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2,952 results for “limb”
Figure 2 in Locomotion in terrestrial mammals: the influence of body mass, limb length and bone proportions on speed
Figure 2. Plots of standardized contrasts to their standard deviations. a, log forelimb length in mm; b, radius/humerus ratio; c, metacarpus/humerus ratio; d, tibia/femur ratio; e, cnemial crest height in mm/3÷body mass in kilograms; f, calcaneal tuber/metatarsus ratio.
Figure 9. A in Comparative morphology among trunk limbs of Caenestheriella gifuensis and Leptestheria kawachiensis (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata)
Figure 9. A, outline of trunk limb 13 of adult female of Caenestheriella gifuensis showing inferred position of praecoxa (P), coxa (C), basis (B), exite (xt), exopod (EX), and the three segments of endopod (EN). Enditic lobes 1–5 are numbered; a, attenuate lobe; s, discoid lobe; broken line proximal to coxa represents arthrodial membrane present in younger limbs; broken line proximal to distal and middle endopodal segments represents arthrodial membranes present in transformed limbs of male; wavy lines are presumed locations of boundaries between proximal endopodal segment and basis, and between basis and coxa. B, hypothetical reconstruction of the origin of the biramal limb by axis duplication. Adult limb with setae along the duplicated ramus (exopod in thick lines) located dorsally and terminally, but only distad along the ventral face; the positions are a mirror image of the setae along the original ramus (endopod in thin lines), which are ventral and terminal, but only distad along the dorsal face; six endopodal segments from Siewing (1960); shape of segments is not significant. Praecoxa (P), coxa (C), basis (B); wavy line with M is mirror tilted slightly upward, toward the viewer.
Figure 8. Leptestheria kawachiensis. A, trunk limb 24 in Comparative morphology among trunk limbs of Caenestheriella gifuensis and Leptestheria kawachiensis (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata)
Figure 8. Leptestheria kawachiensis. A, trunk limb 24 of juvenile (2.3 mm ¥ 1.4 mm), asetose limb, anterior, 'd' is dorsal. B, trunk limb 23 of juvenile (2.3 mm ¥ 1.4 mm), asetose limb, anterior, 'd' is dorsal. C, trunk limb 24 of adult (3.9 mm ¥ 2.3 mm), initial setose limb, anterior. D, trunk limb 24 of adult (8.0 mm ¥ 4.7 mm), second setose limb, anterior. Abbreviations and symbols as for Fig. 6.
Figure 6. Leptestheria kawachiensis. A, trunk limb 13 in Comparative morphology among trunk limbs of Caenestheriella gifuensis and Leptestheria kawachiensis (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata)
Figure 6. Leptestheria kawachiensis. A, trunk limb 13 of juvenile (1.0 mm ¥ 0.8 mm), asetose limb, anterior, 'd' is dorsal. B, trunk limb 13 of juvenile (1.5 mm ¥ 0.8 mm), initial setose limb, anterior. C, trunk limb 13 of juvenile (1.5 mm ¥ 1.0 mm), second setose limb, anterior. D, trunk limb 13 of juvenile (1.9 mm ¥ 1.3 mm), third setose limb, anterior. Arrow on seta of presumptive attenuate lobe; remaining abbreviations and symbols as for Fig. 2.
Figure 3 in Comparative morphology among trunk limbs of Caenestheriella gifuensis and Leptestheria kawachiensis (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata)
Figure 3. Caenestheriella gifuensis adult female (8.7 mm ¥ 5.4 mm). A, trunk limb 19, anterior. B, trunk limb 24, anterior. Arrow on setae of presumptive attenuate lobe. Abbreviations and symbols as for Fig. 2.
Figure 1 in Comparative morphology among trunk limbs of Caenestheriella gifuensis and Leptestheria kawachiensis (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata)
Figure 1. Caenestheriella gifuensis adult female (8.7 mm ¥ 5.4 mm). Trunk limb 13, anterior. Ventral up, proximal right; arrow to discoid lobe; asterisk on base of attenuate lobe.
Figure 4 in Comparative morphology among trunk limbs of Caenestheriella gifuensis and Leptestheria kawachiensis (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata)
Figure 4. Caenestheriella gifuensis adult male (7.6 mm ¥ 4.9 mm). A, trunk limb 2, anterior. B, trunk limb 1, distal section, anterior. Abbreviations and symbols as for Fig. 2.
Figure 1 in The effects of locomotion on the structural characteristics of avian limb bones
Figure 1. Avian phylogenies used for tests of phylogenetic independence. A, the phylogeny based on the topology presented by Sibley & Ahlquist (1990). B, the phylogeny based on the topology presented by Livezey & Zusi (2007).
Figure 2 in The effects of locomotion on the structural characteristics of avian limb bones
Figure 2. Polar section moduli of femora versus section moduli of humeri for all individuals, standardized for bone length (see text). Zp is used here as an estimate of strength in torsion and average strength in bending. The solid line represents equal strength (y = x). Data are presented natural log transformed, and symbols correspond to locomotor categories in Table 1. De, Diomedea exulans; Ac, Aquila chrysaetos; Sm, Spheniscus magellanicus; Ph, Phalacrocorax harrisi; Pa, P. auritus; Ao, Aechmophorus occidentalis; Pg, Puffinus griseus; Ua, Uria aalge; Cc, Corvus corax; Cm, Cerorhinca monocerata; Ta, Tyto alba; Ft, Falco tinnunculus; Gc, Geococcyx californianus; Pr, Phaethon rubricauda; Ra, Rhea americana. The single juvenile rhea was not used in statistical analyses. The long axis of ovals delimiting species indicate isometry. Symbols are as follows, filled symbols, diving birds (those with subaqueous locomotion); triangles (Δ), forelimb-propelled diving; squares (-,Z), flightless taxa. Grebes are indicated by diamonds (Ɨ) and volant cormorants are shown with filled circles (•). The single juvenile rhea is indicated by a cross (+). All other species are delimited by open circles (O).
Figure 7 in The effects of locomotion on the structural characteristics of avian limb bones
Figure 7. Percentage of bone cross-section composed of cortical bone in the femur and humerus of each individual. This represents an inverse measure of 'hollowness' in the limb bones scanned. Phalacrocorax harrisi and Spheniscus magellanicus are both highlighted for qualitative reference, as these species have the thickest-walled bones of the taxa studied. Phalacrocorax auritus individuals are highlighted for comparison with P. harrisi. Puffinus griseus individuals, which utilize both dynamic soaring and wing-propelled diving, are highlighted to emphasize that their cortical areas are similar to other divers. Symbols and labels are as in Figure 2, except that X's denote hyperaerials.
Figure 4. pQCT images from a in The effects of locomotion on the structural characteristics of avian limb bones
Figure 4. pQCT images from a subset of the study species included, representing the range of geometries in the data set. Species not shown to same scale.
Figure 6 in The effects of locomotion on the structural characteristics of avian limb bones
Figure 6. Mean natural log-transformed ratios of femoral to humeral length. Taxa are ordered according to the expected functional trend (see Table 1).
Figure 3 in The effects of locomotion on the structural characteristics of avian limb bones
Figure 3. Mean natural log-ransformed ratios of femoral to humeral section modulus. Taxa are ordered according to the expected functional trend (see Table 1).
Figure 5 in The effects of locomotion on the structural characteristics of avian limb bones
Figure 5. Total length of femora versus total length of humeri for all individuals. Data are presented natural log-transformed. The solid line represents equal length (y = x). Symbols and species name abbreviations follow those in Figure 2. The long axes of the ovals delimiting species indicate isometry.
A shortcut to calculate SPAM limb-darkening coefficients
<p>This repository contains data files and other supplementary material associated with the manuscript entitled "A shortcut to calculate SPAM limb-darkening coefficients", published on the Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society (RNAAS).</p>
Early diversification of avian limb morphology and the role of modularity in the locomotor evolution of crown birds
<p>High disparity among avian forelimb and hind limb segments in crown birds relative to non-avialan theropod dinosaurs, potentially driven by the origin of separate forelimb and hind limb locomotor modules, has been linked to the evolution of diverse avian locomotor behaviors. However, this hypothesized relationship has not been quantitatively investigated in a phylogenetic framework. We assessed the relationship between the evolution of limb morphology and locomotor behavior by comparing a numerical proxy for locomotor diversity to morphospace sizes derived from a dataset of 1241 extant species. We then estimated how limb disparity accumulated during the crown avian radiation. Lastly, we tested whether limb segments evolved independently between each limb module using phylogenetically informed regressions. Disparity increased significantly with behavioral diversity after accounting for clade age and species richness. We found that forelimb disparity accumulated rapidly early in avian evolution, whereas hindlimb disparity accumulated later, in more recent divergences. We recovered little support for strong correlations between forelimb and hind limb morphology. We posit that these findings support independent evolution of locomotor modules that enabled the striking morphological and behavioral diversity of extant birds.</p>
Text-fig. 4. Taimyria triassica NAUGOLNYKH et MOGUTCHEVA gen. et sp. nov., holotype 4287/6. a: line drawing explaining female cone morphology after holotype; b: suggested reconstruction showing arrangement and vascularization of seed-bearing discs (left), and section through seed-bearing discs exhibiting seed attachment and marginal limb structure (right); c: seed scar structure (after Textfig. 3c), 1 – subepidermal and epidermal tissues under the cuticle, 2 – coaly tissues of mesophyll. Oval form at seed scar center is possible exit of conducting strand. Locality: Tsvetkov Cape; Lower Triassic, Induan; Keshin Formation. Scale bar 1 cm (a, b), 100 µm (c). in Taimyria Gen. Nov., A New Genus Of Evolutionary Advanced Gymnosperms From Triassic Of The Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia, Russia
Text-fig. 4. Taimyria triassica NAUGOLNYKH et MOGUTCHEVA gen. et sp. nov., holotype 4287/6. a: line drawing explaining female cone morphology after holotype; b: suggested reconstruction showing arrangement and vascularization of seed-bearing discs (left), and section through seed-bearing discs exhibiting seed attachment and marginal limb structure (right); c: seed scar structure (after Textfig. 3c), 1 – subepidermal and epidermal tissues under the cuticle, 2 – coaly tissues of mesophyll. Oval form at seed scar center is possible exit of conducting strand. Locality: Tsvetkov Cape; Lower Triassic, Induan; Keshin Formation. Scale bar 1 cm (a, b), 100 µm (c).
Lagrangian trajectory dataset for AMOC lower limb
<p>These Lagrangian trajectory files were generated by TRACMASS, a Lagrangian parcel tracing algorithm, using data from a high-resolution (1/12<sup>o</sup>) ocean sea-ice hindcast. Two set of experiments were performed to trace the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) lower limb; 1) Initiated only southward trajectories across the Fram Strait <strong>(fs)</strong> that corresponds to Arctic outflow and 2) traced only northward trajectories across the easten Subpolar North Atlantic (SPNA) Section which corresponds to Atlantic inflow and associated with the North Atlantic Current <strong>(nac)</strong>.</p> <p>_ini.csv = store positions and properties of trajectories at the starting location</p> <p>_run.csv = store positions and properties of trajectories during the trajectory simulation</p> <p>_out.csv = store positions and properties of trajectories at the ending location</p> <p>_rerun.csv = This file is used to select trajectories that have reached a particular ending section. Column 2 in this file contain kill zone flag. Flag 1 means trajectories reaching the surface, 2 indicates trajectories reaching the Fram Strait , 3 means trajectories reaching the eastern SPNA section and finally 4 illustrate trajectories aprroaching the Barents Sea.</p> <p>TRACMASS documentation is available at <strong>https://www.tracmass.org/docs.html</strong></p>
Data from: Frog limbs in deep time: is jumping locomotion at the roots of the anuran Bauplan?
<p><span>The unique body plan of frogs (Lissamphibia: Anura) has been largely conserved from at least 200 Myr and its evolution from a more generalized tetrapod condition is still poorly understood, in part due to the scarce early fossil record of Salientia, the anuran total-group. The origin of the anuran Bauplan has been classically explained as an adaptation to jumping, but recent studies incorporating new data in a phylogenetic context have challenged the popular jumping hypothesis. Here we revisit and test this hypothesis from a palaeobiological perspective by integrating limb data from a wide range of extant and fossil frogs. We first explored the evolution of limb proportions from the Jurassic to the Paleogene to understand when the present limb diversity originated and whether, and to what extent, limb proportions have been conserved over the last 200 Myr. We then inferred the locomotor capabilities of extinct species by phylogenetic flexible discriminant analysis and, from these inferences, we studied the locomotor diversity of frogs over geological time and reconstructed the ancestral state for frog-like salientians. The evolution of limb proportions is characterized by an early diversification that was underway in the Jurassic, followed by a repeated convergence over a limited area of the morphospace that was already explored by the Early Cretaceous. In agreement with this early limb diversity, the Jurassic stem species were also locomotory diverse and their inferred locomotor modes do not support the jumping hypothesis. We propose that the patterns found herein of repeated convergent evolution of both limb proportions and locomotor capabilities over geological time hamper any attempt to confidently infer the ancestral locomotion mode and, therefore, it might be time to start focusing on other hypotheses on the origin of the anuran Bauplan that are not related to locomotion.</span></p>
TAM survey questionnaire responses of a head-mounted assistive mouse controller for people with upper limb disability
<p>This dataset contains TAM survey questionnaire and the corresponding responses of a head-mounted assistive mouse controller for people with upper limb disability.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.