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Fig. 12 in Forbidden islands. The absence of endemics among the insular non-volant terrestrial mammalian fauna of the Red Sea

Fig. 12 - In the Dahlak archipelago, Soemmering's gazelle, Nanger soemmerringii (Cretzschmar, 1828), is found only on the larger island, Dahlak Kebir (photo by Giuseppe De Marchi).

Fig. 5 - A in Forbidden islands. The absence of endemics among the insular non-volant terrestrial mammalian fauna of the Red Sea

Fig. 5 - A population of Soemmerring's gazelle, Nanger soemmerringii (Cretzschmar, 1828), on the island of Dahlak Kebir (photo by Giuseppe De Marchi).

Fig. 11 in Forbidden islands. The absence of endemics among the insular non-volant terrestrial mammalian fauna of the Red Sea

Fig. 11 - Populations of mountain gazelle, Gazella gazella (Pallas, 1766), still occur on several islands of the Farasan archipelago (Farasan Al-Kebir, Segid, Zifaf or Sarso, Qummah, and perhaps Dumsuq), as well as al-Hanish al-Kabir and, possibly, Sumayr (photo by Marco Masseti).

Fig. 8 - A in Forbidden islands. The absence of endemics among the insular non-volant terrestrial mammalian fauna of the Red Sea

Fig. 8 - A white-tailed mongoose, Ichneumia albicauda, G. [Baron] Cuvier, 1829 (photo by MCSchaeffer, https://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/, modified) and map showing the geographical location of the Dahlak and Farasan archipelagoes in the context of the general distribution of the species (from Taylor, 2013, modified).

Fig. 4 in Forbidden islands. The absence of endemics among the insular non-volant terrestrial mammalian fauna of the Red Sea

Fig. 4 - Location of the Red Sea areas and islands with reports of the presence of non-volant mammals (see Tab. 2 for recorded species and Appendix for geographical information). The map to the right shows the Red Sea in the context of its bordering countries. Maps A and B (left side) are enlargements of corresponding areas on the main map. The maps are not drawn to the same scale. Red Sea island areas (numbers 1 to 12): 1=Shadwan island; 2=Sawākin island; 3=Debir island; 4=Massawa (Massawa, Taulud and Sheik Said islands); 5=Dahlak archipelago; 6=Dissei island; 7=Howakil bay; 8=�nfile bay; 9=Farasan archipelago; 10=Sumayr island; 11=Hanish archipelago (al-Hanish al-Kabir island); 12=�ssab bay (Fatmah island). Map �: Saudi and Yemeni islands (numbers 13 to 19): 13=Sarso; 14=Segid; 15=Zifaf; 16=Farasan �l-Kebir; 17=Qummah; 18=Dumsuq; 19=Sumayr. Map B: Eritrean islands (numbers 20 to 53): 20= Isratu; 21= Harat; 22=Kad Norah; 23=Dohul Bahut; 24=Dahret; 25=Dohul; 26=Dar Solum; 27=Dhu-ladhyia; 28=Dur Ghella; 29=Sarad; 30=Sayin; 31=Gharib; 32=Entedebir; 33=Nocra; 34=Dahlak Kebir; 35=Taulud; 36=Massawa; 37=Sheik Said; 38=Dissei; 39=Shumma; 40=NN086; 41=Museri; 42=Dasetto; 43=Dase; 44=Dahaila Kebir; 45=Dahaila Seghir; 46=Howakil; 47=Umm es Seil; 48=Debel �li; 49=Baka; 50=Umm es Sahrig; 51=NN045; 52=Handa; 53=Hant.

Fig. 9 in Forbidden islands. The absence of endemics among the insular non-volant terrestrial mammalian fauna of the Red Sea

Fig. 9 - � dead house mouse, Mus musculus L., 1758, photographed on the island of Dahret, in the Dalhak archipelago, in 2010 (photo by Giuseppe De Marchi).

Fig. 16 in Forbidden islands. The absence of endemics among the insular non-volant terrestrial mammalian fauna of the Red Sea

Fig. 16 - The type of the misterious Arabian gazelle, Gazella arabica (Lichtenstein, 1827), includes this skull and a skin, both designated with catalogue number ZMB_MAM_2115 (Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin). The German explorers Hemprich and Ehrenberg seemingly collected the specimen in the Farasan islands in 1825. However, recent genetic evidence suggests that while the skin comes from a Farasan gazelle, the skull is that of an Israeli or Syrian mountain gazelle. Probably, there was a mistake in the past in assigning skull and skin to the same individual. This combination of specimens from different sources originated the type now preserved in Berlin. Recently, Bärmann et al. (2014) proposed to consider only the skin of ZMB_M�M_2115 as the lectotype of Antilope arabica Lichtenstein, 1827 (courtesy of Museum für Naturkunde Leibniz Institut for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity at the Humboldt University, Berlin).

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Figure 2 in Length-weight relationships and condition factor of five endemic fish species from Nandu and Wanquan Rivers in Hainan Island, China

Figure 2. Length-length relationships of the 5 fish species collected from June 2017 to April 2019 in the Nandu and Wanquan Rivers.

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Figure 1 in Length-weight relationships and condition factor of five endemic fish species from Nandu and Wanquan Rivers in Hainan Island, China

Figure 1. Length-weight relationships of the 5 fish species collected from June 2017 to April 2019 in the Nandu and Wanquan Rivers.

Figure 3 in Paraona wallaceana sp. nov., a lichen moth endemic to Flores Island, Indonesia (Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini)

Figure 3. Male genitalia and aedeagus of the holotype of Paraona wallaceana sp. nov. [RMBH Sph0879], Flores Island, Indonesia: A) male genitalia; B) aedeagus. Photos: Vitaly M. Spitsyn.

Figure 1 in Paraona wallaceana sp. nov., a lichen moth endemic to Flores Island, Indonesia (Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini)

Figure 1. Disturbed mountain forest with eucalyptus plantings on the slopes of the Inierie Stratovolcano near Bajawa on Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Archipelago, Indonesia: A-B) Wolokoro Ecolodge; C-D) Manulalu Ecolodge (the type locality of Paraona wallaceana sp. nov.). These secondary habitats still harbor a variety of endemic Lepidoptera species. Photos: Vitaly M. Spitsyn & Elizaveta A. Spitsyna.

Fig 4 in Unexpectedly high Sphaerodactylus diversity on a Caribbean island: new locality for the Honduran endemic Sphaerodactylus dunni Schmidt, 1936 (Gekkonidae: Sphaerodactylidae) on Utila Island, Honduras

Fig 4. Pictures of an adult Sphaerodactylus dunni photographed in 2014, in Pico Bonito National Park, La Cieba, Honduras, to provide direct comparison and aid in confirmation of the species' presence on Utila Island. Photos by Tom W. Brown.

Fig 2 in Unexpectedly high Sphaerodactylus diversity on a Caribbean island: new locality for the Honduran endemic Sphaerodactylus dunni Schmidt, 1936 (Gekkonidae: Sphaerodactylidae) on Utila Island, Honduras

Fig 2. Key diagnostic features (outlined in white or indicated in blue) used to identify the captured individual as Sphaerodactylus dunni on Isla de Utila, Honduras. (A) Three supralabial scales positioned beneath/level to the lower anterior half of each eye; (B) nine narrow sub-digital lamellae on digit IV (described range of 7–11); (C) keeled dorsal scales (not outlined) and usually a superciliary spine located at or posterior to the level of the mid-eye; (D) subcaudal scales in alternating series on tail. Photos by Tom W. Brown.

Fig 3 in Unexpectedly high Sphaerodactylus diversity on a Caribbean island: new locality for the Honduran endemic Sphaerodactylus dunni Schmidt, 1936 (Gekkonidae: Sphaerodactylidae) on Utila Island, Honduras

Fig 3. Google Earth © map hosted on the IUCN platform for Sphaerodactylus dunni (Townsend et al. 2013), illustrating the known range of the species on mainland Honduras, modified to include the new locality on Utila Island (X), part of Islas de la Bahía. Map data: see Google Earth (https://www.google.com/earth/) and Townsend et al. (2013).

Fig 1 in Unexpectedly high Sphaerodactylus diversity on a Caribbean island: new locality for the Honduran endemic Sphaerodactylus dunni Schmidt, 1936 (Gekkonidae: Sphaerodactylidae) on Utila Island, Honduras

Fig 1. An adult Sphaerodactylus dunni photographed upon capture at its newly reported locality on Isla de Utila, Honduras. Photo by Tom W. Brown.

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Figure 1 in First record of the southwestern Indian Ocean endemic Apolemichthys kingi (Teleostei: Pomacanthidae) from Sainte Marie Island, Madagascar

Figure 1. – Map of Madagascar (A) with the locations where the specimen of Apolemichthys kingi was photographed in 2018 (Sainte Marie Island, site B) and identified in 2013 (north of Tôlanaro, site C). Image of the specimen photographed in site B (B), caught and identified in site C (C), and in South Africa (D). Photography credits: J. Wickel (B), S. Fennessy (C), A. D. Connell (D).

FIGURE 8 in Late Pleistocene-Holocene amphibians from Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan: Reconfirmed faunal endemicity and the Holocene range collapse of forest-dwelling species

FIGURE 8. Fossils referred to Echinotriton andersoni. 1–4, postatlantal precaudal vertebra (one of 290 registered as RUMF-GF-04052) in anterior (1), left lateral (2), dorsal (3), and ventral (4) views; 5 and 6, atlas (one of 11 registered as RUMF-GF-04051) in anterior (5) and left lateral (6) views; 7, parietal-prootic-exoccipital (RUMF-GF-04047) in dorsal view; 8, right maxilla (one of 30 registered as RUMF-GF-04045) in lateral view; 9, right quadrate (one of five registered as RUMF-GF-04049) in dorsal view; 10, right dentary (one of 70 registered as RUMF-GF-04050) in medial view; 11, right rib (one of 181 registered as RUMF-GF-04053) in posterior view; 12, right humerus (one of 144 registered as RUMF-GF-04054) in lateral view; and 13, right femur (one of 163 registered as RUMF-GF-04055) in posterior view. Abbreviations: tro, trochanter; the others are the same as Figure 7. Scale bars equal 1 mm.

FIGURE 6 in Late Pleistocene-Holocene amphibians from Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan: Reconfirmed faunal endemicity and the Holocene range collapse of forest-dwelling species

FIGURE 6. Fossils referred to Buergeria japonica (1–4) and Rhacophorus viridis viridis (5–11). 1–3, right female humerus lacking the proximal part (YMHF-MA 010) in ventral (1), medial (2), and dorsal (3) views; 4, left ilium lacking most part of the crista dorsalis (RUMF-GF-04024) in lateral view; 5–7, left female humerus (one of seven registered as RUMF-GF-04025) in ventral (5), medial (6), and dorsal (7) views; 8–10, left male humerus (RUMF-GF-04027) in ventral (8), medial (9), and dorsal (10) views; and 11, pelvic girdle (fused right and left ilia [lacking anterior parts] with the ischium: RUMF-GF-04029) in left lateral view. Abbreviations: pre.acet, preacetabular zone; the others are the same as Figure 3. Arrows indicate the proximal ends of the crista paraventralis. Scale bars equal 1 mm.

FIGURE 7 in Late Pleistocene-Holocene amphibians from Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan: Reconfirmed faunal endemicity and the Holocene range collapse of forest-dwelling species

FIGURE 7. Fossils referred to Cynops ensicauda. 1–4, postatlantal precaudal vertebra (one of 108 registered as RUMF-GF-04039) in anterior (1), left lateral (2), dorsal (3), and ventral (4) views; 5 and 6, atlas (one of five registered as RUMF-GF-04038) in anterior (5) and left lateral (6) views; 7, parietal-prootic-exoccipital (RUMF-GF-04033) in dorsal view; 8, right maxilla (one of three registered as RUMF-GF-04032) in lateral view; 9, right dentary (one of nine registered as RUMF-GF-04037) in medial view; 10, right rib (one of 25 registered as RUMF-GF-04040) in posterior view; 11, right humerus (one of 85 registered as RUMF-GF-04041) in lateral view; and 12, right femur (one of 92 registered as RUMF-GF-04042) in posterior view. Abbreviations: con, condyle; diap, diapophyses; epi.pr, epipleural processes; neu.sp, neural spine; n.prep, notch for prearticular; parap, parapophyses; pos.pr, posterior process; subd.d, subdental ditch; zygap, zygapophyses. The arrow in 12 indicates the concavity (see text). Scale bars equal 1 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Late Pleistocene-Holocene amphibians from Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan: Reconfirmed faunal endemicity and the Holocene range collapse of forest-dwelling species

FIGURE 2. Photograph of the Sashiki Fissure (left) and schematic figure showing the structure of the fissure (right). In the right figure, broken lines represent the outline of the fissure behind rock, shaded areas represent studied sediments, and open circles represent the locations of the dating samples.