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FIGURE 12 in New species of Liolaemus (Reptilia, Squamata, Liolaemini) of the Liolaemus donosobarrosi clade from northwestern Patagonia, Neuquén province, Argentina

FIGURE 12. Liolaemus calliston sp. nov., undetermined paratype adult female from 4.4 km SE Aguada Pichana Main Camp Total Oil Company, ~30 km S junction Provincial Road 7, Añelo Department, Neuquén province, Argentina.

FIGURE 2 in New species of Liolaemus (Reptilia, Squamata, Liolaemini) of the Liolaemus donosobarrosi clade from northwestern Patagonia, Neuquén province, Argentina

FIGURE 2. Principal component analysis. Left column: individuals space, confidence 95% ellipses were considered around each species' barycentre; black: L. donosobarrosi, red: L. donosobarrosi sp. 1, blue: L. donosobarrosi sp.2, green: L. donosobarrosi sp. 3 variables space, red: higher variable contribution, blue: lower variable contribution.

FIGURE 1 in New species of Liolaemus (Reptilia, Squamata, Liolaemini) of the Liolaemus donosobarrosi clade from northwestern Patagonia, Neuquén province, Argentina

FIGURE 1. Map of southern Mendoza, eastern Neuquén, northwestern Río Negro and southwestern La Pampa provinces showing the complex landscape of this region with main orographic landmarks marked. White circles are main towns in the area, marked as reference, red lines are principal roads. Blue lines are main rivers, Colorado and Neuquén. Main mountain ranges, are marked. Inset: Region in South América. Line-dotted line show the political boundaries between four provinces cited above; other limits follow rivers and are not marked for simplicity. Localities sampled are shown with black (L. donosobarrosi, T.L.), red (L. donosobarrosi sp. 1), blue (L. donosobarrosi sp. 2) and green (L. donosobarrosi sp. 3) circles. Orange dotted line marks the approximate boundaries between the Patagonian Steppe and Southern Patagonian Monte.

FIGURE 13 in New species of Liolaemus (Reptilia, Squamata, Liolaemini) of the Liolaemus donosobarrosi clade from northwestern Patagonia, Neuquén province, Argentina

FIGURE 13. Type locality of Liolaemus calliston sp. nov. Upper: general view of the area. Below: close view of the microhabitat where lizards were collected.

FIGURE 5 in New species of Liolaemus (Reptilia, Squamata, Liolaemini) of the Liolaemus donosobarrosi clade from northwestern Patagonia, Neuquén province, Argentina

FIGURE 5. Bayesian species tree approach with mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Numbers above nodes are posterior probability values.

FIGURE 8 in New species of Liolaemus (Reptilia, Squamata, Liolaemini) of the Liolaemus donosobarrosi clade from northwestern Patagonia, Neuquén province, Argentina

FIGURE 8. Liolaemus tirantii sp. nov., undetermined paratype adult female from a small unnamed sedimentary hill 2 km S Cerro Bandera, 1 km S National Road 22, 18.5 km W Cutral-Có, Zapala Department, Neuquén Province, Argentina.

FIGURE 3 in New species of Liolaemus (Reptilia, Squamata, Liolaemini) of the Liolaemus donosobarrosi clade from northwestern Patagonia, Neuquén province, Argentina

FIGURE 3. Bayesian mitochondrial combined tree showing the topological position of Liolaemus donosobarrosi sp. 2 and Liolaemus donosobarrosi sp. 3 with other members of the L. donosobarrosi clade. Numbers above nodes are posterior probability values.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

dryad32/100

Data from: Population genetic structure of the giant cactus Echinopsis terscheckii in northwestern Argentina is shaped by patterns of vegetation cover

Species inhabiting drylands commonly depend on the surrounding vegetation for recruitment under stress, while competition may affect populations in moister environments. Our objective was to analyze how different climates and vegetation affect the fine-scale spatial genetic structure (SGS) of the columnar cactus Echinopsis terscheckii. At four sites we estimated vegetation cover by digitized patches and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). We mapped 30 individuals per population and collected tissue for isozyme electrophoresis using 15 putative loci. Spatial autocorrelation between all possible genotype pairs and the number of genetically homogeneous groups and families were calculated for each population. Greater cover (66%) and average NDVI values were detected in the most humid habitat that consisted of fewer, larger, and more dispersed vegetation patches. All populations were genetically diverse and showed significant SGS. Positive correlations were found between the distance at which maximum autocorrelation and kinship values were reached and vegetation area and patch size. Also higher NDVI values were associated with lower number of patches. Populations exposed to higher precipitation and vegetation cover consisted of sparse individuals that clustered at larger distances whereas vegetation patches in arid climates produced groups of closely related genotypes at small distances. These results support the stress-gradient genetic hypothesis. Under water stress, facilitation promotes establishment underneath patchy vegetation resulting in fine-scale family structure. In moister xerophilous forests competition for resources, i.e. light, results in sparse individuals and thus coarse-scale neighborhoods. This information can guide conservation and/or restoration efforts, such as the spatial scale to be considered in germplasm collection.

Figure 2 in Smicridea McLachlan (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) from northwestern Argentina and Bolivia: new species, redescription, association and new records

Figure 2. Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) thermophila sp. nov., adult male. (A) Male genitalia, lateral view; (B) male genitalia, dorsal view; (C) phallus, dorsal detail of tip; (D) phallus, ventral detail of tip. Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) thermophila sp. nov., larva. (E) habitus; (F) head, dorsal view; (G) thoraxic nota; (H) anterior leg.

Figure 3 in Smicridea McLachlan (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) from northwestern Argentina and Bolivia: new species, redescription, association and new records

Figure 3. Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) thermophila sp. nov., pupa. (A) Labrum, dorsal view; (B) left mandible; (C) terminal abdominal segment, dorsal view; (D) abdominal dorsal plates.

Figure 4 in Smicridea McLachlan (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) from northwestern Argentina and Bolivia: new species, redescription, association and new records

Figure 4. Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) valeni sp. nov. (A) Male genitalia, lateral view; (B) male genitalia, dorsal view; (C) inferior appendages, ventral view; (D) phallus, dorsal view; (E) phallus, lateral view. Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) atrobasis. (F) male genitalia, lateral view; (G) male genitalia, dorsal view; (H) inferior appendages, ventral view; (I) phallus, dorsal view; (J) phallus, lateral view. Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) dithyra. (K) male genitalia, lateral view; (L) male genitalia, dorsal view; (M) inferior appendages, ventral view; (N) phallus, lateral view; (O) phallus, dorsal view.

Figure 5 in Smicridea McLachlan (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) from northwestern Argentina and Bolivia: new species, redescription, association and new records

Figure 5. Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) pampeana. (A) Male genitalia, lateral view; (B) male genitalia, dorsal view; (C) inferior appendages, ventral view; (D) phallus, lateral view; (E) phallus, ventral view. Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) peruana. (F) colouration pattern of forewing, (G) male genitalia, lateral view; (H) male genitalia, dorsal view; (I) inferior appendages, ventral view; (J) phallus, lateral view; (K) phallus, dorsal view (L) phallus, lateral view, with endophallus evaginated.

Figure 1 in Smicridea McLachlan (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) from northwestern Argentina and Bolivia: new species, redescription, association and new records

Figure 1. Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) bifida sp. nov. (A) Male genitalia, lateral view; (B) male genitalia, dorsal view; (C) inferior appendages, ventral view; (D) phallus, dorsal view; (E) phallus, lateral detail of tip. Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) elisae sp. nov. (F) male genitalia, lateral view; (G) male genitalia, dorsal view; (H) inferior appendages, ventral view; (I) phallus, lateral view; (J) phallus, dorsal detail of tip.

FIGURE 16 in Larval anatomy of Andean tadpoles of Telmatobius (Anura: Ceratophryidae) from Northwestern Argentina

FIGURE 16. Modeled suprarostrals along the first three eigenshapes, at minimum, 25%, 50%, 75%, and maximum scores. Open curves, more evident on ES2 models, are due to the modeling technique, which generates mathematically constructed shapes (MacLeod 1999; Krieger et al. 2007). Figures within the squares at right show overlapped curves to highlight places where the shape change is more evident: ES1 shows a change at the corpus-ala ventral junction, ES2 is mainly associated with alae shortening and dorsolateral process orientation, and ES3 reveals a slight change on corpusala dorsal junction. Note also the minimum number of points calculated by EEA to describe each outline segment (i.e., 3, 13, 23, 28, and 19).

FIGURE 15 in Larval anatomy of Andean tadpoles of Telmatobius (Anura: Ceratophryidae) from Northwestern Argentina

FIGURE 15. Extended eigenshape analysis on suprarostral cartilages. A high superposition among specimens is evident, and ES3 helps to discriminate species that overlap on ES1-ES2 morphospace. The classification according to biogeographical regions is based on Laurent (1970) and Olson et al. (1998).

FIGURE 14 in Larval anatomy of Andean tadpoles of Telmatobius (Anura: Ceratophryidae) from Northwestern Argentina

FIGURE 14. Principal component analysis on the combined matrices of chondrocranium and hyobranchial skeleton shape variables (almost identical to the PCA on the hyobranchial skeleton matrix). The discrimination of species is clearer on the PC2; grids depict modeled specimens on this axis, with maximum (top) and minimum (bottom) scores. Shape change implies a slight enlargement of the relative size of the branchial basket (enclosed area), and a widening of the buccal pocket (arrow). The classification according to biogeographical regions is based on Laurent (1970) and Olson et al. (1998).

FIGURE 10 in Larval anatomy of Andean tadpoles of Telmatobius (Anura: Ceratophryidae) from Northwestern Argentina

FIGURE 10. Detail of the diaphragm muscles, with the apparently typical disposition in Telmatobius. The photograph corresponds to T. ceiorum. d diaphragm, ms medial slip, ih interhyoideus, ihp interhyoideus posterior, o operculum, oh orbitohyoideus, ra rectus abdominis. Scale line = 1 mm.

FIGURE 3. Telmatobius atacamensis buccal cavity, stage 36 in Larval anatomy of Andean tadpoles of Telmatobius (Anura: Ceratophryidae) from Northwestern Argentina

FIGURE 3. Telmatobius atacamensis buccal cavity, stage 36. (A) Buccal roof, (B) Buccal floor. bfa buccal floor arena, bfp buccal floor papilla, bp buccal pocket, bra buccal roof arena, brp buccal roof papilla, dv dorsal velum, gz glandular zone, ilp infralabial papilla, in internal nare, lp lingual papilla, lrp lateral ridge papilla, mr median ridge, mrp median ridge papilla, pna prenarial arena, pnp prenarial papilla, ptna postnarial arena, ptnp postnarial papilla, s spur, ta tongue anlage, vv ventral velum. Yellow lines show the two (roof) and three (floor) papilla arrangements. Scale line = 1 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Larval anatomy of Andean tadpoles of Telmatobius (Anura: Ceratophryidae) from Northwestern Argentina

FIGURE 2. Labial teeth in Telmatobius (tooth row A1). Lateral (top) and frontal (bottom) views; Ta T. atacamensis, Tc T. ceiorum, Tl T. laticeps, To T. oxycephalus, Tp T. pinguiculus, Tpi T. pisanoi, Ts T. cf. schreiteri, Tsc T. scrocchii, Tst T. stephani. Magnification = 1000x, excepting T. laticeps and T. pinguiculus, with magnification = 400x.

FIGURE 6 in Larval anatomy of Andean tadpoles of Telmatobius (Anura: Ceratophryidae) from Northwestern Argentina

FIGURE 6. Telmatobius atacamensis chondrocranium and hyobranchial skeleton, stage 34. (A) Neurocranium, dorsal view (B) Hyobranchial skeleton, ventral view (C) Detail of upper and lower jaw cartilages, frontal and ventral views respectively. a ala, adc adrostral cartilage, alpc anterolateral process of ceratohyal, alpo anterolateral process of the otic capsule, anp antorbital process, apc anterior process of ceratohyal, arp articular process, asp ascending process, bb basibranchial, c corpus, cb(I-IV) ceratobranchial, ch ceratohyal, fp frontoparietal, hp hypobranchial plate, ic infrarostral cartilage, lpc lateral process of ceratohyal, mc meckel's cartilage, mp muscular process, ns nasal septum, oc otic capsule, plpo posterolateral process of the otic capsule, pp pseudopterygoid process, ppc posterior process of ceratohyal, pr pars reuniens, qc quadratocranial commissure, qp quadratoethmoid process, rp retroarticular process, sb subocular bar, sf subocular fenestra, tc terminal commissure, th trabecular horn, ts tectum synoticum, ttm taenia tecti marginalis, up urobranchial process. Scale lines = 1 mm.