Homalopteroides</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Homalopteroides stephensoni</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gastromyzon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gastromyzon ingeri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gastromyzon lepidogaster</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Parhomaloptera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Parhomaloptera microstoma</i> <br> -  -  -  Aves <br> -  -  -  -  <i>Microtarsus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  <i>Microtarsus atriceps</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  <i>Microtarsus eutilotus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Columbiformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Columbidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chalcophaps</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chalcophaps indica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Streptopelia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Streptopelia chinensis</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Spilopelia chinensis</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  Psittaciformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Psittacidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Loriculus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Loriculus galgulus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Psittacula</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Psittacula longicauda</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Trogoniformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Trogonidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Harpactes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Harpactes diardii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Harpactes duvaucelii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Harpactes kasumba</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Galliformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Phasianidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Argusianus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Argusianus argus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Accipitriformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Accipitridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Spilornis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Spilornis cheela</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Apodiformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Hemiprocnidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemiprocne</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemiprocne comata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Apodidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Collocalia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Collocalia affinis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Collocalia sp.</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhaphidura</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhaphidura leucopygialis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Coraciiformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Alcedinidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ceyx</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ceyx erithaca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ceyx erithaca erithaca</i> (as synonym: <i>Ceyx rufidorsa</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alcedo</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alcedo euryzona</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alcedo meninting</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Todiramphus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Todiramphus chloris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Meropidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nyctyornis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nyctyornis amictus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Merops</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Merops viridis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Bucerotiformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Bucerotidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhinoplax</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhinoplax vigil</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anorrhinus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anorrhinus galeritus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhyticeros</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhyticeros undulatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anthracoceros</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anthracoceros malayanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Buceros</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Buceros rhinoceros</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Passeriformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Timaliidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pomatorhinus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pomatorhinus bornensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macronus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macronus ptilosus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Stachyris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Stachyris maculata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Stachyris nigricollis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Stachyris poliocephala</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cyanoderma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cyanoderma erythropterum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cyanoderma rufifrons</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mixornis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mixornis gularis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Pityriaseidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pityriasis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pityriasis gymnocephala</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Dicruridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dicrurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dicrurus paradiseus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Hirundinidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hirundo</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hirundo rustica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hirundo tahitica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Chloropseidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chloropsis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chloropsis cyanopogon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chloropsis sonnerati</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Phylloscopidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Seicercus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Seicercus borealis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Monarchidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhipidura</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhipidura javanica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhipidura perlata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Terpsiphone</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Terpsiphone paradisi</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Terpsiphone paradisi affinis</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Terpsiphone affinis</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hypothymis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hypothymis azurea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Irenidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Irena</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Irena puella</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Aegithinidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aegithina</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aegithina viridissima</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Eurylaimidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eurylaimus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eurylaimus javanicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eurylaimus ochromalus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Corydon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Corydon sumatranus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Calyptomena</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Calyptomena viridis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Sturnidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aplonis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aplonis panayensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gracula</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gracula religiosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Stenostiridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Culicicapa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Culicicapa ceylonensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Dicaeidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dicaeum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dicaeum trigonostigma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionochilus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionochilus maculatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionochilus xanthopygius</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Acanthizidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gerygone</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gerygone sulphurea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Muscicapidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trichixos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trichixos pyrropygus</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Copsychus pyrropygus</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Muscicapa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Muscicapa dauurica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cyornis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cyornis superbus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cyornis turcosus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Copsychus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Copsychus saularis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Copsychus stricklandii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhinomyias</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhinomyias umbratilis</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Cyornis umbratilis</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eumyias</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eumyias thalassinus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Enicurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Enicurus borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Enicurus ruficapillus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Nectariniidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera everetti</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera flavigaster</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera hypogrammicum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera longirostra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aethopyga</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aethopyga siparaja</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptocoma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptocoma brasiliana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anthreptes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anthreptes malacensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anthreptes simplex</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chalcoparia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chalcoparia singalensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Pycnonotidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alophoixus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alophoixus finschii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alophoixus phaeocephalus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alophoixus tephrogenys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ixos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ixos malaccensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Iole</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Iole olivacea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Iole olivacea charlottae</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Iole charlottae</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus goiavier</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus brunneus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus erythropthalmos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus plumosus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus simplex</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tricholestes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tricholestes criniger</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Campephagidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pericrocotus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pericrocotus flammeus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pericrocotus igneus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Cisticolidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orthotomus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orthotomus atrogularis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orthotomus ruficeps</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orthotomus sericeus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prinia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prinia flaviventris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Tephrodornithidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tephrodornis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tephrodornis virgatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Philentoma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Philentoma pyrhoptera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Philentoma velata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemipus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemipus hirundinaceus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemipus picatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Corvidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Platysmurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Platysmurus aterrimus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Corvus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Corvus enca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Platylophus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Platylophus galericulatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Pellorneidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Turdinus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Turdinus sepiarius</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pellorneum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pellorneum bicolor</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pellorneum capistratum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pellorneum malaccense</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pellorneum rostratum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Malacopteron</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Malacopteron affine</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Malacopteron cinereum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Malacopteron magnirostre</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Malacopteron magnum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alcippe</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alcippe brunneicauda</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Kenopia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Kenopia striata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ptilocichla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ptilocichla leucogrammica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Estrildidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lonchura</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lonchura atricapilla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lonchura fuscans</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Pittidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pitta</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pitta sordida</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pitta granatina</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pitta granatina ussheri</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Erythropitta ussheri</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  Oriolidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Oriolus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Oriolus xanthonotus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Piciformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Picidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sasia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sasia abnormis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Blythipicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Blythipicus rubiginosus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemicircus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemicircus concretus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Meiglyptes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Meiglyptes tristis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Celeus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Celeus brachyurus</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Micropternus brachyurus</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dinopium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dinopium rafflesii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Ramphastidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Megalaima</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Megalaima australis</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Psilopogon australis</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Megalaima chrysopogon</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Psilopogon chrysopogon</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Megalaima henricii</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Psilopogon henricii</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Megalaima mystacophanos</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Psilopogon mystacophanos</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Caloramphus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Caloramphus fuliginosus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Cuculiformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Cuculidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhinortha</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhinortha chlorophaea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Centropus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Centropus bengalensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Centropus rectunguis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Centropus sinensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chrysococcyx</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cacomantis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cacomantis merulinus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cacomantis sonneratii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Zanclostomus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Zanclostomus curvirostris</i> (as synonym: <i>Phaenicophaeus curvirostris</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhopodytes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhopodytes diardi</i> (as synonym: <i>Phaenicophaeus diardi</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  <i>Hydrornis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hydrornis baudii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hydrornis schwaneri</i> <br> -  -  -  Mammalia <br> -  -  -  -  Proboscidea <br> -  -  -  -  -  Elephantidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Elephas</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Elephas maximus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Rodentia <br> -  -  -  -  -  Hystricidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trichys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trichys fasciculata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hystrix</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hystrix brachyura</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hystrix crassispinis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Sciuridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Callosciurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Callosciurus notatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lariscus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lariscus hosei</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rheithrosciurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rheithrosciurus macrotis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sundasciurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sundasciurus hippurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sundasciurus lowii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sundasciurus tenuis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Muridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chrotomys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chrotomys whiteheadi</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Maxomys whiteheadi</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rattus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rattus exulans</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rattus rattus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rattus tiomanicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maxomys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maxomys baeodon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maxomys ochraceiventer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maxomys rajah</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maxomys surifer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Niviventer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Niviventer cremoriventer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sundamys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sundamys muelleri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Haeromys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Haeromys margarettae</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leopoldamys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leopoldamys sabanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Primates <br> -  -  -  -  -  Hominidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pongo</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pongo pygmaeus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Cercopithecidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Presbytis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Presbytis hosei</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Presbytis rubicunda</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaca fascicularis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaca nemestrina</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Carnivora <br> -  -  -  -  -  Ursidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Helarctos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Helarctos malayanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Viverridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arctictis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arctictis binturong</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionodon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionodon linsang</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Viverra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Viverra tangalunga</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemigalus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemigalus derbyanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paguma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paguma larvata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paradoxurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paradoxurus hermaphroditus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Mustelidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Martes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Martes flavigula</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lutrogale</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lutrogale perspicillata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aonyx</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aonyx cinereus</i> (as synonym: <i>Amblonyx cinereus</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  Felidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionailurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionailurus bengalensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pardofelis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pardofelis marmorata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neofelis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neofelis diardi</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Mephitidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mydaus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mydaus javanensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Herpestidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Herpestes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Herpestes brachyurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Herpestes semitorquatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Erinaceomorpha <br> -  -  -  -  -  Erinaceidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Echinosorex</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Echinosorex gymnura</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Scandentia <br> -  -  -  -  -  Tupaiidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tupaia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tupaia glis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tupaia gracilis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tupaia minor</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tupaia tana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Pholidota <br> -  -  -  -  -  Manidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Manis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Manis javanica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Artiodactyla <br> -  -  -  -  -  Tragulidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tragulus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tragulus kanchil</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tragulus napu</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Cervidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Muntiacus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Muntiacus atherodes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Muntiacus muntjak</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rusa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rusa unicolor</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Suidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sus barbatus</i> <br> -  -  -  Mammalia <br> -  -  -  -  Proboscidea <br> -  -  -  -  -  Elephantidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Elephas</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Elephas maximus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Rodentia <br> -  -  -  -  -  Hystricidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trichys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trichys fasciculata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hystrix</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hystrix brachyura</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hystrix crassispinis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Sciuridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Callosciurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Callosciurus notatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lariscus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lariscus hosei</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rheithrosciurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rheithrosciurus macrotis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sundasciurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sundasciurus hippurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sundasciurus lowii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sundasciurus tenuis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Muridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chrotomys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chrotomys whiteheadi</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Maxomys whiteheadi</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rattus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rattus exulans</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rattus rattus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rattus tiomanicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maxomys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maxomys baeodon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maxomys ochraceiventer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maxomys rajah</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maxomys surifer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Niviventer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Niviventer cremoriventer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sundamys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sundamys muelleri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Haeromys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Haeromys margarettae</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leopoldamys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leopoldamys sabanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Primates <br> -  -  -  -  -  Hominidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pongo</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pongo pygmaeus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Cercopithecidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Presbytis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Presbytis hosei</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Presbytis rubicunda</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaca fascicularis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaca nemestrina</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Carnivora <br> -  -  -  -  -  Ursidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Helarctos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Helarctos malayanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Viverridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arctictis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arctictis binturong</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionodon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionodon linsang</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Viverra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Viverra tangalunga</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemigalus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemigalus derbyanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paguma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paguma larvata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paradoxurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paradoxurus hermaphroditus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Mustelidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Martes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Martes flavigula</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lutrogale</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lutrogale perspicillata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aonyx</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aonyx cinereus</i> (as synonym: <i>Amblonyx cinereus</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  Felidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionailurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionailurus bengalensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pardofelis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pardofelis marmorata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neofelis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neofelis diardi</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Mephitidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mydaus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mydaus javanensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Herpestidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Herpestes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Herpestes brachyurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Herpestes semitorquatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Erinaceomorpha <br> -  -  -  -  -  Erinaceidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Echinosorex</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Echinosorex gymnura</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Scandentia <br> -  -  -  -  -  Tupaiidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tupaia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tupaia glis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tupaia gracilis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tupaia minor</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tupaia tana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Pholidota <br> -  -  -  -  -  Manidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Manis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Manis javanica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Artiodactyla <br> -  -  -  -  -  Tragulidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tragulus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tragulus kanchil</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tragulus napu</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Cervidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Muntiacus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Muntiacus atherodes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Muntiacus muntjak</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rusa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rusa unicolor</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Suidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sus barbatus</i> <br> -  -  -  Amphibia <br> -  -  -  -  Anura <br> -  -  -  -  -  Microhylidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Microhyla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Microhyla petrigena</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chaperina</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chaperina fusca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Bufonidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pedostibes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pedostibes hosii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phrynoidis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phrynoidis juxtaspera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ansonia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ansonia leptopus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ansonia spinulifer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Megophryidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptolalax</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptolalax gracilis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptobrachium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptobrachium abbotti</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Megophrys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Megophrys nasuta</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Rhacophoridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Polypedates</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Polypedates leucomystax</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Polypedates macrotis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Polypedates otilophus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhacophorus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhacophorus gauni</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhacophorus harrissoni</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhacophorus pardalis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Philautus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Philautus hosii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Philautus tectus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nyctixalus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nyctixalus pictus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Dicroglossidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ingerana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ingerana baluensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Limnonectes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Limnonectes finchi</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Limnonectes kuhlii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Limnonectes leporinus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Limnonectes paramacrodon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Fejervarya</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Fejervarya limnocharis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Ranidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Meristogenys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Meristogenys orphnocnemis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Staurois</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Staurois guttatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Staurois latopalmatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Odorrana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Odorrana hosii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hylarana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hylarana erythraea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hylarana megalonesa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hylarana nicobariensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hylarana picturata</i> <br></div><p></p>
Data from: Flowering overlap and floral trait similarity help explain the structure of pollination network
<p><span>Co-flowering communities are usually characterized by high plant generalization but knowledge of the underlying factors leading to high levels of generalization and pollinator sharing, and how these may contribute to network structure is still limited. </span>Flowering phenology and floral trait similarity are considered among the most important factors determining plant generalization and pollinator sharing. However, these have been evaluated independently even though they can act in concert with each other. Moreover, the importance of flowering phenology and floral similarity, via their effects on plant generalization, in the structure of plant–pollinator networks have been scarcely studied. Here, we aim to evaluate the effect of flowering phenology and floral similarity in mediating the degree of pollinator sharing and plant generalization in two coastal communities and uncover their importance as drivers of plant–pollinator network structure.</p> <p>We recorded flower production per species, as well as the identity and frequency of floral visitors along the entire flowering season. We estimated the degree of flowering overlap, the degree of floral similarity (using floral traits associated with size and color), and the degree of pollinator sharing among plant species within both communities.</p> <p>Structural equation models (SEM) showed a positive effect of flowering overlap on pollinator sharing and plant generalization. Pollinator sharing and plant generalization positively affected network nestedness. Furthermore, SEM showed a direct positive effect of flowering overlap on network modularity. The SEM analyses also revealed a significant interaction effect of floral similarity and flowering overlap on pollinator sharing, with consequences for network nestedness in one community.</p> <p><span>Our results highlight the importance of integrating multiple axes of differentiation such as flowering phenology and floral similarity into our understanding of the drivers of plant–pollinator network structure.</span></p>
Demographic modelling helps tracking the rapid and recent divergence of a conifer species pair from central Mexico
<p>Secondary contact of recently diverged species may have several outcomes, ranging from rampant hybridization to reinforced reproductive isolation. In plants, selfing tolerance and disjunct reproductive phenology may lead to reproductive isolation at contact zones. However, they can evolve under both allopatric or parapatric frameworks and originate from adaptive and/or neutral forces. Inferring the historical demography of diverging taxa is thus a crucial step to identify those factors that may lead to putative reproductive isolation. We explored various competing hypotheses to account for the rapid divergence of a fir species complex (<em>Abies flinckii - A. religiosa</em>) distributed in 'sky-islands' across central Mexico (i.e., along the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt; TMVB). Despite co-occurring in two independent sympatric regions (west and center), these taxa rarely interbreed because of disjunct reproductive phenologies. We genotyped 1,147 SNPs, generated by GBS, across 23 populations, and compared multiple demographic scenarios based on the geological history of the TMVB. The best-fitting model revealed one of the most rapid and complete speciation cases for a conifer species-pair, dating back to ~1.2 Ma. Coupled with the lack of support for stepwise colonization, our coalescent inferences point to an early cessation of interspecific gene flow under parapatric speciation; ancestral gene flow during divergence was asymmetrical (mostly from western firs into A. religiosa) and exclusive to the most ancient (i.e., central) contact zone. Factors promoting rapid reproductive isolation should be explored in other slowly-evolving species complexes as they may account for the large tropical and subtropical diversity.</p>
Harvesting 15MY of evolutionary innovation to help solve the 10-billion people question – "How can we feed our world without destroying our planet?
<p>Recording of webinar from the KOICA seminar series presented on July 28 2022 as part of the Capacity Building for Higher Education & the Establishment of the UPLB Genomics Center project, a collaboration of the Korea International Cooperation Agency, the University of the Philippines, and the International Rice Research Institute</p>
Reciprocal bark exchange helps to disentangle tree species dependent bark and wood trait effects on invertebrate diversity
<p>1. Previous studies showed that bark cover at early-decay stage had profound control on the invertebrate assemblages of bark and wood, with possible consequence for the decomposition process. However, previous experimental designs could not disentangle how bark versus wood traits affect the invertebrate assemblage process in bark and/or wood separately because wood traits of different tree species may vary independently from bark traits. Furthermore, we do not know whether such tree species specific bark trait effects are still influential at mid-decay stage.</p> <p>2. To unravel whether and how bark and wood traits influence invertebrate communities in tree logs at mid-decay stage, we introduce reciprocal bark transplantation within pairs of different tree species as a new method. We applied this method to two pairs of phylogenetically contrasting species of gymnosperms (pair I: Araucaria araucana and Cryptomeria japonica, pair II: Picea abies and Thuja plicata) and another gymnosperm (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) set as disturbance control to test for potential bark manipulation artefacts on invertebrate community composition.</p> <p>3. Our bark exchange experiment revealed that both bark and wood host abundant and divergent subsets of invertebrates on mid-decay logs of different tree species. We further documented that the invertebrate community composition was predominantly shaped by the traits of host tissue per se, while also being significantly but less strongly affected by the traits of the other tissue, i.e. the adjacent bark or wood. Our results indicated that bark trait effects faded with time and how long bark trait effects persist greatly depends on bark thickness.</p> <p>4. Synthesis. Our study suggests that maintaining deadwood heterogeneity related to variation between tree species, and to bark versus wood, is important for nursing a large biodiversity of invertebrates. Combined with bark removal methodology, our bark exchange method can be further extended to more decay stages and more forest biomes to track bark trait effects and bark induced priority effects on deadwood decomposition, and its associated invertebrate and microbial communities.</p>
Supplement: quadT: How Profilers Can Help Navigate Type Migration
<ul> <li>uquadT.tar.gz = boundary profile (aka contract profile)</li> <li>17-* = performance data</li> <li>uquadT_profile.tar.xz_* = statistical profile <ul> <li>This data is divided across 4 files thanks to the unix <code>split</code> command. Use <code>cat</code> to combine, then untar.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p>Reports on 3^14 = 4,782,969 configurations of quadT, so there should be that many files in the two profile folders and that many lines of running times in the .out file.</p>
Fig. 4 in Can artificial retreat sites help frogs recover after severe habitat devastation? Insights on the use of "coqui houses" after Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico
Fig. 4. Artificial coqui houses built with (A) bamboo shoots and (B) PVC tubes.
Indirect social influence helps shaping the diffusion of innovations
<p>This dataset accompanies the paper "Indirect social influence helps shaping the diffusion of innovations".<br><br>It contains the participant choices between two colors when shown different information about the choices taken in their social network. The objective of the participants was to arrive to a consensus. One of the colors, which was the minority at the beggining, was given an extra incentive. Further details on the experimental setup are specified in the article.<br><br>The main file is "Unified_data", which contains all the data from the 21 sessions studied and whose fields are described below. The file "ParticipantsData" contains the gender and age distribution of the participants, while the rest of the files are the individual data for each session, in the format given by oTree.<br><br></p> <p>Explanation of "Unified_data.csv" fields:</p> <ul> <li>Experiment: Session number.</li> <li>participant.id_in_session: Identifier for each participant, constant for each session.</li> <li>config_name: Contains the order in which the different Setups were played. Its structure is of the form "egonetwork_1_a_b_c", where a,b,c are the numbers 2,3,4 in different order. These represent: 1-Setup AmAz (first neighbors), 2-Setup VerMag (first+second neighbors), 3-Setup RojNar (first+third neighbors), 4-Setup LilMor (first+fourth neighbors).</li> <li>Setup: Name of the Setup played (AmAz, VerMag, RojNar, LilMor and Instrucctions).</li> <li>node: Node assigned to the participant during that Setup.</li> <li>initialcolor: Initial color prescribed at the beginning of the Setup. Names are in spanish: Azul (blue) = #0072B2, Amarillo (yellow) = #FFC300, Verde (green) = #67E96E, Magenta = #C700AC, Rojo (red) = #E53950, Naranja (orange) = #FFA460, Lila (lilac) = #A792FC, Morado (purple) = #8000FF.</li> <li>InnovationAsInitialcolor: Binary variable showing if participant had the promoted color as initial color.</li> <li>threshold: Best threshold obtained in the model fitting.</li> <li>parameter: Best long-range parameter obtained in the model fitting.</li> <li>Time: Best time simulation obtained in the model fitting.</li> <li>AdoptersConsensus: First round in which all the participants chose the promoted color at least once.</li> <li>SimulationConsensus: Round in which the simulation of the fitted model arrived to consensus.</li> <li>Round: Round number.</li> <li>preg: Only in the Instructions Setup. Answer given to the control question.</li> <li>action: Color chosen by the participant in that round.</li> <li>Adopted_color: Previous varible translated into binary.</li> <li>Adopted_color_bin: Previous variable as logic variable.</li> <li>MajorityColor: Color most seen between the information given to the participant. In case of draw, one was chosen randomly.</li> <li>InnovationAsMajorityColorSeen: Binary variable showing if MajorityColor is equal to Promoted_color.</li> <li>bot: Binary variable showing if the participant was a bot in the current round (did not make a decision on time).</li> <li>color_neighbors_shown: List of the colors of the first neighbors shown to the participant in that round.</li> <li>color_neighbors_shown_color: Previous variable translated from hexadecimal to spanish.</li> <li>perc_color_neighbors: Percentage of neighbors shown with color equal to the promoted color.</li> <li>color_friends_shown: List of the colors of the long-distance friends shown to the participant in that round.</li> <li>color_friends_shown_color: Previous variable translated from hexadecimal to spanish.</li> <li>perc_color_friends: Percentage of long-distance friends shown with color equal to the promoted color.</li> <li>Adopted_innovation: Number of round since the participant first chose the promoted color.</li> <li>Promoted_color: Color with incentive. Setup AmAz - Azul, Setup VerMag - Magenta, Setup RojNar - Naranja, Setup LilMor - Morado.</li> <li>num_adopters: Number of adopters (people that have chosen the promoted color at least once) in the current round.</li> <li>total_participants: Constant showing the size of the network used (31).</li> <li>perc_adopters: Percentage of participants that are adopters in the current round.</li> </ul>
Walker et al - Prolactin and the shared regulation of parental care and cooperative helping behaviour in white-browed sparrow weaver societies - Data Set
<p>This file provides the data set supporting the analyses presented in a Walker et al manuscript titled "Prolactin and the shared regulation of parental care and cooperative helping behaviour in white-browed sparrow weaver societies" at first submission for review.</p>
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.