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FIGURES 36‒55 in Early-diverging bumblebees from across the roof of the world: the high-mountain subgenus Mendacibombus revised from species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

FIGURES 36‒55. Morphology of parts of the male genitalia from the dorsal aspect of the left side, anterior to the left of the image, posterior to the right, white bars indicating morphological characters referred to in the key to males: 36, B. waltoni; 37, B. mendax; 38, B. superbus; 39, B. convexus; 40, B. waltoni; 41, B. convexus; 42, B. defector; 43, B. mendax; 44, B. mendax; 45, B. turkestanicus; 46, B. avinoviellus; 47, B. mendax; 48, B. mendax; 49, B. makarjini; 50, B. handlirschianus; 51, B. himalayanus; 52, B. turkestanicus; 53, B. himalayanus; 54, B. himalayanus; 55, B. marussinus.

FIGURE 8 in Early-diverging bumblebees from across the roof of the world: the high-mountain subgenus Mendacibombus revised from species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

FIGURE 8. Plot of (y axis) terminal branch lengths from a tree for 43 unique COI haplotypes obtained with BEAST against (x axis) lengths of the barcode sequences in numbers of nucleotides.

FIGURES 1‒6 in Early-diverging bumblebees from across the roof of the world: the high-mountain subgenus Mendacibombus revised from species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

FIGURES 1‒6. Views of perching males of species of the subgenus Mendacibombus, showing the anteriorly extended antennae and laterally extended wings that are characteristic of their form of male mate-searching behaviour: 1, B. waltoni at Diebu ca 3910 m, Minshan mountains, Gansu, China, 29.viii.2009; 2, B. convexus at Diebu ca 3340 m, Minshan mountains, Gansu, China, 29.viii.2009; 3, B. avinoviellus at Gulmarg ca 2700 m, Pir Panjal mountains, Kashmir, India, 16.viii.1985; 4, B. himalayanus at Apharwat ca 4100 m, Pir Panjal mountains, Kashmir, India, 30.viii.1986; 5‒6, B. margreiteri near Dulan ca 3520 m, Burhan Budai mountains, Qinghai, China, 31.viii.2010. Photos by PW (Figs 3–4 are the best available for these species).

FIGURE 7 in Early-diverging bumblebees from across the roof of the world: the high-mountain subgenus Mendacibombus revised from species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

FIGURE 7. Frequency of specimen collection by decade among specimens examined for species of the subgenus Mendacibombus excluding B. mendax and B. handlirschianus.

FIGURE 73 in Early-diverging bumblebees from across the roof of the world: the high-mountain subgenus Mendacibombus revised from species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

FIGURE 73. Plot of elevation (y-axis) against latitude (x-axis) for the 4413 records of all species of the subgenus Mendacibombus world-wide. A key to the symbols identifying species is shown at the upper left.

FIGURES 71‒72 in Early-diverging bumblebees from across the roof of the world: the high-mountain subgenus Mendacibombus revised from species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

FIGURES 71‒72. Maps of (71) specimen richness and (72) species richness for the subgenus Mendacibombus among equalarea grid cells recorded from geo-referenced specimens in the database. The grid is based on longitudinal intervals of 10°, which are used to calculate graduated latitudinal intervals to provide equal-area cells (each cell of area approximately 611,000 km²). Grey scale (right) with equal-frequency richness classes, maximum value in a separate class. Cylindrical orthomorphic equal-area projection (excluding Antarctica) with north at the top of the map.

FIGURE 13 in Early-diverging bumblebees from across the roof of the world: the high-mountain subgenus Mendacibombus revised from species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

FIGURE 13. Assigning names to species from an estimate of phylogeny for 130 COI sequences of the subgenus Mendacibombus. Based on a BEAST analysis of the 30 unique haplotypes (Fig. 11), with the remaining sequences interpolated back into the tree with 0 branch lengths from their matching samples (where a sequence matches more than one longer sequence within a species in the Collapse results, it is added after the first matching sequence, with the addition of the two short-sequence yellow unbanded specimens from Pakistan, MD#4058, 4059). The sequence labels follow the format used in Figs 11, 12. Lineages accepted as species from the GMYC models (Fig. 11) are shown as thick branches, the most recent common ancestors of each species are shown with a black spot, and branches within species are shown as thin branches. Asterisks mark samples used as informal proxies for the type specimens of each of the taxon names (Table 1). The proxy sample for the type specimen for the oldest available name (the valid name) for each species (from Fig. 11) is marked in bold. The interpretations of the species with their valid names are shown in grey to the right.

Figure 3 in DNA-based species delimitation separates highly divergent populations within morphologically coherent clades of poorly dispersing beetles

Figure 3. Ultrametric tree for Lyponiini. Branches marked by solid lines originate from continental Asia; those by dashed lines from Taiwan, Okinawa, and Japan. The grey dots/squares designate putative species identified using the general mixed Yule-coalescent model and the barcoding threshold, respectively. Terminals without designation were recovered as independent species-level entities.

Figure 2 in DNA-based species delimitation separates highly divergent populations within morphologically coherent clades of poorly dispersing beetles

Figure 2. Phylogenetic hypothesis on Lyponiini inferred from the maximum likelihood (ML) analysis. Numbers at the branches indicate maximum parsimony and ML bootstrap values, and Bayesian posterior probabilities (left to right).

Figure 7 in DNA-based species delimitation separates highly divergent populations within morphologically coherent clades of poorly dispersing beetles

Figure 7. The number of DNA diagnostic characters as a function of time since the split from the closest relative. The black-rimmed dots designate splits supported also by morphological characters, simple dots designate splits within morphologically defined clades.

Figure 1 in DNA-based species delimitation separates highly divergent populations within morphologically coherent clades of poorly dispersing beetles

Figure 1. Sampling sites of Lyponiini in (A) Continental East Asia, Taiwan and Okinawa and (B) Honshu and Shikoku.

Figure 6 in DNA-based species delimitation separates highly divergent populations within morphologically coherent clades of poorly dispersing beetles

Figure 6. Density plots of genetic distances of Lyponiini for (A) intra- and interspecific diversity of Lyponiini (B) intraspecific diversity for species as listed.

Figure 5 in DNA-based species delimitation separates highly divergent populations within morphologically coherent clades of poorly dispersing beetles

Figure 5. Relationships between Kimura-two-parameter genetic and geographical distances of Lyponiini. A–E, interspecific and intraspecific species pairs for five clades; F, intraspecific pairs of Ponyalis quadricollis. The parameters and P-values are listed in Table 1.

Figure 4. A in DNA-based species delimitation separates highly divergent populations within morphologically coherent clades of poorly dispersing beetles

Figure 4. A, intraspecific relationships between maximum genetic and geographical distances of Lyponiini for the Chinese species pairs (blue) and Japanese species pairs (red). B, intraspecific maximum genetic divergence and geographical distances in Lyponiini (red) and Agabini (blue). The data on Agabini diving beetles are from Bergsten et al. (2012).

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Linking genetic, morphological, and behavioural divergence between inland island and mainland deer mice

<p>The island syndrome hypothesis (ISH) stipulates that, as a result of local selection pressures and restricted gene flow, individuals from island populations should differ from individuals within mainland populations. Specifically, island populations are predicted to contain individuals that are larger, less aggressive, more sociable, and that invest more in their offspring. To date, tests of the ISH have mainly compared oceanic islands to continental sites, and rarely smaller spatial scales such as inland watersheds. Here, using a novel set of genome-wide SNP markers in wild deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) we conducted a genomic assessment of predictions underlying the ISH in an inland riverine island system: analysing island-mainland population structure, and quantifying heritability of phenotypes thought to underlie the ISH. We found clear genomic differentiation between island and mainland populations and moderate to high marker-based heritability estimates fo r overall variation in traits previously found to differ in line with the ISH between mainland and island locations. FST outlier analyses highlighted 12 loci associated with differentiation between mainland and island populations. Together these results suggest that the island populations examined are on independent evolutionary trajectories, the traits considered have a genetic basis (rather than phenotypic variation being solely due to phenotypic plasticity). Coupled with the previous results showing significant phenotypic differentiation between island and mainland groups in this system, this study suggests that the ISH can hold even on a small spatial scale.</p>

Figure 21 in Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)

Figure 21. Dorsoposterior and lateral views of mesosoma. A, Holophris huberi; B, Parnopes grandior; C, E, Allocoelia capensis (Smith) (NHMUK 010576396); D, Caenochrysis nigropolita (Bischoff); F, Allocoelia emarginata Edney (NHMUK 010576397). Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A); 0.5 mm (B, D); 1 mm (C, E, F). Images of A. capensis and A. emarginata available under Creative Commons License 4.0. Natural History Museum: data.nhm.ac.uk. Arrowheads indicate morphological conditions coded as character-states.

Figure 19 in Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)

Figure 19. Dorsal view of mesosoma. The axillae are colour-marked. A, Parnopes grandior (Pallas), male; B, Exallopyga guatemalensis (Cameron), female; C, Allocoelia emarginata Edney, female (NHMUK 010576397); D, Caenochrysis crotonis (Ducke), female. Scale bars (A, B, D): 0.5 mm; (C): 1 mm. Image of A. emarginata available under Creative Commons License 4.0. Natural History Museum: data.nhm.ac.uk. Arrowheads indicate morphological conditions coded as character-states.

Figure 18 in Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)

Figure 18. Comparative phylogenetic hypotheses on the evolutionary relationships among tribes of the Chrysidinae cuckoo wasps obtained from different sources. A, B, cladistic morphology-based hypotheses. C, D, molecularbased hypotheses. The uncertain position of Allocoeliini is represented as '?' (the placement of this taxon was not inferred by Niehuis & Wägele, 2004).

Figure 17 in Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)

Figure 17. Scanning electron microscopy images of morphological structures of head. A, clypeus and mandibles of Adelphe brasiliensis, male; B, clypeus of Pleurochrysis postica (Brullé); C, clypeus and mandibles of Elampus gayi (Spinola), female; D, clypeus and mandibles of Holopyga wagnerella du Buysson, female; E–H, anterior surface of mandibles: E, Caenochrysis nigropolita (Bischoff), female; F, Hedychridium periotoi Lucena, female; G, Muesebeckidium paraensis (Ducke), female; H, H. wagnerella, female. I–K, C. nigropolita, female, frontal view of scapal basin with the facial fovea shown in amplified views. Arrowheads indicate morphological conditions coded as character-states.

Figure 14 in Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)

Figure 14. Lateral view of female metasoma. A, Cleptidea sp.; B, Adelphe sp.; C, Exallopyga guatemalensis (Cameron); D, Spintharina vagans Radoszkowski; E, Exochrysis spinigera (Spinola); F, Neochrysis carina (Brullé); G, Ipsiura myops (du Buysson); H, Chrysis brasiliensis Brullé; I, Stilbum cyanurum (Förster). Scale bars (A, B): 1 mm; (C–I): 0.5 mm.