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153 results for “morphometric character”
Figure 5 in Comparative morphological study of the gnathochilarium of millipedes of the suborder Cambalidea (Juliformia: Spirostreptida) assessed by discrete and morphometric character approaches
Figure 5. Landmarks used in the morphometric analysis (see Table 3). A, Pseudonannolene typica; B, consensus of landmarks for the matrix MPr (Supporting Information, Table S1); C, vectorial points for all examined species for the matrix MPr; D, Cambalomma laeƲis; E, consensus of landmarks for the matrix eM (Supporting Information, Table S2); F, vectorial points for all examined species for the matrix eM.
Figure 2 in Comparative morphological study of the gnathochilarium of millipedes of the suborder Cambalidea (Juliformia: Spirostreptida) assessed by discrete and morphometric character approaches
Figure 2. Systematic history of cambalidean families and their classification proposed by different authors. The current classification is based on Shear (2011) and Enghoff et al. (2015).
Figure 18 in Comparative morphological study of the gnathochilarium of millipedes of the suborder Cambalidea (Juliformia: Spirostreptida) assessed by discrete and morphometric character approaches
Figure 18. Schematic drawing of the gnathochilarium and its components. A, Pseudonannolene typica; B, Epinannolene sp.; C, Cambalomma laeƲis; D, Leiodere torreyana. The dashed line refers to the fusion of promentum/mentum.
Figure 13 in Comparative morphological study of the gnathochilarium of millipedes of the suborder Cambalidea (Juliformia: Spirostreptida) assessed by discrete and morphometric character approaches
Figure 13. Morphological variation of the gnathochilarium. A, Eumastigonus sp. (NHMD); B, Jarmilka alba (MCZ); C, Leiodere torreyana (NHMD); D, Cambala annulata (NHMD); E, Dimerogonus orophilus (NHMD); F, Choctella hubrichti (NHMD). Images taken not to scale. Abbreviations: cd, cardo; in, inner palpus; ll, lamellae linguales; mt, mentum; ot, outer palpus; pm, promentum; ps, posmentum; st, stipes.
Figure 1 in Comparative morphological study of the gnathochilarium of millipedes of the suborder Cambalidea (Juliformia: Spirostreptida) assessed by discrete and morphometric character approaches
Figure 1. Scanning electronic microscope image of the gnathochilarium of Pseudonannolene robsoni (Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil), ventral view.
Figure 17 in Comparative morphological study of the gnathochilarium of millipedes of the suborder Cambalidea (Juliformia: Spirostreptida) assessed by discrete and morphometric character approaches
Figure 17. Schematic drawing of the gnathochilarium and its components. A, Cambala annulata; B, Amastigogonus fossuliger; C, Chonecambala crassicauda; D, Bilingulus sinicus (Pericambalinae) [modified from Zhang & Li (1981)].
Figure 4 in Comparative morphological study of the gnathochilarium of millipedes of the suborder Cambalidea (Juliformia: Spirostreptida) assessed by discrete and morphometric character approaches
Figure 4. Results of strict consensus based on the discrete dataset for the matrices MPr (mentum + promentum; A) and eM (elongated mentum; B) with the values of branch support. The Bremer relative support is highlighted in yellow and symmetric resampling in green. Only values of support above 40 GC (group present/contradicted) are shown.
Figure 3 in Comparative morphological study of the gnathochilarium of millipedes of the suborder Cambalidea (Juliformia: Spirostreptida) assessed by discrete and morphometric character approaches
Figure 3. Results of strict consensus based on the discrete dataset for the matrices MPr (mentum + promentum) (k = 6, 224 trees, total fit = 18.55) and eM (elongated Mentum) (k = 6, 141 trees, total fit = 17.48).
Figure 16 in Comparative morphological study of the gnathochilarium of millipedes of the suborder Cambalidea (Juliformia: Spirostreptida) assessed by discrete and morphometric character approaches
Figure 16. Schematic drawing of the gnathochilarium and its components. A, Blaniulus dollfusi; B, Ommatoiulus sp.; C, Gymnostreptus subsericeus; D, Phallorthus colombianus.
Figure 8 in Comparative morphological study of the gnathochilarium of millipedes of the suborder Cambalidea (Juliformia: Spirostreptida) assessed by discrete and morphometric character approaches
Figure 8. Reconstruction of ancestral groundplans of the mentum based on concatenated analysis (discrete characters and landmarks) for the matrix eM. The red dots refer to the landmarks (1–7) of Cambalomma laeƲis and blue lines on the diagrammatic images the movements in each landmark from the ancestor node.
Figure 11 in Comparative morphological study of the gnathochilarium of millipedes of the suborder Cambalidea (Juliformia: Spirostreptida) assessed by discrete and morphometric character approaches
Figure 11. Morphological variation of the gnathochilarium assessed by the principal component analyses. A, PCA based on the mentum + promentum dataset; B, PCA based on the elongated mentum dataset; C, measurements of Pseudonannolene erikae. Abbreviations: PrL, promentum length; PrW, promentum width; MtW, mentum width; MtL, mentum length; SL, stipes length; LL, lamellae linguales length.
Figure 14 in Comparative morphological study of the gnathochilarium of millipedes of the suborder Cambalidea (Juliformia: Spirostreptida) assessed by discrete and morphometric character approaches
Figure 14. Morphological variation of the gnathochilarium. A, Epinannolene sp. (ICN); B, Cambalomma laeƲis (MCZ); C, Pseudonannolene typica (MSNG); D, Pseudonannolene erikae (IBSP); E, Holopodostreptus braueri (MNRJ); F, Phallorthus colombianus (FMNH). Images taken not to scale. Abbreviations: cd, cardo; in, inner palpus; ll, lamellae linguales; mt, mentum; ot, outer palpus; pm, promentum; ps, posmentum; st, stipes.
Figure 15 in Comparative morphological study of the gnathochilarium of millipedes of the suborder Cambalidea (Juliformia: Spirostreptida) assessed by discrete and morphometric character approaches
Figure 15. Morphological variation of the gnathochilarium. A, Amastigogonus fossuliger (NHMD); B, Dinocambala ingens (NHMD); C, Equestrigonus tasmaniensis (NHMD); D, Zinagon sp. (MCZ). Images taken not to scale. Abbreviations: cd, cardo; in, inner palpus; ll, lamellae linguales; mt, mentum; ot, outer palpus; pm, promentum; ps, posmentum; st, stipes.
Figure 12 in Comparative morphological study of the gnathochilarium of millipedes of the suborder Cambalidea (Juliformia: Spirostreptida) assessed by discrete and morphometric character approaches
Figure 12. Morphological variation of the gnathochilarium. A, Blaniulus dollfusi (Blaniulidae) (NHMD); B, Californiulus yosemitensis (Paeromopodidae) (NHMD); C, Gonoplectus ingenuus (NHMD); D, Prionopetalum frundsbergi (NHMD); E, Gymnostreptus subsericeus (IBSP); F, Chonecambala crassicauda (NHMD). Images taken not to scale. Abbreviations: cd, cardo; in, inner palpus; ll, lamellae linguales; mt, mentum; ot, outer palpus; pm, promentum; ps, posmentum; st, stipes.
Figure 10 in Comparative morphological study of the gnathochilarium of millipedes of the suborder Cambalidea (Juliformia: Spirostreptida) assessed by discrete and morphometric character approaches
Figure 10. Summary of the concatenated analyses of the matrices duplomentum as 'mentum + promentum' (MPr) (A), and duplomentum as 'elongated Mentum' (eM) (B). The colours refer to the clades and their respective ancestral groundplans of the mentum, each shown with landmarks 1-7.
Figure 6 in Comparative morphological study of the gnathochilarium of millipedes of the suborder Cambalidea (Juliformia: Spirostreptida) assessed by discrete and morphometric character approaches
Figure 6. Reconstruction of ancestral groundplans of the mentum based on concatenated analysis (discrete characters and landmarks) for the matrix MPr. The red dots refer to the landmarks of Pseudonannolene typica (1–7) and blue lines on the diagrammatic images the movements in each landmark from the ancestor node.
Data from: Morphological disparity in theropod jaws: comparing discrete characters and geometric morphometrics
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Data from: Geometric morphometric character suites as phylogenetic data: extracting phylogenetic signal from gastropod shells
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Data from: Principal component analysis as an alternative treatment for morphometric characters: phylogeny of caseids as a case study
In a recent study, the phylogeny of Caseidae (a herbivorous family of Palaeozoic synapsids belonging to the paraphyletic grade known as pelycosaurs) was analysed with a dataset employing more than three hundred continuous morphological characters in an effort to follow the principles of total evidence. Continuous characters are a source of great debate, with disagreements surrounding their suitability for and treatment in phylogenetic analysis. A number of shortcomings were identified in the handling of continuous characters in this study of caseids, including the use of gap weighting to discretize the characters and potential issues with redundancy and character non-independence. Therefore, an alternative treatment for these characters is suggested here. First, rather than using gap weighting, the continuous characters were analysed in the program TNT, in which the raw values can be treated as continuous rather than discrete. Second, prior to the phylogenetic analysis, the continuous characters were subjected to a log-ratio principal component analysis, and then the principal components were included in the character matrix rather than the raw ratios. Analysing the original data in TNT produced little difference in the results, but using the principal components as continuous characters resulted in alternative positions for Caseopsis agilis, Ennatosaurus tecton and Caseoides sanangeloensis. The differences are judged to be due to the reduced redundancy of the characters, the smaller number of principal components not overwhelming the discrete characters and the use of a scaling method which allows principal components with a higher variance to have a greater influence on the analysis. The positions of highly fragmentary fossils depended heavily on the method used to treat the missing characters in the principal component analysis, and so the method proposed here is not recommended for analysing very incomplete taxa.
TABLE 3. Means and standard deviations for 16 morphometric characters measured from males representing 12 in A revision of Anadolua (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae) based on morphological and bioacoustic characters: Newly confirmed data suggesting a new synonym and two new species
<p><b>TABLE 3</b>. Means and standard deviations for 16 morphometric characters measured from males representing 12 populations belonging to <i>Anadolua</i> genus.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Localities</b></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th><b>Characters</b></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(m ± sd, except NSF)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>TLB</td><td>TL</td><td>TLP</td><td>MIDLC</td><td>MADLC</td><td>LHF</td><td>MWHF</td><td>MWFS</td><td>MLS</td><td>MWS</td><td>MWBE</td><td>MLAT</td><td>MWAT</td><td>MLC</td><td>LCMIT</td><td>NSF</td></tr><tr><th><i>A. schwarzi</i> (Muğla-Sandras) N=4</th><td>26.40 ±0.59</td><td>5.26 ±0.11</td><td>7.09 ±0.09</td><td>1.72 ±0.13</td><td>4.79 ±0.09</td><td>18.90 ±0.67</td><td>4.05 ±0.13</td><td>1.06 ±0.01</td><td>0.99 ±0.04</td><td>0.84 ±0.00</td><td>2.41 ±0.05</td><td>1.44 ±0.11</td><td>1.06 ±0.02</td><td>1.80 ±0.02</td><td>0.64 ±0.03</td><td>66.75 ±3.09</td></tr><tr><th><i>A. schwarzi</i> (Denizli-Babadağ) N=10</th><td>23.47 ±1.46</td><td>5.50 ±0.13</td><td>6.30 ±0.10</td><td>1.60 ±0.12</td><td>4.93 ±0.19</td><td>18.57 ±0.40</td><td>3.87 ±0.16</td><td>1.04 ±0.05</td><td>1.04 ±0.01</td><td>0.91 ±0.06</td><td>2.28 ±0.05</td><td>1.42 ±0.09</td><td>0.88 ±0.04</td><td>1.69 ±0.08</td><td>0.52 ±0.02</td><td>65.00 ±2.71</td></tr><tr><th><i>A. schwarzi</i> (İzmir-Bozdağ) N=5</th><td>20.84 ±0.71</td><td>5.37 ±0.14</td><td>6.84 ±0.18</td><td>1.83 ±0.12</td><td>5.08 ±0.08</td><td>18.50 ±0.38</td><td>3.96 ±0.11</td><td>1.00 ±0.08</td><td>1.10 ±0.05</td><td>0.83 ±0.02</td><td>2.43 ±0.07</td><td>1.40 ±0.12</td><td>0.85 ±0.85</td><td>1.63 ±0.09</td><td>0.65 ±0.07</td><td>65.60 ±3.21</td></tr><tr><th><i>A. schwarzi</i> (Antalya-Gömbe_I) N=3</th><td>22.33 ±1.04</td><td>4.76 ±0.09</td><td>6.18 ±0.13</td><td>1.53 ±0.05</td><td>4.72 ±0.13</td><td>18.60 ±0.96</td><td>3.60 ±0.20</td><td>0.91 ±0.06</td><td>1.00 ±0.05</td><td>0.84 ±0.05</td><td>2.19 ±0.08</td><td>1.34 ±0.07</td><td>0.74 ±0.09</td><td>1.74 ±0.07</td><td>0.54 ±0.04</td><td>70.00 ±3.60</td></tr><tr><th><i>A. schwarzi</i> (Antalya-Gömbe_II) N=4</th><td>20.92 ±1.11</td><td>4.82 ±0.10</td><td>6.34 ±0.09</td><td>1.65 ±0.19</td><td>4.89 ±0.16</td><td>18.62 ±0.29</td><td>3.95 ±0.19</td><td>0.93 ±0.03</td><td>1.01 ±0.05</td><td>0.90 ±0.03</td><td>2.22 ±0.07</td><td>1.35 ±0.03</td><td>0.85 ±0.03</td><td>1.71 ±0.03</td><td>0.48 ±0.01</td><td>67.75 ±4.35</td></tr><tr><th><i>A. schwarzi</i> (Antalya-Tahtalıdağ) N=1</th><td>24.40</td><td>5.14</td><td>6.84</td><td>1.84</td><td>4.84</td><td>18.30</td><td>3.90</td><td>1.06</td><td>0.96</td><td>0.84</td><td>2.37</td><td>1.57</td><td>1.00</td><td>1.92</td><td>0.56</td><td>74.00</td></tr><tr><th><i>A. schwarzi</i> (UŞak-Şaphane) N=6</th><td>19.87 ±1.48</td><td>4.81 ±0.14</td><td>6.26 ±0.24</td><td>1.79 ±0.07</td><td>4.79 ±0.19</td><td>18.83 ±0.40</td><td>3.63 ±0.10</td><td>0.97 ±0.02</td><td>1.14 ±0.06</td><td>0.84 ±0.04</td><td>2.10 ±0.06</td><td>1.41 ±0.12</td><td>0.98 ±0.08</td><td>1.77 ±0.10</td><td>0.59 ±0.04</td><td>64.00 ±3.16</td></tr><tr><th><i>A. schwarzi</i> (Kütahya-Civanağa) N=4</th><td>21.17 ±0.89</td><td>5.35 ±0.14</td><td>6.36 ±0.16</td><td>1.72 ±0.11</td><td>4.94 ±0.10</td><td>18.00 ±0.82</td><td>3.42 ±0.15</td><td>0.96 ±0.02</td><td>1.07 ±0.05</td><td>0.71 ±0.03</td><td>2.17 ±0.09</td><td>1.37 ±0.03</td><td>1.02 ±0.09</td><td>1.65 ±0.05</td><td>0.57 ±0.01</td><td>62.2 ±2.22</td></tr><tr><th><i>A. schwarzi</i> (Denizli Çameli) N=5</th><td>22.32 ±4.16</td><td>5.44 ±0.12</td><td>6.81 ±0.15</td><td>1.63 ±0.03</td><td>5.12 ±0.13</td><td>18.98 ±1.24</td><td>4.00 ±0.19</td><td>0.98 ±0.03</td><td>1.13 ±0.03</td><td>0.79 ±0.03</td><td>2.28 ±0.03</td><td>1.45 ±0.06</td><td>0.88 ±0.04</td><td>1.62 ±0.04</td><td>0.57 ±0.01</td><td>64.00 ±3.67</td></tr><tr><th><i>A. bergeri</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> (Konya-Rezebeli) N=4</th><td>22.62 ±1.11</td><td>5.36 ±0.30</td><td>6.43 ±0.30</td><td>2.20 ±0.09</td><td>4.84 ±0.27</td><td>17.27 ±0.48</td><td>4.00 ±0.09</td><td>1.04 ±0.07</td><td>1.13 ±0.07</td><td>0.89 ±0.10</td><td>2.43 ±0.05</td><td>1.33 ±0.11</td><td>1.44 ±0.05</td><td>2.22 ±0.16</td><td>0.87 ±0.06</td><td>46.00 ±1.82</td></tr><tr><th><i>A. bergeri</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> (Antalya-GündoğmuŞ) N=1</th><td>24.00</td><td>5.32</td><td>6.63</td><td>2.21</td><td>4.89</td><td>16.60</td><td>4.00</td><td>0.95</td><td>1.05</td><td>0.84</td><td>2.58</td><td>1.28</td><td>1.19</td><td>2.31</td><td>0.97</td><td>49.00</td></tr><tr><th><i>A. moli</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> (Konya-Sultandağ) N=5</th><td>21.90 ±1.51</td><td>4.72 ±0.08</td><td>6.28 ±0.09</td><td>1.81 ±0.04</td><td>4.59 ±0.10</td><td>17.80 ±0.45</td><td>3.74 ±0.17</td><td>0.93 ±0.05</td><td>1.12 ±0.06</td><td>0.87 ±0.05</td><td>2.24 ±.06</td><td>1.71 ±0.16</td><td>1.14 ±0.05</td><td>1.33 ±0.11</td><td>0.65 ±0.03</td><td>51.80 ±2.39</td></tr></tbody></table><p>m—Mean; sd—Standard deviation; N—individuals</p>
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