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826 results for “low level”
Figure 2 in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 2. Best-scoring maximum likelihood tree based on analysis of COI data. Numbers shown at nodes are maximum likelihood bootstrap values based on 1000 bootstrap replicates in RAxML. Only bootstrap values greater than 50% are shown. Terminals are labelled with a DNA extraction code, species name, collection locality and either as male (m) or female (f). Barcodes were obtained using Sanger sequencing technology, except for those corresponding to specimens 1802 and 1805, which were obtained from non-UCE assemblies generated during UCE sequencing. A, Pseudoanthidium tenellum, Burgenland, Austria (m), photo Bernhard Jacobi; B, P. cribratum, Bukhara, Uzbekistan (f), photo Jessica Litman; C, P. canariense, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain (m), photo Jessica Litman; D, P. stigmaticorne, Crimea, Russia, photo Alexander V. Fateryga; E, P. scapulare, Portugal, photo Ian Cross; F, P. nanum, photo Entomologie/Botanik, ETH Zürich / Albert Krebs; G, P. palestinicum, photo Jessica Litman.
Figure 1. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 1. A, nest of Pseudoanthidium stigmaticorne, in a capsule of Tulipa biflora Pall. (Lisya Bay, Crimea). Insert in lower right shows close-up of the same nest. Three males eventually emerged (photo Alexander V. Fateryga); B, Pseudoanthidium stigmaticorne nesting in a stem of Crambe maritima L. (Arabatskaya Strelka sand spit, Crimea). A pin is inserted to mark the nest (photo Sergey P. Ivanov).
Figure 3 in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 3. Best-scoring maximum likelihood tree based on analyses of the (A) 75% UCE matrix and (B) 100% UCE matrix. Numbers shown at nodes are maximum likelihood bootstrap values based on 1000 bootstrap replicates in RAxML. Only bootstrap values greater than 50% are shown. Terminals are labelled with a DNA extraction code corresponding to the whole-body extraction performed for UCE sequencing, the DNA extraction code for the same specimen based on single leg extractions performed for barcode sequencing, the species name, collection locality and either as male (m) or female (f). Three specimens (1800, 1802 and 1805) were only sequenced following the UCE protocol and thus have only a UCE extraction code.
Low-level argon and air in helium for CNNs
<p>This repository contains datasets used for analyzing low-level argon and air impurity in helium. These datasets were utilized in the research paper titled "Impurity Gas Detection for SNF Canisters Using Probabilistic Deep Learning and Acoustic Sensing" available at (https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4675917).</p> <p>Files</p> <p>1. Input_set.npy: This file contains the input dataset, consisting of excitation and gas concentration pairs.<br>2. Response_set.npy: This file contains the response dataset.<br>3. Concen_set.npy: This file contains the concentration pairs of Argon and Air used in the experiments.<br>4. Image_train.npy: This file contains the STFT spectrum data for the training set.<br>5. Image_test.npy:This file contains the STFT spectrum data for the testing set.</p> <p>Data Structure</p> <p>Image_train.npy<br>- Shape:(65,011, 38, 44, 2)<br>- Description: This array contains the STFT spectra for the training set.<br> - The first dimension (65,011) represents the number of training samples.<br> - The second and third dimensions (38, 44) represent the size of the STFT spectrum.<br> - The fourth dimension (2) represents the two channels:<br> - One channel contains the STFT of the excitation signal.<br> - The other channel contains the STFT of the response signal.</p> <p>Image_test.npy<br>- Shape: (27,862, 38, 44, 2)<br>- Description: This array contains the STFT spectra for the testing set.<br> - The first dimension (27,862) represents the number of testing samples.<br> - The second and third dimensions (38, 44) represent the size of the STFT spectrum.<br> - The fourth dimension (2) represents the two channels:<br> - One channel contains the STFT of the excitation signal.<br> - The other channel contains the STFT of the response signal.</p> <p>Input_set.npy<br>- Shape: (101,919, 253)<br>- Description: This array contains the input parameters for the ultrasonic experiments.<br> - The first 251 columns contain the excitation parameters.<br> - The last 2 columns represent the concentration pairs of Argon and Air.</p> <p>Response_set.npy<br>- Shape: (101,919, 426)<br>- Description: This array contains the ultrasonic response data corresponding to the input parameters in `Input_set.npy`.<br> - The 426 columns represent the time-series data points of the ultrasonic response.</p> <p>Concen_set.npy<br>- Shape: Corresponds to the concentration pairs of Argon and Air.<br>- Description: This array contains the concentration pairs used in the experiments.</p> <p>X_pure_new.npy<br>Shape: (4,718, 427)<br>Description: This array contains data representing pure helium samples.<br>The first 426 columns represent the response features of each sample.<br>The 427th column is the label for binary classification, and all values in this column are zeros, indicating that these are pure samples.</p> <p>X_with_impurity_new.npy<br>Shape: (101,700, 429)<br>Description: This array contains data representing samples with impurities.<br>The first 426 columns represent the response features of each sample.<br>The 427th column is the label for binary classification, and all values in this column are ones, indicating that these are impure samples.<br>The last two columns represent the concentrations of impurities in the samples.</p> <p>Citation<br>If you use this dataset in your research, please cite the above paper.</p> <p>Contact<br>For any questions or issues related to this dataset, please contact the repository owner via bozhouzh@usc.edu.</p>
Data from: Common noctules exploit low levels of the aerosphere
Aerial habitats present a challenge to find food across a large potential search volume, particularly for insectivorous bats that rely on echolocation calls with limited detection range and may forage at heights over 1000 m. To understand how bats use vertical space, we tracked one to five foraging flights of eight common noctules (Nyctalus noctula). Bats were tracked for their full foraging session (87.27 ± 24 mins) using high-resolution atmospheric pressure radio transmitters that allowed us to calculate height and wingbeat frequency. Bats used diverse flight strategies, but generally flew lower than 40 m, with scouting flights to 100 m and a maximum of 300 m. We found no influence of weather on height and high-altitude ascents were not preceded by an increase in foraging effort. Wingbeat frequency was independent from climbing or descending flight, and bats skipped wingbeats or glided in 10% of all observations. Wingbeat frequency was positively related to capture mass, and wingbeat frequency was positively related to time of night, indicating an effect of load increase over a foraging bout. Overall, individuals used a wide range of airspace including altitudes that put them at increased risk from human-made structures. Further work is needed to test the context of these flight decisions, particularly as individuals migrate throughout Europe.
Data from: Short-term, low-level nitrogen deposition dampens a trophic cascade between bears and plants
Human activities have substantially increased atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition in ecosystems worldwide, often leading to higher plant quality for herbivores and greater herbivory. Predators frequently suppress herbivores and indirectly benefit plants via 'trophic cascades', and the strength of these interactions can also depend on N availability. However, the evidence for N deposition effects on cascades primarily comes from studies of high-level N deposition. Most terrestrial ecosystems currently receive elevated, but low-level N deposition, and it is unclear whether this subtle N enrichment has any effect on cascades. Here, I asked whether low-level N deposition alters a trophic cascade from black bears to plants in Colorado. In this ecological network, bears indirectly benefit plants by consuming ants and suppressing positive effects of ants on herbivores. Using a three year N enrichment experiment, I assessed changes in this cascade by measuring plant and arthropod responses to simulated N deposition, bear damage to ant nests, and the presence of mutualist herbivores and ants. I found that low-level N enrichment and bears had interacting effects on plant reproduction. In ambient N conditions, bears indirectly increased plant reproduction by causing ant nests to become inactive and suppressing positive ant effects on herbivores that were detrimental for plants. Yet, bear-induced ant nest inactivity had no effect on plant reproduction in N-enriched conditions. When N was added, ants had greater positive effects on herbivores, but herbivores had weak effects on plants, potentially because plants were more resistant to herbivores. Ultimately, the results indicate that N enrichment strengthened resource control of the community and weakened plant-herbivore interactions and the cascade from bears to plants. This study suggests that common rates of low-level N deposition are changing the strength of trophic cascades and may have already altered resource vs. consumer control of ecological community structure in many ecosystems.
Data from: A flicker of hope: genomic data distinguish Northern Flicker taxa despite low levels of divergence
Next-generation sequencing technologies are increasingly being employed to explore patterns of genomic variation in avian taxa previously characterized using morphology and/or traditional genetic markers. The hybridization dynamics of the Northern Flicker complex have received considerable attention, primarily due to the conspicuous plumage differences among these birds and the geographically extensive hybrid zone between the Red-shafted (Colaptes auratus cafer) and Yellow-shafted (Colaptes auratus auratus) flickers in the Great Plains region of North America. However, no traditional molecular techniques have been able to differentiate these 2 morphologically well-defined taxa from one another, or conclusively from the closely related Gilded Flicker (Colaptes chrysoides). Here, we use a next-generation sequencing approach to assess the genetic diversity and evolutionary history of these 3 taxa. We confirm the overall low levels of differentiation found using traditional molecular markers, but are able to distinguish between the 3 taxa for the first time, using a dataset of thousands of SNP loci distributed across the genome. Through demographic modeling and phylogenetic reconstructions, we find that Red-shafted and Yellow-shafted flickers are likely sister taxa, and that their divergence from the Gilded Flicker was comparatively older. The low level of divergence and lack of fixed differences in our dataset between Red-shafted and Yellow-shafted flickers, in particular, suggests whole-genome re-sequencing may be necessary to assess the dynamics of their hybridization and identify the genetic basis of their striking differences in plumage.
Data from: Low levels of hybridization across two contact zones among three species of woodpeckers (Sphyrapicus sapsuckers)
Three species of closely related woodpeckers (sapsuckers; Sphyrapicus) hybridize where they come into contact, presenting a rare 'λ‐shape' meeting of hybrid zones. Two of the three arms of this hybrid zone are located on either side of the Interior Plateau of British Columbia, Canada bordering the foothills of the Coast Mountains and the Rocky Mountains. The third arm is located in the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains. The zones of hybridization present high variability of phenotypes and alleles in relatively small areas and provide an opportunity to examine levels of reproductive isolation between the taxa involved. We examined phenotypes (morphometric traits and plumage) and genotypes of 175 live birds across the two hybrid zones. We used the Genotyping By Sequencing (GBS) method to identify 180 partially diagnostic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to generate a genetic hybrid index (GHI) for each bird. Phenotypically diverged S. ruber and S. nuchalis are genetically closely related, while S. nuchalis and S. varius have similar plumage but are well separated at the genetic markers studied. The width of both hybrid zones is narrower than expected under neutrality, and analyses of both genotypes and phenotypes indicate that hybrids are rare in the hybrid zone. Rarity of hybrids indicates assortative mating and/or some form of fitness reduction in hybrids, which might maintain the species complex despite close genetic distance and introgression. These findings further support the treatment of the three taxa as distinct species.
Data used in "Investigating effects of solar proton events and Forbush decreases on ground-level potential gradient recorded at middle and low latitudes and different altitudes"
<p>Potential gradient deviations at CASLEO and SWIDER stations used in the paper "Investigating effects of solar proton events and Forbush decreases on ground-level potential gradient recorded at middle and low latitudes and different altitudes"</p> <p>Additionally is provided CARPET data.</p>
Data and movies for Finley et al. "Impact of the Streamwise Vorticity Current on Low-level Mesocyclone Development in a Simulated Supercell"
<p>The netcdf data files and python files used to make the figures, and the movies provided in the supplemental material in Finley et al. Netcdf software is available from https://www.unidata.ucar.edu/software/netcdf/. Figures 1-4 and movies were made with VisIt, which is available from https://visit-dav.github.io/visit-website/. </p>
Urban soil quality is being deteriorated even with low heavy metal levels: An arthropod-based multi-indices approach
<p><span>Urban-induced habitat conversion drastically changes soil life in a variety of ways. Soil sealing, human disturbance, habitat fragmentation, industrial and vehicular pollution are the main causes of urban soil degradation. Soil arthropods, as the most abundant and diverse group of soil fauna, are involved in many soil processes that are of great importance in maintaining soil health and multifunctionality. Nevertheless, soil quality is still mainly characterized by physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters.</span></p> <p><span>Here, we assessed and compared the biological soil quality in woody (REF: reference forest, REM: remnant forest) and non-woody (TURF: public turfgrass, and RUD: ruderal habitat) types of urban green spaces along a disturbance and management intensity gradient in the Budapest metropolitan area (Hungary), using community metrics and soil arthropod-based indicators. Vegetation cover and landscape characteristics of study sites were quantified through vegetation and urbanization indices, respectively. Basic soil properties, total and bioavailable concentrations of the main heavy metals (Cd, Co, Hg, Ni, Zn) were also measured. </span></p> <p><span>Acari, Collembola, and Hymenoptera (mainly Formicidae) were the most abundant groups. Litter-dweller taxa, particularly Protura, proved to be the most sensitive to urban disturbance. Representatives of Hemiptera, Diptera, Symphyla, and Pauropoda were common in low densities. Soil arthropod assemblages in RUD and TURF were more diverse taxonomically than in REM and REF sites. Although the integrated faunal indices showed no differences among soil habitat types, they provided different responses and, consequently, different information. Our findings demonstrated that the biological quality and arthropod community structure of soils were strongly impacted by soil C/N and heavy metal contamination. </span></p> <p><span>We found that low and moderate levels of pollution have adverse effects on edaphic fauna, suggesting biological degradation of soils, even below pollution limits. Nevertheless, more disturbed urban green spaces have been shown to play a significant role in maintaining belowground biodiversity, thereby soil functions.</span></p>
Comparison Between High and Low Level Para-aortic Lymphadenectomy in High and Intermediate Risk Endometrial Carcinoma
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT07306195. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Evaluation the Effect of Using Preoperative Ibuprofen Versus Low Level Laser Therapy on Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05479175. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Effects of High Voltage Pulsed Current (HVPC) and Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) on Wound Healing in Diabetic Ulcers
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00719251. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 13.
Transvaginal Low-level Laser Therapy to Improve Pelvic Pain and Sexual Function in Patients with Endometriosis.
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05540353. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 6.
Fundus Effects of Repeated Low-Level Red-Light Therapy in Chinese Myopic Minors: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06034912. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Low Level Laser Therapy Impact on Cognitive Function and Quality of Life in Alzheimer Anemic Elderly Patients
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04496778. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Grape Seed Extract VS Low Level Laser Therapy for Dentin Hypersensitivity
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05927831. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Platelet Rich Plasma, Complex Decongestive Physiotherapy and Low Level Laser in Treatment of Lower Extremity Lymphoedema
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03080207. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Effect of High vs. Low MAP Levels on Clinical Outcomes in Elderly Patients During Noncardiothoracic Surgery
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02857153. IPD Sharing: UNDECIDED. Countries: 1. Publications: 6.
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.