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285 results for “hummingbirds”
Data from: Florivory and floral larceny by fly larvae decrease nectar availability and hummingbird foraging visits at Heliconia (Heliconiaceae) flowers
Insect larvae inhabit the corolla tubes of some Heliconia species (Heliconiaceae). In this study, we present the first evidence of the influence of these larvae on the pollination ecology of Heliconia plants. We provide experimental evidence that the flowers of Heliconia spathocircinata infested by flies have less nectar for pollinators and received fewer visits by hummingbird pollinators, in comparison with uninfested flowers.
Data from: Hummingbirds budget energy flexibly in response to changing resources
1. Managing energy stores in response to variable resource availability is a key component to individual fitness, yet because directly measuring energy budgets is difficult, daily energy management is rarely measured. 2. Hummingbirds' energy management is relatively simple to model compared to other endotherms because they have high mass-specific metabolic rates and store little fat. 3. We determined which aspects of the hummingbird daily energy budget (i.e. thermoregulation, daytime activity costs, nighttime costs) change at the individual level in response to environmental variation. 4. We found that daily energy expenditure varied three-fold in two populations of broad-billed hummingbirds (Cynanthus latirostris). 5. Our model indicated the energy budget was distributed in the following proportions: daytime activity, 59% (range 22-84%); thermoregulation, 23% (11 – 32%), basal metabolism, 7% (3 – 16%), and nighttime energy 17% (6 – 37%). Activity costs were higher at the hotter, homogeneous site and during the early-wet season at both sites. 6. Increased daily energy expenditure was related to decreased nectar availability, and not significantly related to temperature or bird mass. With climate change, the indirect energetic costs of shifting resources could have greater impacts on endotherm energy budgets than direct costs such as thermoregulation. Increased foraging and activity costs could decrease the energy available to birds for somatic repair and reproduction, potentially causing differential fitness across seasons and sites.
Data from: Effects of hummingbird morphology on specialization in pollination networks vary with resource availability
Specialization of species in interaction networks influences network stability and ecosystem functioning. Spatial and temporal variation in resource availability may provide insight into how ecological factors, such as resource abundance, and evolutionary factors, such as phylogenetically conserved morphological traits, influence specialization within mutualistic networks. We used independent measures of hummingbird abundance and resources (nectar), information on hummingbird traits and plant–hummingbird interactions to examine how resource availability and species' morphology influence the specialization of hummingbirds in three habitat types (forest, shrubs, cattle ranch) sampled over 10 sessions across two years in the southern Andes of Ecuador. Specialization of hummingbird species in the networks was measured by three indices: d' (related to niche partitioning), generality (related to niche width) and PSI (related to pollination services). Specialization indices d', generality and PSI of hummingbird species were influenced by resource availability. All indices indicated that specialization of hummingbirds increased when the availability of resources decreased. Variation in d' was also explained by an interaction between resource availability and bill length; hummingbirds with a long bill switched from being more specialized than other species when resource availability was low to being similarly specialized when availability was high. Overall, our results highlight the importance of ecological and evolutionary factors determining the specialization of species in interaction networks. We demonstrate in particular that ecological gradients in resource availability cause substantial changes in consumers' foraging behavior contingent on their morphology. Changes in pollinator specialization along resource gradients can have impacts on ecosystem functions, such as pollination by animals.
Data from: Trait evolution, resource specialization and vulnerability to plant extinctions among Antillean hummingbirds
Species traits are thought to predict feeding specialisation and the vulnerability of a species to extinctions of interaction partners, but the context in which a species evolved and currently inhabits may also matter. Notably, the predictive power of traits may require that traits evolved to fit interaction partners. Furthermore, local abiotic and biotic conditions may be important. On islands, for instance, specialised and vulnerable species are predicted to be found mainly in mountains, whereas species in lowlands should be generalized and less vulnerable. We evaluated these predictions for hummingbirds and their nectar-food plants on Antillean islands. Our results suggest that the rates of hummingbird trait divergence were higher among ancestral mainland forms before the colonization of the Antilles. In correspondence with the limited trait evolution that occurred within the Antilles, local abiotic and biotic conditions – not species traits – correlate with hummingbird resource specialisation and the vulnerability of hummingbirds to extinctions of their floral resources. Specifically, hummingbirds were more specialised and vulnerable in conditions with high topographical complexity, high rainfall, low temperatures, and high floral resource richness, which characterize the Antillean Mountains. These findings show that resource specialisation and species vulnerability to extinctions of interaction partners are highly context dependent.
Data from: Interglacial genetic diversification of Moussonia deppeana (Gesneriaceae), a hummingbird-pollinated, cloud forest shrub in northern Mesoamerica
Recent empirical work on cloud forest-adapted species supports the role of both old divergences across major geographical areas and more recent divergences attributed to Pleistocene climate changes. The shrub Moussonia deppeana is distributed in northern Mesoamerica, with geographically disjunct populations. Based on sampling throughout the species range and employing plastid and nuclear markers, we (i) test whether the fragmented distribution is correlated with main evolutionary lineages, (ii) reconstruct its phylogeographical history to infer the history of cloud forest in northern Mesoamerica and (iii) evaluate a set of refugia/vicariance scenarios for the region and demographic patterns of the populations whose ranges expanded and tracked cloud forest conditions during the Last Glacial Maximum. We found a deep evolutionary split in M. deppeana about 6–3 Ma, which could be consistent with a Pliocene divergence. Comparison of variation in plastid and nuclear markers revealed several lineages mostly congruent with their isolated geographical distribution and restricted gene flow among groups. Results of species distribution modelling and coalescent simulations fit a model of multiple refugia diverging during interglacial cycles. The demographic history of M. deppeana is not consistent with an expanding–contracting cloud forest archipelago model during the Last Glacial Maximum. Instead, our data suggest that populations persisted across the geographical range throughout the glacial cycles, and experienced isolation and divergence during interglacial periods.
Data from: Social group signatures in hummingbird displays provide evidence of co-occurrence of vocal and visual learning
Vocal learning, in which animals modify their vocalizations based on social experience, has evolved in several lineages of mammals and birds, including humans. Despite much attention, the question of how this key cognitive trait has evolved remains unanswered. The motor theory for the origin of vocal learning posits that neural centers specialized for vocal learning arose from adjacent areas in the brain devoted to general motor learning. One prediction of this hypothesis is that visual displays that rely on complex motor patterns may also be learned in taxa with vocal learning. While learning of both spoken and gestural languages is well-documented in humans, the occurrence of learned visual displays has rarely been examined in non-human animals. We tested for geographic variation consistent with learning of visual displays in long-billed hermits (Phaethornis longirostris), a lek-mating hummingbird that, like humans, has both learned vocalizations and elaborate visual displays. We found lek-level signatures in both vocal parameters and visual display features, including element proportions, sequence syntax, and fine-scale parameters of elements. This variation was not associated with genetic differentiation between leks. In the absence of genetic differences, geographic variation in vocal signals at small scales is most parsimoniously attributed to learning, suggesting a significant role of social learning in visual display ontogeny. The co-occurrence of learning in vocal and visual displays would be consistent with a parallel evolution of these two signal modalities in this species.
Data from: Leaf herbivory imposes fitness costs mediated by hummingbird and insect pollinators
Plant responses induced by herbivore damage can provide fitness benefits, but can also have important costs due to altered interactions with mutualist pollinators. We examined the effects of plant responses to herbivory in a hummingbird-pollinated distylous shrub, Palicourea angustifolia. Through a series of field experiments we investigated whether damage from foliar herbivores leads to a reduction in fruit set, influences floral visitation, or alters floral traits that may influence pollinator preference or pollinator efficiency. Foliar herbivory by a generalist grasshopper led to reduced fruit set in branches that were directly damaged as well as in adjacent undamaged branches on the same plant. Furthermore, herbivory resulted in reduced floral visitation from two common hummingbird species and two bee species. An investigation into the potential mechanisms behind reduced floral visitation in induced plants showed that foliar herbivore damage resulted in shorter styles and lower nectar volumes. This reduction in style length could reduce pollen deposition between different floral morphs that is required for optimal pollination in a distylous plant. We did not detect any differences in the volatile blends released by damaged and undamaged branches, suggesting that foliar herbivore-induced changes in floral morphology and rewards, and not volatile blends, are the primary mechanism mediating changes in visitation. Our results provide novel mechanisms for how plant responses induced by foliar herbivores can lead to ecological costs.
Data from: Hummingbird pollination and the diversification of angiosperms: an old and successful association in Gesneriaceae
The effects of specific functional groups of pollinators in the diversification of angiosperms are still to be elucidated. We investigated whether the pollination shifts or the specific association with hummingbirds affected the diversification of a highly diverse angiosperm lineage in the Neotropics. We reconstructed a phylogeny of 583 species from the Gesneriaceae family and detected diversification shifts through time, inferred the timing and amount of transitions among pollinator functional groups, and tested the association between hummingbird pollination and speciation and extinction rates. We identified a high frequency of pollinator transitions, including reversals to insect-pollination. Diversification rates of the group increased through time since 25 Mya, coinciding with the evolution of hummingbird-like flowers and the arrival of hummingbirds in South America. We showed that plants pollinated by hummingbirds have a two-fold higher speciation rate compared to plants pollinated by insects, and that transitions among functional groups of pollinators had a little impact on the diversification process. We demonstrated that floral specialization on hummingbirds for pollination has triggered rapid diversification in the Gesneriaceae family since the early Miocene, and that it represents one of the oldest identified plant-hummingbird associations. Biotic drivers of plant diversification in the Neotropics could be more related to this specific type of pollinator (hummingbirds), than to shifts among different functional groups of pollinators.
Data from: Historical and current introgression in a Mesoamerican hummingbird species complex: a biogeographic perspective
The influence of geologic and Pleistocene glacial cycles might result in morphological and genetic complex scenarios in the biota of the Mesoamerican region. We tested whether berylline, blue-tailed and steely-blue hummingbirds, Amazilia beryllina, Amazilia cyanura and Amazilia saucerottei, show evidence of historical or current introgression as their plumage colour variation might suggest. We also analysed the role of past and present climatic events in promoting genetic introgression and species diversification. We collected mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data and microsatellite loci scores for populations throughout the range of the three Amazilia species, as well as morphological and ecological data. Haplotype network, Bayesian phylogenetic and divergence time inference, historical demography, palaeodistribution modelling, and niche divergence tests were used to reconstruct the evolutionary history of this Amazilia species complex. An isolation-with-migration coalescent model and Bayesian assignment analysis were assessed to determine historical introgression and current genetic admixture. mtDNA haplotypes were geographically unstructured, with haplotypes from disparate areas interdispersed on a shallow tree and an unresolved haplotype network. Assignment analysis of the nuclear genome (nuDNA) supported three genetic groups with signs of genetic admixture, corresponding to: (1) A. beryllina populations located west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec; (2) A. cyanura populations between the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the Nicaraguan Depression (Nuclear Central America); and (3) A. saucerottei populations southeast of the Nicaraguan Depression. Gene flow and divergence time estimates, and demographic and palaeodistribution patterns suggest an evolutionary history of introgression mediated by Quaternary climatic fluctuations. High levels of gene flow were indicated by mtDNA and asymmetrical isolation-with-migration, whereas the microsatellite analyses found evidence for three genetic clusters with distributions corresponding to isolation by the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the Nicaraguan Depression and signs of admixture. Historical levels of migration between genetically distinct groups estimated using microsatellites were higher than contemporary levels of migration. These results support the scenario of secondary contact and range contact during the glacial periods of the Pleistocene and strongly imply that the high levels of structure currently observed are a consequence of the limited dispersal of these hummingbirds across the isthmus and depression barriers.
FIGURE 4 in Biogeography and taxonomy of racket-tail hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae: Ocreatus): evidence for species delimitation from morphology and display behavior
FIGURE 4. Summed scoring for plumage (for characters included, see Table 3), biometrics (see Table 4), and display behavior (see Fig. 3) in pairs of Ocreatus; line indicates critical threshold value (7) for species delimitation according to Tobias et al. (2010). Abbreviations: mel = melanantherus, per = peruanus, add = addae, ann = annae.
FIGURE 3 in Biogeography and taxonomy of racket-tail hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae: Ocreatus): evidence for species delimitation from morphology and display behavior
FIGURE 3. Aerial displays of Ocreatus males, based on notes from field and laboratory observations by K.-L. Schuchmann (KLS) and C. Cordier (CC) (cf. Appendix 2; after Schuchmann 1987). A—addae (N> 15, April 1984–1992; Bolivia, Cochabamba, eastern slope, cloud forest, 2000 m a.s.l., CC; laboratory observations, Bonn, Germany, KLS): simple, repeated horizontal arc-flight of male in front of/above female without vocalizations, in annae with additional jerky sideward movements (not shown). B—peruanus (south of Quito, Ecuador, KLS): male with dive-in maneuvers with exposed leg puffs and vertically raised rectrices (in addition to A) without vocalizations. C—underwoodii (Mares, Valle del Cauca, Colombia, KLS): similar to B but male afterwards lifting back upwards and then rapidly beating the tail feathers down, producing a prominent, whip-like mechanical sound, which is responded to by female uttering high-pitched uttering calls. For detailed explanation see text. Rating of magnitudes for scoring analysis (cf. Fig. 4) was from 0 (addae vs. annae) to 2 (addae/annae vs. melanantherus). Drawings by S. Rick.
FIGURE 2 in Biogeography and taxonomy of racket-tail hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae: Ocreatus): evidence for species delimitation from morphology and display behavior
FIGURE 2. Geographic variation in ventral patterns and tail morphology of Ocreatus taxa (all ZFMK collection, see nos.); for definition and comparison of color features and tail characteristics see Table 4. A—Males (from left to right): discifer (8967), underwoodii (8959), melanantherus (8981), peruanus (81350), annae (8996), addae (8995). Note throat and belly coloration, enlarged tibial tufts (vs. females), shape and size of flags, and position of elongated outermost rectrices (uncrossed/crossed) (for details, see text). B—Females (from left to right): polystictus (53357), underwoodii (87094), melanantherus (8988), peruanus (87094), annae (8999). Photographs by A.-A. Weller.
FIGURE 1 in Biogeography and taxonomy of racket-tail hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae: Ocreatus): evidence for species delimitation from morphology and display behavior
FIGURE 1. Distribution of Ocreatus (taxonomy fide this study) in Venezuela and Colombia (A), from S Colombia to N Peru (B), and from S Peru to N Bolivia (C) based on specimen records, using color codes for pools (for reference letters and their localities, see Appendix 1); maps were obtained from Google Earth (Version 7.1.1.1888). Marks with asterisk indicate localities not referable to pools. A—from north to south: O. underwoodii polystictus—pool A (green); O. u. discifer—pool B (turquoise), pool C (blue), pool D (white); O. u. underwoodii—pool E (yellow), pool F (orange), pool G (red); O. u. incommodus—pool H (pink), pool J (purple), pool K (dark purple). B—from north to south: O. underwoodii melanantherus—pool L (white), pool M (yellow), pool N (orange), pool O (red); O. peruanus—pool P (pale turquoise), pool Q (turquoise), pool R (violet blue), pool S (light purple), pool T (dark purple). C—from north to south: O. annae—pool U (yellow), pool V (orange); O. addae—pool W (turquoise). Note that pools exclude immature specimens; for that and other reasons (see Discussion), possible parapatry of melanantherus and peruanus along the eastern Andean slope in Ecuador is not depicted.
FIGURES 17–18 in Ascid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata: Ascidae) from Costa Rican hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae), with description of three new species and a key to the Proctolaelaps belemensis species group
FIGURES 17–18. Proctolaelaps chalybura Dusbabek & Capek, sp. nov., female. Fig. 17. Dorsal view. Fig. 18. Ventral view.
FIGURES 1–4 in Ascid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata: Ascidae) from Costa Rican hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae), with description of three new species and a key to the Proctolaelaps belemensis species group
FIGURES 1–4. Proctolaelaps threnetes Dusbabek & Literak, sp. nov. Fig. 1. Female dorsum. Fig. 2. Female venter. Fig. 3. Male dorsum. Fig. 4. Male venter.
FIGURES 12–16 in Ascid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata: Ascidae) from Costa Rican hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae), with description of three new species and a key to the Proctolaelaps belemensis species group
FIGURES 12–16. Proctolaelaps naskreckii Dusbabek & Havlicek, sp. nov., male. Fig. 12. Dorsal view. Fig. 13. Ventral view. Fig. 14. Leg II ventrally. Fig. 15. Leg IV ventrally. Fig. 16. Chelicera and spermatodactyl.
FIGURES 10–11 in Ascid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata: Ascidae) from Costa Rican hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae), with description of three new species and a key to the Proctolaelaps belemensis species group
FIGURES 10–11. Proctolaelaps naskreckii Dusbabek & Havlicek, sp. nov., female. Fig. 10. Dorsal view. Fig. 11. Ventral view.
FIGURES 19–23 in Ascid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata: Ascidae) from Costa Rican hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae), with description of three new species and a key to the Proctolaelaps belemensis species group
FIGURES 19–23. Rhinoseius cf. antioquiensis Fain & Hyland, 1980, male. Fig. 19. Dorsal view. Fig. 20. Ventral view. Fig. 21. Chelicera and spermatodactyl. Fig. 22. Leg II ventrally. Fig. 23. Epistome.
FIGURES 5–9 in Ascid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata: Ascidae) from Costa Rican hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae), with description of three new species and a key to the Proctolaelaps belemensis species group
FIGURES 5–9. Proctolaelaps threnetes Dusbabek & Literak, sp. nov. Fig. 5. Chelicera and spermatodactyl of male. Fig. 6. Leg II of male, ventrally. Fig. 7. Leg IV of male, ventrally. Fig. 8. Epistome of female. Fig. 9. Chelicera of female.
FIGURE 12 in Five new feather mites of the subfamily Pterodectinae (Acariformes: Astigmata: Proctophyllodidae) from passerines and hummingbirds (Aves) of Brazil
FIGURE 12. Trochilodectes willisi sp. n.. A–D—male legs I–IV, respectively; E—female tarsus III; F—female tarsus IV; Gspermatheca.
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