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Fig. 1 in Impact of fluctuating and constant temperatures on key life history parameters of Sipha flava (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Fig. 1. Simulated hourly mean temperatures in the uncontrolled greenhouse every day during the 53 d period when the effects of various temperatures on the longevity and reproductive capacity of Sipha flava were determined.

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Fig. 2. Canonical discriminant functional analyses showing 3 in Life history traits of three cryptic species Asia I, Asia II-1 and Asia II-7 of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) reconfirm their genetic identities

Fig. 2. Canonical discriminant functional analyses showing 3 genetic groups of Bemisia tabaci species complex.

Fig. 12 in New and revised life history of the Florida hairstreak Eumaeus atala (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) with notes on its current conservation status

Fig. 12. (A) A 71-d-old male from the captive population. (B) A 1-mo-old male photographed in 2008 from a wild colony in Broward County, Florida. Males lose scales more quickly than females as they do aerial displays to attract females.

Fig. 9 in New and revised life history of the Florida hairstreak Eumaeus atala (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) with notes on its current conservation status

Fig. 9. Graph of wing cord length of emerged adults that were collected as wild late larval stock and that completed final instar in the laboratory, pupating immediately afer relocation. Numbers refer to site locations (1 is in Broward County and 2 is located in Miami-Dade County, Florida).

Fig. 6 in New and revised life history of the Florida hairstreak Eumaeus atala (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) with notes on its current conservation status

Fig. 6. Development of Atala pupal stages; the head region is on the right. (A) The dorsal surface of the larva begins to disengage from the larval integument, leaving a mottled apprearance. (B) The ventral surface displays extensive webbing, and the head region and caudal end turn yellow by the 2nd day. (C) On the 2nd or 3rd day, the pupa is fully formed. (D) Automontage photograph of a 4-d-old pupa showing silk girdle around the thoracic segment and mat attached to the host plant leaf, with cast-off larval skin at the caudal end of the pupa. It is shown in a head-down position. Bar measures 1 mm.

Fig. 5 in New and revised life history of the Florida hairstreak Eumaeus atala (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) with notes on its current conservation status

Fig. 5. Life stages of Eumaeus atala. (A) Automontage photograph of 2-h-old newly hatched larvae that measured between 0.5 and 1.5 mm in length. (B) Nineday-old larvae from the same brood, and which hatched on the same day, showed high variability in size. The smaller larva successfully pupated 3 d later than its brood mates but developed into a smaller pupa and subsequent adult. (C) Automontage photograph of 5 normal instar exuviae. Stadia were variable, between 2 and 4, with most larvae pupating in the 4th instar. The 1st instar occurred at 3 d. (D) Silk mats may form an extensive anchor to the substrate beneath an aggregation of Atala pupae. Bars measure 1 mm.

Fig. 2 in New and revised life history of the Florida hairstreak Eumaeus atala (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) with notes on its current conservation status

Fig. 2. Individual variations in species-recognized ventral wing patterns were distinct in individuals, but not sexually dimorphic. Four examples of newly emerged adults are presented here. (A and B) Females. (C and D) Males. Note the "sprinkled" iridescence on the anal edge of the hindwing of female B and on the entire wing surface of male D. This iridescence was a frequent observation in both sexes. The forelegs, thorax, and head ofen had varying degrees of iridescent patterns as well.

Fig. 8. There was a in New and revised life history of the Florida hairstreak Eumaeus atala (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) with notes on its current conservation status

Fig. 8. There was a significant difference in size and weight of pupae not correlated with sex. (A) Pupae from the captive population, approximately 4 d old. (B) Compare with a similar photo of pupae from a wild colony in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, taken in 2006, approximately 2 d old. (C) Photograph of deceased adults from captive populations placed beside common U.S. coinage. (D) Adults from wild stock collected in 2006 from a Broward County site in Florida and placed above common U.S. coinage displayed similar size differences.

Fig. 1 in New and revised life history of the Florida hairstreak Eumaeus atala (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) with notes on its current conservation status

Fig. 1. Wing cord length on adult Atala butterflies was measured from the ventral basal sclerite on the lef forewing to the apex of the same forewing using a clear metric ruler.

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Fig. 1 in Life history traits of three cryptic species Asia I, Asia II-1 and Asia II-7 of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) reconfirm their genetic identities

Fig. 1. Component analysis (PCA) showing the clustering of genetic groups of Bemisia tabaci species complex.

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Fig. 3 in Biology and life history of Atanycolus cappaerti (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a North American larval parasitoid attacking the invasive emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

Fig. 3. Immature stages of Atanycolus cappaerti. (A) Egg on Agrilus planipennis larva at 3× magnification; (B) 1st instar at 3× magnification; (C) 2nd instar at 3× magnification; (D) 3rd instar at 3× magnification; (E) 4th instar at 3× magnification; (F) 5th instar at 1.8× magnification; (G) 6th instar at 1.8× magnification; (H) pupal cocoon at 1.8× magnification; (I) eclosed adult.

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Fig. 2 in Biology and life history of Atanycolus cappaerti (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a North American larval parasitoid attacking the invasive emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

Fig. 2. Diapause behavior of Atanycolus cappaerti progeny when reared in normal rearing conditions (25 ± 2 °C, 65 ± 10% RH, and a photoperiod of 16:8 h L:D).

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Fig. 1 in Biology and life history of Atanycolus cappaerti (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a North American larval parasitoid attacking the invasive emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

Fig. 1. (A) Longevity and (B) realized fecundity and host utilization (parasitism) rate of adults of Atanycolus cappaerti when reared in single mating pairs (n = 16 for both sexes) and continually provided with emerald ash borer larvae on a weekly basis for their lifespan.

Fig. 7 in Life history variations and seasonal polyphenism in Eumaeus atala (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

Fig. 7. Seasonal polyphenism in the dorsal wing color of male Atala, Eumaeus atala. Green (lef photo) is predominantly found in cooler winter and spring southeast Florida temperatures.

Fig. 5 in Life history variations and seasonal polyphenism in Eumaeus atala (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

Fig. 5. Eumaeus atala pupal development time (d) for different seasons is indicated by the different line styles. Two distinct groups of development are present, the warm season (summer to fall) and cool season (winter to spring).

Fig. 6 in Life history variations and seasonal polyphenism in Eumaeus atala (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

Fig. 6. Polyphenism in Atala, Eumaeus atala, pupae. Increased melanization is associated with cooler temperatures. All pupae were 10 d old when the photographs were taken.

Fig. 3 in Life history variations and seasonal polyphenism in Eumaeus atala (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

Fig. 3. Eumaeus atala egg development time (d) for different seasons is indicated by different line styles. A separation in development is starting to show between warm season (summer to fall) and cool season (winter to spring).

Fig. 2 in Life history variations and seasonal polyphenism in Eumaeus atala (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

Fig. 2. Seasonal temperatures as programmed in environmental chambers. A) Temperatures in the chambers were programmed to match Homestead, Miami temperatures as closely as possible (see discussion) and B) degree-day units were analyzed using a Baskerville–Emin adjustment (see discussion). Bars indicate standard error.

Fig. 1. Percival environmental chambers housing Eumaeus atala. A in Life history variations and seasonal polyphenism in Eumaeus atala (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

Fig. 1. Percival environmental chambers housing Eumaeus atala. A) Interior view of fabric housing cages in the Percival chambers and B) plastic 'deli-box' larval cages inside with host plant material and young Eumaeus atala larvae.