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FIGURE 3 in A new species of Rhinophis Hemprich, 1820 (Serpentes: Uropeltidae) from the Wayanad region of peninsular India

FIGURE 3. Holotype (BNHS 3534: total preserved length 461 mm) of Rhinophis melanoleucus sp. nov. in life. Photograph by SN.

FIGURE 7 in A new species of Rhinophis Hemprich, 1820 (Serpentes: Uropeltidae) from the Wayanad region of peninsular India

FIGURE 7. Habitat in the vicinity of Lakkidi, Wayanad district, Kerala, India, the type locality of Rhinophis melanoleucus sp. nov. Left photograph shows general habitat of upland moist forest and grassland, right photograph shows floor of forest where R. melanoleucus have been found. Photographs by SN.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Rhinophis Hemprich, 1820 (Serpentes: Uropeltidae) from the Wayanad region of peninsular India

FIGURE 1. Dorsal and ventral view of the holotype (BNHS 3534) of Rhinophis melanoleucus sp. nov. Scale bar 25 mm. Photographs by VPC.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Rhinophis Hemprich, 1820 (Serpentes: Uropeltidae) from the Wayanad region of peninsular India

FIGURE 2. Views of the head (left) and tail (right) of the holotype (BNHS 3534) of Rhinophis melanoleucus sp. nov., shown in dorsal (upper), lateral (middle) and ventral (lower) views. Not to same scale; see Table 1 for size of specimen. Photographs by VPC.

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FIGURE 6 in A new species of the genus Smithophis (Squamata: Serpentes: Natricidae) from southwestern China and northeastern Myanmar

FIGURE 6. Map showing the type locality (red pentacle) and the known locality (red circle) of Smithophis linearis sp. nov. in Yingjiang County, Yunnan Province, China and Huton [now Hutung], Bhamo District, Kachin State, Myanmar.

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FIGURE 5 in A new species of the genus Smithophis (Squamata: Serpentes: Natricidae) from southwestern China and northeastern Myanmar

FIGURE 5. Smithophis linearis sp. nov., holotype (KIZ 059110), TL: 609 mm. A. dorsal, B. Lateral and C. ventral view of skull. Photographs by Jing-song SHI.

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FIGURE 3. Paratype MCZ 18034 in A new species of Rhinophis Hemprich, 1820 (Serpentes: Uropeltidae) from southwestern Sri Lanka

FIGURE 3. Paratype MCZ 18034 of Rhinophis mendisi sp. nov. Upper row head (left) and tail (right) end in dorsal, lateral, ventral and lateral views. Lower row whole specimen in two views. Scale bar increments in mm.

FIGURE 5 in Carefully examining Bornean Stegonotus (Serpentes, Colubridae): the montane groundsnake population in Sabah is a new and distinct species

FIGURE 5. Paratype of Stegonotus caligocephalus sp. nov. (USNM 130244) including the entire specimen in (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views, as well as (C) dorsal, (D) lateral, and (E) ventral views of the head. This specimen is also the paratype of S. borneensis Inger, 1967 and, according to the rules of zoological nomenclature, will retain its original type status with that species. Note that (D) is the correctly placed left lateral head view. This was inadvertently transposed in Fig. 30I in Kaiser et al. (2018a). 4 The species albofuscus was recognized as a member of Lepturophis by a variety of authors (e.g., Grismer et al. 2002,

FIGURE 4 in Carefully examining Bornean Stegonotus (Serpentes, Colubridae): the montane groundsnake population in Sabah is a new and distinct species

FIGURE 4. Head of Stegonotus caligocephalus sp. nov. (holotype, FMNH 251054) in both photographs (left column) and line drawings (right column). Shown are dorsal (A, A'), right lateral (B, B'), and ventral (C, C') views. Scale abbreviations for scales in dorsal view include rostral (R), internasals (IN), prefrontals (PF), frontal (F), supraoculars (SO), preoculars (PR), postoculars (PO), anterior temporals (AT), posterior temporals (PT), and parietals (P). In lateral view additional abbreviations include nasals (N), loreal (L), supralabials (SL, numbered), mental (M), and infralabials (IL, numbered). In ventral view anterior genials (AG) and posterior genials (PG) are labeled, as are gulars (Roman numerals).

FIGURE 3 in Carefully examining Bornean Stegonotus (Serpentes, Colubridae): the montane groundsnake population in Sabah is a new and distinct species

FIGURE 3. Holotype of Stegonotus caligocephalus sp. nov. (FMNH 251054) in (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views. Note the enlarged vertebral scale row in (A) and the band-like coloration of the ventral scales.

FIGURE 6 in Carefully examining Bornean Stegonotus (Serpentes, Colubridae): the montane groundsnake population in Sabah is a new and distinct species

FIGURE 6. Photographs of Stegonotus caligocephalus sp. nov. in life. Both individuals were encountered at night on the slopes of Mount Kinabalu at elevations> 1300 m and were not vouchered. Note the color offset between the darker head and the lighter body, seen particularly well with the lighting in (B) and (C). The individual in (A) and (B) has generally a more gray-toned body color. Photos by Tom Charlton (A, B) and Maximilian Dehling (C).

FIGURE 2 in Carefully examining Bornean Stegonotus (Serpentes, Colubridae): the montane groundsnake population in Sabah is a new and distinct species

FIGURE 2. Schematic of a typical Stegonotus head (specifically, the head of the holotype of S. ayamaru, RMNH.RENA 31199) to illustrate the head-scale pattern and some character definitions. (A) Dorsal view. Labeled head scales include internasals (IN), prefrontals (PF), frontal (F), supraoculars (SO), and parietals (P). Numbered points include (1) the anterior contact point of the internasals; (2) the posterior contact point of the internasals; (3) the anterior contact point of the prefrontals; (4) the posterior contact point of the prefrontals; (5) the posteriormost point of the frontal, where the posterior edge of the frontal meets the parietal suture; (6) the two points where frontal, parietal, and supraorbital meet; and (7) the two points where parietal, supraorbital, and postorbital meet. Our measurements of internasal suture lengths are taken as the straight-line distance from Point 1 to Point 2, of prefrontal suture lengths from Point 3 to Point 4. The posterior frontal angle (PF<) is defined by a vertex at Point 5 and rays extending from Point 5 through Point 6 on either side of the head. The anterior parietal angle (AP<) is defined by a vertex at Point 6 and two rays, one extending from Point 6 through Point 5 and the other from Point 6 through Point 7. The latter is what we call the lateral ray, and its orientation relative to the midline of the head, shown as a dotted yellow line, is of diagnostic value. The red line indicates how we evaluate the lateral ray, considering it laterally oriented (when the angle of the red line with the midline of the head is 90° ± 10°) or posterolaterally oriented (when the angle of the red line with the midline of the head is <80°). (B) Ventral view of the holotype of S. ayamaru to illustrate the arrangement of the mental (M), first infralabial (IL1), anterior and posterior genial scales (AG and PG, respectively), and of the gular scales separating the genials and the first gastrostege (G1). There are four rows of gulars (labeled with Roman numerals I–IV). Whereas the first, third, and fourth row (I, III, IV) show evenly "paired" scales, the second row (II) shows a slightly "skewed" paired scale arrangement. In some snakes, anterior gular rows may be more "skewed" and unevenly oriented, whereas the more posterior gular rows may consist of single or paired scales with the same length as G1 in anterior–posterior direction but with narrower widths across the venter horizontally.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of cat-eyed snake (Serpentes: Dipsadinae: Leptodeirini) from the Andes of southern Ecuador

FIGURE 3. General view of Leptodeira misinawui sp. nov. in life. Top: holotype (MZUA-RE 0253); bottom: paratype (QCAZ 16510), adult male from Azuay province, road Santa Isabel-Pasaje. Photographs by E. Celi (top) and G. Pazmiño (bottom).

FIGURE 1 in A new species of cat-eyed snake (Serpentes: Dipsadinae: Leptodeirini) from the Andes of southern Ecuador

FIGURE 1. Phylogeny of Leptodeira. Maximum likelihood tree obtained from a RAXML analysis of three mitochondrial (16S, cytb, ND4) and two nuclear genes (NT3, DNAH3). Numbers next to branches are bootstrap support values; for clarity, support values on short branches are not shown. Voucher number is indicated for each terminal. In addition, country (if available) preceded by Department or Province are shown for taxa in the Leptodeira annulata/septentrionalis complex except L. maculata, L. rhombifera, and L. polysticta. Clade numbers (see Results) are shown next to vertical bars. Specimens sequenced in this paper are colored in brown. GenBank accession numbers along with more detailed locality data of newly sequenced specimens are presented in Table 1. Outgroup species Dipsas pratti is not shown.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of cat-eyed snake (Serpentes: Dipsadinae: Leptodeirini) from the Andes of southern Ecuador

FIGURE 2. Male holotype (MZUA-RE 0253) and female paratype (MZUA-RE 0252) of Leptodeira misinawui sp. nov. in preservative. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of body, and dorsal, ventral and lateral views of head (C) of the holotype. Dorsal (D) and ventral (E) views of body, and dorsal, ventral and lateral views of head (F) of the paratype. Photographs by J.C. Sánchez. Scale bar (C, F) = 10 mm.

FIGURE 8. Smithophis bicolor. A. holotype ZSIK 7030 in Description of a new species of Smithophis Giri et al. 2019 (Serpentes: Colubridae Natricinae) from Arunachal Pradesh, India

FIGURE 8. Smithophis bicolor. A. holotype ZSIK 7030, male, B. ZSI/ERS 2592, male, Shillong, Meghalaya and C. ZSI/ERS 105, male, South Garo hills, Meghalaya.

FIGURE 7 in Description of a new species of Smithophis Giri et al. 2019 (Serpentes: Colubridae Natricinae) from Arunachal Pradesh, India

FIGURE 7. Habitat of Smithophis arunachalensis sp. nov. at the type locality Koronu, Lower Dibang Valley District, Arunachal Pradesh, India.

FIGURE 6 in Description of a new species of Smithophis Giri et al. 2019 (Serpentes: Colubridae Natricinae) from Arunachal Pradesh, India

FIGURE 6. Smithophis arunachalensis sp. nov., A. unnumbered referred specimen in Roing Forest Department collection. Total length 613 mm. B. unnumbered (2) referred specimen in Miao museum collection.

FIGURE 4 in Description of a new species of Smithophis Giri et al. 2019 (Serpentes: Colubridae Natricinae) from Arunachal Pradesh, India

FIGURE 4. Smithophis arunachalensis sp. nov., paratypes in dorsal views A. BMNH 1935.10.12.10 (insert image shows the detached anterior part of the head) and B. (ZSIK 23875). Scale bar 10mm.

FIGURE 3 in Description of a new species of Smithophis Giri et al. 2019 (Serpentes: Colubridae Natricinae) from Arunachal Pradesh, India

FIGURE 3. Map showing distribution of species of the genus Smithophis. Examined comparative materials of S. bicolor (including the type), are from the Khasia (or Khassia or Khasi) Hills, Shillong, Tura or Aizawl, or from unspecified localities in Northeast India. See Appendix 1 for locality details.