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774 results for “novelty”
Effects of fruit novelty on feeding preference in four globally invasive frugivorous birds
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Mars novelty detection Mastcam labeled dataset
<p>These datasets were used for experiments in the paper:<br> Kerner, H. R., Wagstaff, K. L., Bue, B. D., Wellington, Jacob, S., D. F., Bell III, J. F., Kwan, C., Ben Amor, H. Comparison of novelty detection methods for multispectral images in rover-based planetary exploration missions. Under review, 2020.</p> <p>All source images are publicly released Experiment Data Records (EDRs) archived by the Planetary Data System (PDS).</p>
MCMC data for A semi-supervised Bayesian approach for simultaneous protein sub-cellular localisation assignment and novelty detection
<p>These are unprocessed Markov-chain Monte-Carlo datasets accompanying the manuscript "A semi-supervised Bayesian approach for simultaneous protein sub-cellular localisation assignment and novelty detection"</p>
Data from: Anatomical diversification of a skeletal novelty in bat feet
Neomorphic, membrane-associated skeletal rods are found in disparate vertebrate lineages, but their evolution is poorly understood. Here we show that one of these elements—the calcar of bats (Chiroptera)—is a skeletal novelty that has anatomically diversified. Comparisons of evolutionary models of calcar length and corresponding disparity-through-time analyses indicate that the calcar diversified early in the evolutionary history of Chiroptera, as bats phylogenetically diversified after evolving the capacity for flight. This interspecific variation in calcar length and its relative proportion to tibia and forearm length is of functional relevance to flight-related behaviors. We also find that the calcar varies in its tissue composition among bats, which might affect its response to mechanical loading. We confirm the presence of a synovial joint at the articulation between the calcar and the calcaneus in some species, which suggests the calcar has a kinematic functional role. Collectively, this functionally-relevant variation suggests that adaptive advantages provided by the calcar led to its anatomical diversification. Our results demonstrate that novel skeletal additions can become integrated into vertebrate body plans and subsequently evolve into a variety of forms, potentially impacting clade diversification by expanding the available morphological space into which organisms can evolve.
Data from: Rapid generation of ecologically relevant behavioural novelty in experimental cichlid hybrids
<p>The East African cichlid radiations are characterised by repeated and rapid diversification into many distinct species with different ecological specialisations and by a history of hybridization events between non-sister species. Such hybridization might provide important fuel for adaptive radiation. Interspecific hybrids can have extreme trait values or novel trait combinations and such transgressive phenotypes may allow some hybrids to explore ecological niches neither of the parental species could tap into. Here, we investigate the potential of second-generation (F2) hybrids between two generalist cichlid species from Lake Malawi to exploit a resource neither parental species is specialised on: feeding by sifting sand. Some of the F2 hybrids phenotypically resembled fish of species that are specialised on sand sifting. We combined experimental behavioural and morphometric approaches to test whether the F2 hybrids are transgressive in both morphology and behaviour related to sand sifting. We then performed a quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis using RADseq markers to investigate the genetic architecture of morphological and behavioural traits. We show that transgression is present in several morphological traits, that novel trait combinations occur, and we observe transgressive trait values in sand sifting behaviour in some of the F2 hybrids. Moreover, we find QTLs for morphology and for sand sifting behaviour, suggesting the existence of some loci with moderate to large effects. We demonstrate that hybridization has the potential to rapidly generate novel and ecologically relevant phenotypes that may be suited to a niche neither of the parental species occupies. Interspecific hybridization may thereby contribute to the rapid generation of ecological diversity in cichlid radiations.</p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Martínez-Domínguez L, Nicolalde-Morejón F, Lorea-Hernández FG, Vergara-Silva F, Stevenson DWm (2020) A novelty in Ceratozamia (Zamiaceae, Cycadales) from the Sierra Madre del Sur, Mexico: biogeographic and morphological patterns, DNA barcoding and phenology. PhytoKeys 156: 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.156.53502
File S1. GenBank accession numbers of sequences used in the analyses for ITS and matK, respectively. Sequences were generated by this study are in bold.
The evolution of phenotypic novelty through the genetic assimilation of broken symmetry
Most animals are symmetrical; however, widespread and impressive cases occur where symmetry has been broken. Breaks in symmetry can occur as anti-symmetry, where 50% of the population have the left side enlarged and 50% the right, or through directional asymmetry where the entire population is biased either to the left or the right. Such broken symmetry represents a novel phenotype that is challenging to explain from an evolutionary perspective, given that it has ultimately evolved from a symmetrical ancestor. Here, we use artificial selection to test the hypothesis that anti-symmetry can evolve through the genetic assimilation of a developmental error that occurs in the production of an environmentally cued threshold trait. We find that anti-symmetry in the legs of the acarid mite, Rhizoglyphus echinopus, is heritable and that we are able to increase the frequency of the anti-symmetrical males through artificial selection. We find no evidence that the developmental instability of anti-symmetrical males is associated with negative fitness consequences in terms of larval viability and inbreeding depression. Our study provides empirical support for the notion that developmental errors in the production of threshold traits can be the genesis for the subsequent genetic assimilation of the phenotypic novelty that is broken symmetry.
Data from: Interspecific hybridization can generate functional novelty in cichlid fish
The role of interspecific hybridization in evolution is still being debated. Interspecific hybridization has on the one hand been suggested to facilitate the evolution of ecological novelty and hence the invasion of new niches and adaptive radiation when ecological opportunity is present beyond the parental species niches. On the other hand, hybrids between two ecologically divergent species may perform less well than parental species in their respective niches because hybrids would be intermediate in performance in both niches. The evolutionary consequences of hybridization may hence be context-dependent, depending on whether additional ecological opportunities do or do not exist. Surprisingly, these complementary predictions may never have been tested in the same experiment in animals. To do so, we investigate if hybrids between ecologically distinct cichlid species perform less well than the parental types when feeding on food either parental species are adapted to, and if the same hybrids perform better compared to their parents when feeding on food none of the species are adapted to. We generated two first-generation experimental hybrid crosses between species of African cichlids. In feeding efficiency experiments we measure the performance of hybrids and parental species on food types representing both parental species niches and additional 'novel' niches, not utilized by part of the parental species but by other species in the African cichlid radiations. We found that hybrids can have higher feeding efficiencies on the 'novel' food types but typically have lower efficiencies on parental food types when compared to parental species. This suggests that hybridization can generate functional variation that can be of ecological relevance allowing the access to resources outside of either parental species niche. Hence, we provide support for the hypothesis of ecological context-dependency of the evolutionary impact of interspecific hybridization.
Complementary materials for: Looking For Novelty in Search-based Software Product Line Testing (TSE)
<p>In this repository, we provide complementary materials for the following paper: </p> <pre>Y. Xiang, H. Huang, M. Li, S. Li and X. Yang, "Looking For Novelty in Search-based Software Product Line Testing" in <em>IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering</em>, vol. , no. 01, pp. 1-1, 5555. doi: 10.1109/TSE.2021.3057853 url: https://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/TSE.2021.3057853</pre> <p>1. Correlation analysis results (Pearson'r and p-value) are tabulated in <a href="https://www.zenodo.org/api/files/f6451296-91dc-4c9c-89fc-28ebf315be10/CorrelationAnalysisResults.xlsx?versionId=2f4ec2ab-3e48-420d-9819-b5e60ea43c06">CorrelationAnalysisResults.xlsx</a>; </p> <p>2. MATLAB scripts and raw data, which were used to perform correlation analyses, are given in <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/f6451296-91dc-4c9c-89fc-28ebf315be10/RawDataForCorrelationAnalysis.rar?versionId=5a168e2e-df32-4773-b8f3-4bf49de8d01d">RawDataForCorrelationAnalysis.rar</a>. </p> <p>---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</p> <p>We suggest reproducing the correlation analysis, and other experiments described in the paper, using the codes provided at Github: <a href="https://github.com/gzhuxiangyi/TSE_NS">https://github.com/gzhuxiangyi/TSE_NS </a></p> <p> </p>
Data from: Acceleration and novelty: community restoration speeds recovery and transforms species composition in Andean cloud forest
Community-based tropical forest restoration projects, often promoted as a win-win solution for local communities and the environment, have increased dramatically in number in the past decade. Many such projects are underway in Andean cloud forests, which, given their extremely high biodiversity and history of extensive clearing, are understudied. This study investigates the efficacy of community-based tree-planting projects to accelerate cloud forest recovery, as compared to unassisted natural regeneration. This study takes place in northwest Andean Ecuador, where the majority of the original, highly diverse cloud forests have been cleared, in five communities that initiated tree-planting projects to restore forests in 2003. In 2011, we identified tree species along transects in planted forests (n = 5), naturally regenerating forests (n = 5), and primary forests (n = 5). We also surveyed 120 households about their restoration methods, tree preferences, and forest uses. We found that tree diversity was higher in planted than in unplanted secondary forest, but both were less diverse than primary forests. Ordination analysis showed that all three forests had distinct species compositions, although planted forests shared more species with primary forests than did unplanted forests. Planted forests also contained more animal-dispersed species in both the planted canopy and in the unplanted, regenerating understory than unplanted forests, and contained the highest proportion of species with use value for local people. While restoring forest increased biodiversity and accelerated forest recovery, restored forests may also represent novel ecosystems that are distinct from the region's previous ecosystems and, given their usefulness to people, are likely to be more common in the future.
Data from: Morphological novelty emerges from pre-existing phenotypic plasticity
Plasticity-first evolution (PFE) posits that novel features arise when selection refines pre-existing phenotypic plasticity into an adaptive phenotype. However, PFE is controversial because few tests have been conducted in natural populations. Here we present evidence that PFE fostered the origin of an evolutionary novelty that allowed certain amphibians to invade a new niche—a distinctive carnivore morph. We compared morphology, gene expression and growth of three species of spadefoot toad tadpoles when reared on alternative diets: Scaphiopus holbrookii, which (like most frogs) never produce carnivores; Spea multiplicata, which sometimes produce carnivores, but only through diet-induced plasticity; and Spea bombifrons, which often produce carnivores regardless of diet. Consistent with PFE, we found diet-induced plasticity—in morphology and gene expression—in Sc. holbrookii, adaptive refinement of this plasticity in Sp. multiplicata, and further refinement of the carnivore phenotype in Sp. bombifrons. Generally, phenotypic plasticity might play a significant, if underappreciated, role in evolutionary innovation.
Data from: Cultivation shapes genetic novelty in a globally important invader
Acacia saligna is a species complex that has become invasive in a number of countries worldwide where it has caused substantial environmental and economic impacts. Understanding genetic and other factors contributing to its success may allow managers to limit future invasions of closely related species. We used three molecular markers to compare the introduced range (South Africa) to the native range (Western Australia). Nuclear markers showed that invasive populations are divergent from native populations and most closely related to a cultivated population in Western Australia. We also found incongruence between nuclear and chloroplast data that, together with the long history of cultivation of the species, suggest that introgressive hybridization (coupled with chloroplast capture) may have occurred within A. saligna. While we could not definitively prove introgression, the genetic distance between cultivated and native A. saligna populations was comparable to known interspecific divergences among other Acacia species. Therefore, cultivation, multiple large-scale introductions and possibly introgressive hybridization have rapidly given rise to the divergent genetic entity present in South Africa. This may explain the known global variation in invasiveness and inaccuracy of native bioclimatic models in predicting potential distributions.
Data from: The cryptic origins of evolutionary novelty: 1,000-fold-faster trophic diversification rates without increased ecological opportunity or hybrid swarm
Ecological opportunity is frequently proposed as the sole ingredient for adaptive radiation into novel niches. An additional trigger may be genome-wide hybridization resulting from 'hybrid swarm'. However, these hypotheses have been difficult to test due to the rarity of comparable control environments lacking adaptive radiations. Here I exploit such a pattern in microendemic radiations of Caribbean pupfishes. I show that a sympatric three-species radiation on San Salvador Island, Bahamas diversified 1,445 times faster than neighboring islands in jaw length due to evolution of a novel scale-eating adaptive zone from a generalist ancestral niche. I then sampled 22 generalist populations on seven neighboring islands and measured morphological diversity, stomach content diversity, dietary isotopic diversity, genetic diversity, lake/island areas, macroalgae richness, and Caribbean-wide patterns of gene flow. None of these standard metrics of ecological opportunity or gene flow were associated with adaptive radiation, except for slight increases in macroalgae richness. Thus, exceptional trophic diversification is highly localized despite myriad generalist populations in comparable environmental and genetic backgrounds. This study provides a strong counterexample to the ecological/hybrid-swarm theories of adaptive radiation and suggests that diversification of novel specialists on a sparse fitness landscape is constrained by more than ecological opportunity and gene flow.
Data from: The interface of ecological novelty and behavioral context in the formation of ecological traps
Ecological traps occur when rapid environmental change causes animals to actually prefer inferior habitats. Traps increase the likelihood of species extinction, but our understanding of how evolved behavioral algorithms interface with increasingly novel ecosystems to trigger them remains limited. Both polarized and unpolarized light are increasingly common forms of light pollution known to cause maladaptive behavior for both water-seeking and entirely terrestrial insects by maladaptively triggering innate habitat selection and navigation preferences, respectively. We designed a nocturnal, field-based experiment to investigate how diverse nocturnal insect taxa use and contextualize these cues when they are placed in evolutionarily novel proximity, and so test the hypothesis that cues that originally evolved to guide navigation behavior can enhance or hinder the ability of different nocturnal insects to avoid maladaptive behavior within the context of habitat selection. Unpolarized light created more attractive ecological traps, even for aquatic taxa known to use polarized light as their sole habitat selection cue. We found that these cues could, in aquatic taxa, act both additively and synergistically to increase the attraction of ecological traps. While one family showed evidence of partitioning their response to these 2 forms of light within their respective behavioral contexts (navigation, habitat selection), our results indicate that the novel proximity of cues from separate behavioral contexts can act to enhance the attractiveness of ecological traps within a focal context.
Data from: Ecological novelty by hybridization: experimental evidence for increased thermal tolerance by transgressive segregation in Tigriopus californicus
Early generations of hybrids can express both genetic incompatibilities and phenotypic novelty. Insights into whether these conflicting interactions between intrinsic and extrinsic selection persist after a few generations of recombination require experimental studies. To address this question, we use interpopulation crosses and recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of the copepod Tigriopus californicus, and focus on two traits that are relevant for the diversification of this species: survivorship during development and tolerance to thermal stress. Experimental crosses between two population pairs show that most RILs between two heat-tolerant populations show enhanced tolerance to temperatures that are lethal to the respective parentals, whereas RILs between a heat-tolerant and a heat-sensitive population are intermediate. Although interpopulation crosses are affected by intrinsic selection at early generational hybrids, most of the sampled F9 RILs have recovered fitness to the level of their parentals. Together, these results suggest that a few generations of recombination allows for an independent segregation of the genes underlying thermal tolerance and cytonuclear incompatibilities, permitting certain recombinant lineages to survive in niches previously unused by parental taxa (i.e., warmer thermal environments) without incurring intrinsic selection.
FIGURE 4 in New Patagonian species of Liolaemus (Iguania: Liolaemidae) and novelty in the lepidosis of the southernmost lizard of the world: Liolaemus magellanicus
FIGURE 4. Trifid scales present in the back of Liolaemus magellanicus (A= specimen MCN 891, B= specimen MCN 878).
FIGURE 5. Functions 1 and 2 in New Patagonian species of Liolaemus (Iguania: Liolaemidae) and novelty in the lepidosis of the southernmost lizard of the world: Liolaemus magellanicus
FIGURE 5. Functions 1 and 2 of the discriminant function analysis (DFA) performed on the morphological characteristic of Liolaemus yatel sp. nov. and the other members of the L. lineomaculatus group.
FIGURE 3 in New Patagonian species of Liolaemus (Iguania: Liolaemidae) and novelty in the lepidosis of the southernmost lizard of the world: Liolaemus magellanicus
FIGURE 3. Distribution of the species of L. lineomaculatus and L. magellanicus groups in Santa Cruz province and southern Chubut province, Argentina (see geographic details in Appendix 1). Black square: Liolaemus yatel sp. nov. Black circles: Liolaemus lineomaculatus. Black star: Liolaemus morandae. Open star: Liolaemus caparensis. Black triangle: Liolaemus silvanae. Black diamond: Liolaemus kolengh. Black pentagons: Liolaemus hatcheri. Open circles: Liolaemus avilae. Open diamonds: Liolaemus magellanicus. Arrows point to the type locality of each species.
FIGURE 3. A in Concentrated evolutionary novelties in the foot musculature of Odontophrynidae (Anura: Neobatrachia), with comments on adaptations for burrowing
FIGURE 3. A. Plantar view of the right foot of Odontophrynus carvalhoi (CFBH 23425). Note the portion of the FAD with origin from the common tendon of origin of lLBB IV and mLBB V (character 8). B. Plantar view of the left foot of Spea hammondii (CM 73782). Note the distal portion of the FAD with origin from the tendon of the mLBB V (the proximal portion of the mLBB V and its tendon of origin are exaggerated in the shading of the figure for clarity, since they are partly fused to the base of ABP V). Removed elements of Figure 3A, B: TS I–V, LBL III–V, LLG IV, LBB I–V (proximal end of lLBB IV and mLBB V not removed), distal portion of FBS, distal and lateral portion of APLA, distal and ventral portion of distal element of PH; additionally, in Figure 3B, the tendon of origin of the lLBB IV from the FBS was removed. Abbreviations as indicated in Material and Methods. Scale bars = 1 mm.
FIGURE 2 in Concentrated evolutionary novelties in the foot musculature of Odontophrynidae (Anura: Neobatrachia), with comments on adaptations for burrowing
FIGURE 2. Plantar view of the left foot of Odontophrynus americanus (MACN 48528). A. Original photograph of Figure 2B. B. sLBB II–IV are the supplementary slips (characters 6–8) of the LBB II–IV (medial slip) with a fleshy insertion on metatarsi II–IV. Removed elements: TS I–V, LBL III–V, LLG IV, LBB II, LBB III, mLBB IV, distal portion of FBS and laterodistal region of APLA (over the plantar cartilage, PC). C. Original photograph of Figure 2D. D. Note the LBB III (dissected at the insertion point and held with a forceps), and it associated supplementary slip with fleshy insertion on Metatarsus III (indicated as sLBB III). The LBB III and the sLBB III have a common origin from the APLA and diverge distally. The same morphology as shown in LBB III and the sLBB III is also present in the LBB II and mLBB IV and their associated sLBB II and IV respectively. Removed elements: TS I–V, LBL III–V, LLG IV, distal portion of FBS and laterodistal region of APLA (over PC). Note that in B and D only the distal region of the APLA is shaded (not proximally) for a better understanding of its relationship with the origin of the LBB II–IV. Finally, note that the origin of the LBB II is also from the APLA (not evident in the figure), as in LBB III and mLBB IV; since the mediodistal region of the APLA is covered by the PH, it gives the false impression of an origin from the PH. Abbreviations as indicated in Material and Methods. Scale bars = 1 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.