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464 results for “montane forest”
Figures 14–25 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)
Figures 14–25. Buitinga and 'Spermophora' habitus, males in dorsal and lateral views. 14. B. ruwenzori. 15. B. tingatingai. 16. B. mulanje. 17. B. kanzuiri. 18. 'S.' morogoro. 19. 'S.' sangarawe. 20. 'S.' usambara. 21. 'S.' masisiwe. 22. 'S.' kivu. 23. 'S.' berlandi. 24. 'S.' minotaura. 25. 'S.' lambilloni.
Figures 51–57 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)
Figures 51–57. Buitinga kadogo. Left male palp in prolateral (51) and retrolateral (52) views, male chelicerae in frontal (53) and lateral (54) views, modified hairs on male cheliceral apophysis (55), and cleared epigynum in ventral (56) and dorsal (57) views. 'e': embolus; 'dt': dorsal trichobothrium; 'to': tarsal organ; arrows point to distinctive structures of procursus. Scale bars = 0.3 mm (51, 52), 0.2 mm (53, 54, 56, 57), 30 Mm (55).
Figures 244–249 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)
Figures 244–249. 'Spermophora' masisiwe. Left male palp in prolateral (244) and retrolateral (245) views, modified hairs distally on male chelicerae (246), male chelicerae in frontal view (247), and cleared epigynum in ventral (248) and dorsal (249) views. 'e': embolus; 'hp': hinged process. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (244, 245), 0.3 mm (248, 249), 0.2 mm (247).
Figures 182–186 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)
Figures 182–186. Buitinga kihanga. Left male palp in prolateral (182) and retrolateral (183) views, modified hairs on male cheliceral apophysis (184), and cleared epigynum in ventral (185) and dorsal (186) views. 'e': embolus; 'hp': hinged process; 'wp': process winding around procursus. Scale bars = 0.3 mm (182, 183, 185, 186), 50 Mm (184).
Figures 1–13 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)
Figures 1–13. Buitinga habitus, males in dorsal and lateral views. 1. B. kadogo, 2. B. mazumbai, 3. B. lakilingo, 4. B. amani, 5. B. safura, 6. B. nigrescens, 7. B. griswoldi, 8. B. buhoma, 9. B. kihanga, 10. B. asax, 11. B. mbomole, 12. B. ruhiza, 13. B. uzungwa.
Fig. 8. Peruvian vegetation types. A. Amazonian forest, Pasco Region. B. Northwest Peruvian montane forest, Piura Region. C. Dry forest, Piura Region. D in The genus Begonia (Begoniaceae) in Peru
Fig. 8. Peruvian vegetation types. A. Amazonian forest, Pasco Region. B. Northwest Peruvian montane forest, Piura Region. C. Dry forest, Piura Region. D. Lomas, Lima Region. All photographs taken by P.W. Moonlight.
Seasonal rainfall in subtropical montane cloud forests drives demographic fluctuations in a Green-backed Tit population
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Functional assembly of tropical montane tree islands in the Atlantic Forest is shaped by stress-tolerance, bamboo-presence and facilitation
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Data for: Specialist carabids in mixed montane forests are positively associated with biodiversity-oriented forestry and abundance of roe deer
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Data from: A changing climate is snuffing out post-fire recovery in montane forests
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The asymmetric diurnal latent heat flux in Chi-Lan montane cloud-fog forest: CLM simulations and sap flow observations
<p>Chilan_30min_sap_flow_V_2020JJA.csv recorded the data of sap flow velocity during JJA 2020.</p> <p>CL_CTR.*.nc is the analyzed CTR simulations which consider fog interception as a source of canopy water.</p> <p>CL_EXP.*.nc is the analyzed EXP simulations that do not allow the canopy to hold the water.</p>
Dataset: Ideas and perspectives: patterns of soil CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes along an altitudinal gradient - a pilot study from an Ecuadorian neotropical montane forest
<p>These datasets contain data from (i) soil CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4,</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O flux measurements (ii) physicochemical soil properties, and (iii) soil temperature and moisture of four tropical forests located on the western flanks of the Andes in northern Ecuador.</p> <p>A manuscript using these datasets has been submitted to Biogeosciences under the title: <strong><em>"Ideas and perspectives: patterns of soil CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes along an altitudinal gradient - a pilot study from an Ecuadorian neotropical montane forest"</em></strong>.</p>
Variability in tree water uptake determined with stable water isotopes in an African tropical montane forest
<p>Dataset supporting the study <strong>Variability in tree water uptake determined with stable water isotopes in an African tropical montane forest.</strong></p> <p>We investigated relative contributions of different soil depths to tree water uptake of 83 trees and possible species-specific differences in a 50x50 m forest plot at four dates in a tropical montane forest in Kenya using stable water isotopes and the Bayesian mixing model framework MixSIAR.</p> <p>The dataset contains raw isotope data of tree xylem, soil and throughfall water sampled on different dates in a tropical montane forest in Kenya as well as interpolated model input data for the Bayesian mixing model.</p> <p>Further information can be found in the soon to be published article in Ecohydrology.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: High specialization and limited structural change in plant‐herbivore networks along a successional chronosequence in tropical montane forest
Secondary succession is well‐understood, to the point of being predictable for plant communities, but the successional changes in plant‐herbivore interactions remains poorly explored. This is particularly true for tropical forests, despite the increasing importance of early successional stages in tropical landscapes. Deriving expectations from successional theory, we examine properties of plant‐herbivore interaction networks while accounting for host phylogenetic structure along a succession chronosequence in montane rainforest in Papua New Guinea. We present one of the most comprehensive successional investigations of interaction networks, equating to >40 person years of field sampling, and one of the few focused on montane tropical forests. We use a series of nine 0.2ha forest plots across young secondary, mature secondary and primary montane forest, sampled almost completely for woody plants and larval leaf chewers (Lepidoptera), using forest felling. These networks comprised of 12,357 plant‐herbivore interactions and were analysed using quantitative network metrics, a phylogenetically controlled host‐use index and a qualitative network beta diversity measure. Network structural changes were low and specialisation metrics surprisingly similar throughout succession, despite high network beta diversity. Herbivore abundance was greatest in the earliest stages, and hosts here had more species‐rich herbivore assemblages, presumably reflecting higher palatability due to lower defensive investment. All herbivore communities were highly specialised, using a phylogenetically narrow set of hosts, while host phylogenetic diversity itself decreased throughout the chronosequence. Relatively high phylogenetic diversity, and thus high diversity of plant defenses, in early succession forest may result in herbivores feeding on fewer hosts than expected. Successional theory, derived primarily from temperate systems, is limited in predicting tropical host‐herbivore interactions. All succession stages harbour diverse and unique interaction networks, which together with largely similar network structures and consistent host use patterns, suggests general rules of assembly may apply to these systems.
Data from: Variation in population structure and dynamics of montane forest tree species in Ethiopia guide priorities for conservation and research
The greatest extent of Afromontane environments in the world is found in Ethiopia. These areas support exceptional biodiversity, but forest cover and ecological integrity have declined sharply in recent decades. Conservation and management efforts are hampered in part by an inadequate understanding of the basic ecology of major tree species. We investigated population structure and inferred population dynamics from size frequency distributions of 22 forest tree species encountered in montane forests of Ethiopia. We collected new empirical data from four sites in the Bale Mountains, where some of the country's most extensive and least disturbed forests remain, and conducted a systematic review and analysis of all such studies that reported population structure for one or more of these species in Ethiopia. Thirteen widespread montane tree species showed a reverse-J size distribution, indicating a relatively stable population structure. Six other species had size-frequency distributions that indicate episodic recruitment and/or removal of certain size classes. Specific causes of these patterns are uncertain: they may involve timber harvesting, herbivory, fire, or natural disturbances, but patterns were inconsistent and locality dependent. For three other tree species, existing data are inadequate for any interpretation of population structure and dynamics. A species of particular conservation concern that emerged from this analysis was Hagenia abyssinica, which was found in all areas to consist only of larger individuals with no recent recruitment. For management and conservation purposes, the species in most urgent need of new research are those with inadequate or inconsistent data, and H. abyssinica..
Data from: Microclimate predicts within-season distribution dynamics of montane forest birds
Aim Climate changes are anticipated to have pervasive negative effects on biodiversity and are expected to necessitate widespread range shifts or contractions. Such projections are based upon the assumptions that (1) species respond primarily to broad-scale climatic regimes, or (2) that variation in climate at fine spatial scales is less relevant at coarse spatial scales. However, in montane forest landscapes, high degrees of microclimate variability could influence occupancy dynamics and distributions of forest species. Using high-resolution bird survey and under-canopy air temperature data, we tested the hypothesis that the high vagility of most forest bird species combined with the heterogeneous thermal regime of mountain landscapes would enable them to adjust initial settlement decisions to track their thermal niches. Location Western Cascade Mountains, Oregon, USA. Methods We used dynamic occupancy models to test the degree to which microclimate affects the distribution patterns of forest birds in a heterogeneous mountain environment. In all models we statistically accounted for vegetation structure, vegetation composition and potential biases due to imperfect detection of birds. We generated spatial predictions of forest bird distributions in relation to microclimate and vegetation structure. Results Fine-scale temperature metrics were strong predictors of bird distributions; effects of temperature on within-season occupancy dynamics were as large or larger (1–1.7 times) than vegetation effects. Most species (86.7%) exhibited apparent within-season occupancy dynamics. However, species were almost as likely to be warm associated (i.e., apparent settlement at warmer sites and/or vacancy at cooler sites; 53.3% of species) as cool associated (i.e., apparent settlement at cooler sites and/or vacancy at warmer sites; 46.7% of species), suggesting that microclimate preferences are species specific. Main conclusions High-resolution temperature data increase the quality of predictions about avian distribution dynamics and should be included in efforts to project future distributions. We hypothesize that microclimate-associated distribution patterns may reflect species' potential for behavioural buffering from climate change in montane forest environments.
Challenges and limitations of applying the flux variance similarity (FVS) method to partition evapotranspiration in a montane cloud forest
<p>Dataset</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>Name</td> <td>Description</td> </tr> <tr> <td>FVS_ori.zip</td> <td>the output from FVS method</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ModFVS.zip</td> <td>the output from ModFVS method</td> </tr> <tr> <td>CLM.zip</td> <td>the output from CLM </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Chilan_30min_sap_velocity_20200601_20211120_QC.csv</td> <td>the sap flow data in Chi-Lan</td> </tr> <tr> <td>*_clim.csv</td> <td>the observation data in Chi-Lan and Lien-Hua-Chih</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p>Codes for Analysis</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>Name</td> <td>Description</td> </tr> <tr> <td>*.ipynb</td> <td>the python code used for analyzing output</td> </tr> <tr> <td>*_FVS_process.py</td> <td>the python code used for process ModFVS method</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p>ModFVS method (fluxpart-0.2.10+rhtest-py3-none-any.whl)</p> <ul> <li>use "pip install fluxpart-0.2.10+rhtest-py3-none-any.whl" to install the package</li> <li> <p>To specify a maximum allowable relative humidity when calculating WUE, set a value for "max_rh" in "wue_options". For example, to set the max RH to 95%, you would change your example code to this:</p> <p>wue_options = {"meas_ht": 23.7,"canopy_ht":10, "ppath": "C3","ci_mod":ci_mod, "max_rh":95}</p> </li> <li> <p>Note that this code is a fork of (https://github.com/usda-ars-ussl/fluxpart)</p> </li> </ul> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Community metabarcoding reveals the relative role of environmental filtering and spatial processes in metacommunity dynamics of soil microarthropods across a mosaic of montane forests
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Disentangling the relative role of environmental filtering and spatial processes in driving metacommunity structure across mountainous regions remains challenging, as the way we quantify spatial connectivity in topographically and environmentally heterogeneous landscapes can influence our perception of which process predominates. More empirical datasets are required to account for taxon- and context-dependency but relevant research in understudied areas is often compromised by the taxonomic impediment<span><span>. </span></span>We here employed haplotype-level community DNA metabarcoding, enabled by stringent filtering of Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs), to characterize metacommunity structure of soil microarthropod assemblages across a mosaic of five forest habitats on the Troodos mountain range in Cyprus. We found similar β diversity patterns at ASV and species (OTU, Operational Taxonomic Unit) levels, which pointed to a primary role of habitat filtering resulting in the existence of largely distinct metacommunities linked to different forest types. Within-habitat turnover was correlated to topoclimatic heterogeneity, again emphasizing the role of environmental filtering. However, when integrating landscape matrix information for the highly fragmented <i>Quercus alnifolia</i> habitat, we also detected a major role of spatial isolation determined by patch connectivity, indicating that stochastic and niche-based processes synergistically govern community assembly. Alpha diversity patterns varied between ASV and OTU levels, with OTU richness decreasing with elevation and ASV richness following a longitudinal gradient, potentially reflecting a decline of genetic diversity eastwards due to historical pressures. Our study demonstrates the utility of haplotype-level community metabarcoding for characterising metacommunity structure of complex assemblages and improving our understanding of biodiversity dynamics across mountainous landscapes worldwide.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
The effects of a half century of warming and fire exclusion on montane forests of the Klamath Mountains, California, USA
<p>These files are the raw data used in the manuscript "Effects of a half century of warming and fire exclusion on montane forests of the Klamath Mountains, California, USA"</p> <p>Manuscript authors: Erik S. Jules, Melissa H. DeSiervo, Matthew J. Reilly, Drew S. Bost, and Ramona J. Butz</p> <p>Climate warming and altered disturbance regimes are changing forest composition and structure worldwide. Given that species often exhibit individualistic responses to change, making predictions about the cumulative effects of multiple stressors across environmental gradients is challenging, especially in diverse communities. For example, warming temperatures are predicted to drive species upslope, while fire exclusion promotes expansion of species at lower elevations where fire was historically frequent.</p> <p>We resampled 148 vegetation plots to assess 46-years (1969 to 2015) of species and community-level response to warming and fire exclusion in a topographically complex landscape in the Klamath Mountains, California (USA), a diverse region that served as a climate refugia throughout the Holocene. We compared cover and assessed change in the elevational distributions of 12 conifer species at different life stages (i.e., seedlings, saplings, canopy).</p> <p>We observed consistent but non-significant shifts upward in elevation for eight species, and a significant shift upward for one species, all of which were far less than expectations based on recent warming. Six species declined in total cover and another five declined in at least one life stage, while the drought- and fire-intolerant <em>Abies concolor</em> increased by 30.7%. The largest declines were at lower elevations in drought-tolerant, early seral species (<em>Pinus lambertiana</em> and <em>Pinus ponderosa</em>) and at higher elevations for the shade-tolerant <em>Abies magnifica</em> var. <em>shastensis</em> and the regionally rare <em>Abies lasiocarpa</em>. Regionally rare (<em>Picea engelmannii</em>) and endemic (<em>Picea breweriana</em>) species had reductions in early life stages, portending future declines. Multivariate analyses revealed a high degree of inertia with a minor but significant shift in composition and a slight decrease in species turnover along the elevation gradient driven by expansion of <em>A. concolor</em>. Our results indicate that most species are declining, especially at lower- and mid-elevations where fire exclusion increased cover of shade-tolerant species and reduced recruitment for fire-adapted species. Collectively, declines in most species, insufficient upward movement to track warming, reductions in drought- and fire-tolerant early seral species, and an increase in a single, shade-tolerant species will leave these communities maladapted to projected climate scenarios and questions the potential for future climate refugia in this region.</p>
Litter decomposition rates across tropical montane and lowland forests are controlled foremost by climate
<p>The "hierarchy of factors" hypothesis states that decomposition rates are controlled primarily by climatic, followed by biological and soil variables. Tropical montane forests (TMF) are globally important ecosystems, yet there have been limited efforts to provide a biome-scale characterization of litter decomposition. We designed a common litter decomposition experiment replicated in 23 tropical montane sites across the Americas, Asia, and Africa and combined these results with a previous study of 23 sites in tropical lowland forests (TLF). Specifically, we investigated (1) spatial heterogeneity in decomposition, (2) the relative importance of biological factors that affect leaf and wood decomposition in TMF and, (3) the role of climate in determining leaf litter decomposition rates within and across the TMF and TLF biomes. Litterbags of two mesh sizes containing <em>Laurus</em> <em>nobilis </em>leaves or birchwood popsicle sticks were spatially dispersed and incubated in TMF sites, for 3 and 7 months on the soil surface and at 10-15 cm depth. The within-site replication demonstrated spatial variability in mass loss. Within TMF, litter type was the predominant biological factor influencing decomposition (leaves > wood), with mesh and burial effects playing a minor role. When comparing across TMF and TLF, climate was the predominant control over decomposition, but the Yasso07 global model (based on mean annual temperature and precipitation) only modestly predicted decomposition rate. Differences in controlling factors between biomes suggest that TMF, with their high rates of carbon storage, must be explicitly considered when developing theory and models to elucidate carbon cycling rates in the tropics.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.