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Fig. 2 in Fig. 4 in Identification of Sexually Dimorphic Genes in Pectoral Fin as Molecular Markers for Assessing the Sex of Japanese Silver Eels ().

Fig. 2. The total length of Japanese eel reared in different light spectra for 12 weeks. W: white light; Black: dark; B: blue light; G: green light; R: red light.

Fig. 4 in Fig. 4 in Identification of Sexually Dimorphic Genes in Pectoral Fin as Molecular Markers for Assessing the Sex of Japanese Silver Eels ().

Fig. 4. The total length of giant mottled eel reared in different light spectra for 12 weeks. W: white light; Black: dark; B: blue light; G: green light; R: red light. Different letters indicate significant differences between groups of the same week (p <0.05).

Fig. 1 in Fig. 4 in Identification of Sexually Dimorphic Genes in Pectoral Fin as Molecular Markers for Assessing the Sex of Japanese Silver Eels ().

Fig. 1. Graph of a set of recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) used in this study. The five tanks were each 40 L in volume and covered by a black board. W: white light; R: red light (622 nm); G: green light (517 nm); B: blue light (467 nm).

Fig. 9 in Fig. 4 in Identification of Sexually Dimorphic Genes in Pectoral Fin as Molecular Markers for Assessing the Sex of Japanese Silver Eels ().

Fig. 9. The POD expression levels of Japanese eel and giant mottled eel reared in different spectra. W: white light; B: blue light; G: green light; R: red light; black: dark. Different letters indicate significant differences between different spectra groups of the same eel species (p <0.05).

Fig. 4 in Identification of Sexually Dimorphic Genes in Pectoral Fin as Molecular Markers for Assessing the Sex of Japanese Silver Eels ().

Fig. 4. Comparisons of ΔCT values of LOC111853410, kera, and dcn between the "S-Female" (n = 7, four repeats) and "S-Male" (n = 5, four repeats) groups for assessing the threshold for sex typing. (A) LOC111853410, (B) kera, (C) dcn. A solid black circle represented one ΔCT value. The "S-Female" meant the female silver eels, and the "S-Male" meant the male silver eels. For each gene, there were 28 and 20 solid black circles in the "S-Female" group and the "S-Male" group, respectively. The solid red line meant the inferred threshold of ΔCT for sex typing.

Fig. 3 in Identification of Sexually Dimorphic Genes in Pectoral Fin as Molecular Markers for Assessing the Sex of Japanese Silver Eels ().

Fig. 3. Comparisons of relative expression levels of four genes possibly higher expressed in the pectoral fins of male silver eels between the "S-Female" (n = 7, four repeats) and "S-Male" (n = 5, four repeats) groups. (A) kera, (B) dcn, (C) cited1, (D) LOC104575574. The arp was a housekeeping gene, and two female samples (F1 and F2) were used as the internal control for calculating relative expression levels. The y-axis was in log2 scale. The "S-Female" meant the female silver eels, and the "S-Male" meant the male silver eels. The solid black line represented the median value, and the solid black circle represented the outliers. Asterisks indicated significant differences (**P <0.01, ***P <0.001) in relative expression levels between two groups.

Fig. 2 in Identification of Sexually Dimorphic Genes in Pectoral Fin as Molecular Markers for Assessing the Sex of Japanese Silver Eels ().

Fig. 2. Comparisons of relative expression levels of six genes possibly higher expressed in the pectoral fins of female silver eels between the "S-Female" (n = 7, four repeats) and "S-Male" (n = 5, four repeats) groups. (A) LOC108249696, (B) LOC110515957, (C) egr3, (D) cipc, (E) LOC111853410, (F) cttn. The arp was a housekeeping gene, and two female samples (F1 and F2) were used as the internal control for calculating relative expression levels. The y-axis was in log2 scale. The "S-Female" meant the female silver eels, and the "S-Male" meant the male silver eels. The solid black line represented the median value, and the solid black circle represented the outliers. Asterisks indicated significant differences (**P <0.01, ***P <0.001) in relative expression levels between two groups.

Fig. 1 in Identification of Sexually Dimorphic Genes in Pectoral Fin as Molecular Markers for Assessing the Sex of Japanese Silver Eels ().

Fig. 1. Scheme of the MOLAS database for the Japanese eel. Annotated information of the assembled transcripts, including DNA sequence, amino acids sequence, open reading frames, signal peptides, transmembrane domains, gene ontology, hit KEGG pathway, and FPKM values, can be searched by the names of genes or the transcript ID in the Full-text search. A sequence of DNA can also be used to find the transcript with high similarity through the Sequence Search/BLAST. Moreover, the Pairwise Comparison can compare the differences in expression levels of the transcripts between two different libraries or two library groups, and then the differentially expressed genes can be summarized to a gene list. Furthermore, the Import Genelist can analyze the protein function, gene ontology enrichment, heatmap of expression, and hit terms on a KEGG pathway for a gene list. Additionally, the Clustering can be used to categorize the expressional patterns of transcripts between two different libraries or two library groups. Finally, the KEGG GlobalView and Gene List Analysis can see the hit terms of transcripts on the map of KEGG pathway and compare the different gene lists by Venn diagrams, respectively.

Fig. 11 in Introgression at the emerging secondary contact zone of magpie Pica pica subspecies (Aves: Corvidae): integrating data on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, vocalizations, and field observations

Fig. 11 Rates of chatter calls in different magpie populations and individuals. a Each mark represents average chattering rate for a single bird from five populations indicated by colours. Figures are numbers for the outliers: 1, 2—jankowskii from the mixed population of Argun'; 3, 4, 5—hybrid birds from the hybridogeneous population of Kerulen. b Each mark represents average chattering rate for a series of chatterings of one selected individual representing jankowskii, leucoptera, and hybrid birds, respectively. Green mark—pair #6 jankowskii from Vladivostok; gray—pair #43 leucoptera from Tsasuchei, Transbaikalia; blue—pair #24 hybrids from Kerulen, eastern Mongolia. X-axis—number of elements per second in a total series of chattering; Y-axis— number of elements per second in a series of 5 elements of chattering

Fig. 12 in Introgression at the emerging secondary contact zone of magpie Pica pica subspecies (Aves: Corvidae): integrating data on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, vocalizations, and field observations

Fig. 12 Violin plot diagram of the chatter call speed (elements per second) of Eurasian magpie populations across regions. X-axis presents a set of populations; Y-axis—elements per second. Box outlines the interquantile range (25%, 75%), whiskers represent range without outliers, central bar is the median, red dot is the mean, and figure shape is the probability density. The brackets on the top denote statistically significant pairwise differences (GamesHowell test, p<0.05)

Fig. 9 in Introgression at the emerging secondary contact zone of magpie Pica pica subspecies (Aves: Corvidae): integrating data on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, vocalizations, and field observations

Fig. 9 Population genetic structure based on unlinked SNP markers. Scatter plots of principal component analysis (PCA) show individual variation in components one and two (a) and three and four (b). The amount of variance explained by each PC is shown in parentheses. I—leucoptera,

Fig. 7 in Introgression at the emerging secondary contact zone of magpie Pica pica subspecies (Aves: Corvidae): integrating data on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, vocalizations, and field observations

Fig. 7 Bayesian skyline plots (BSPs) for effective female population sizes for haplogroups, subspecies, and populations of Pica pica. a Comparison of 6 haplogroups, depicted in the network Fig. 4. b Comparison of 6 subspecies. c Comparison of 4 populations of P. p. jankowskii. d Comparison of 3 populations of P. p. leucoptera.

Fig. 6 in Introgression at the emerging secondary contact zone of magpie Pica pica subspecies (Aves: Corvidae): integrating data on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, vocalizations, and field observations

Fig. 6 Mismatch distribution of nucleotide differences in populations representing different haplogroups as at Figs. 4 and 5. X-axis— number of nucleotide differences; Y-axis—proportion (frequency). Solid lines—expected distributions (under expectation of population growth); dashed lines—observed distributions. a Haplogroup 1:

Fig. 5 in Introgression at the emerging secondary contact zone of magpie Pica pica subspecies (Aves: Corvidae): integrating data on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, vocalizations, and field observations

Fig. 5 Time-calibrated Bayesian tree based on mitochondrial control region sequences of Pica pica. Numbers at the branches indicate Bayesian posterior probability values (left) and bootstrap values of the ML analysis (right, in percent). Triangle widths are proportional to specimen numbers. Blue bars next to nodes indicate 95% credibility intervals for their age estimates. The figures in bold and the time scale below are in million years (Ma) before present

Fig. 4 in Introgression at the emerging secondary contact zone of magpie Pica pica subspecies (Aves: Corvidae): integrating data on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, vocalizations, and field observations

Fig. 4 Phylogenetic medianjoining network based on 256 mitochondrial control region sequences. Sizes of circles correspond to the number of birds sharing this haplotype; branch lengths are proportional to the number of substitutions and those over 2 are shown at the branches. Haplogroups 1–6 are indicated by numbers

Fig. 2 in Introgression at the emerging secondary contact zone of magpie Pica pica subspecies (Aves: Corvidae): integrating data on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, vocalizations, and field observations

Fig. 2 Map of sampling localities for mitochondrial DNA analysis in the zone of contact between Pica pica leucoptera and Pica pica jankowskii. Distribution of haplotypes is indicated by colours: Pica

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Fig. 2 in Combination of nuclear and mitochondrial markers as a useful tool to identify Ctenophthalmus species and subspecies (Siphonaptera: Ctenophthalmidae)

Fig. 2 Morphological characteristics of males of C. b. arvernus and C. n. dobyi. A—C. b. arvernus distal arm of IX sternum (arrowed); B—C. b. arvernus dorsal process basimere with only one long setae (arrowed); C—C. b. arvernus ventral process basimere with an apical slot

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Fig. 1 in Combination of nuclear and mitochondrial markers as a useful tool to identify Ctenophthalmus species and subspecies (Siphonaptera: Ctenophthalmidae)

Fig. 1 Morphological characteristics of males of C. a. catalaniensis. A—Distal arm of IX sternum (arrowed); B—dorsal process basimere with two long setae (arrowed); C—ventral process basimere with an apical slot (arrowed); D—telomere carrying one curved long setae (arrowed)

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Fig. 1 in Morphological characters and SNP markers suggest hybridization and introgression in sympatric populations of the pleurocarpous mosses Homalothecium lutescens and H. sericeum

Fig. 1 Measurements of branch leaf characteristics of Homalothecium spp. Leaf characters (L1-L18) are explained in Table 3