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opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Phenotypic evolution shaped by current enzyme function in the bioluminescent courtship signals of sea fireflies

Mating behaviours are diverse and noteworthy, especially within species radiations where they may contribute to speciation. Studying how differences in mating behaviours arise between species can help us understand how diversity is generated at multiple biological levels. The bioluminescent courtship displays of cypridinid ostracods (or sea fireflies) are an excellent system for this since amazing variety evolves while using a conserved biochemical mechanism. We find that the evolution of one aspect in this behavioural phenotype - the duration of bioluminescent courtship pulses - is shaped by biochemical function. First, by measuring light production from induced bioluminescence in 38 species, we discovered differences between species in their biochemical reactions. Then, for 16 species of which biochemical, phylogenetic, and behavioral data are all available, we used phylogenetic comparative models to show that differences in biochemical reaction are nonlinearly correlated with the duration of courtship pulses. This relationship indicates that changes to both enzyme (c-luciferase) function and usage have shaped the evolution of courtship displays, but that they differentially contribute to these phenotypic changes. This nonlinear dynamic may have consequences for the disparity of signaling phenotypes observed across species, and demonstrates how unappreciated diversity at the biochemical level can lead to inferences about behavioural evolution.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Phenotypic integration in an extended phenotype: among‐individual variation in nest‐building traits of the alfalfa leafcutting bee (Megachile rotundata)

Structures such as nests and burrows are an essential component of many organisms' life-cycle and requires a complex sequence of behaviors. Because behaviors can vary consistently among individuals and be correlated with one another, we hypothesized that these structures would 1) show evidence of among-individual variation, 2) be organized into distinct functional modules, and 3) show evidence of trade-offs among functional modules due to limits on energy budgets. We tested these hypotheses using the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata, a solitary bee and important crop pollinator. M. rotundata constructs complex nests by gathering leaf materials to form a linear series of cells in pre-existing cavities. In this study, we examined variation in the following nest construction traits: reproduction (number of cells per nest and nest length), nest protection (cap length and number of leaves per cap), cell construction (cell size and number of leaves per cell), and cell provisioning (cell mass) from 60 nests. We found a general decline in investment in cell construction and provisioning with each new cell built. In addition, we found evidence for both repeatability and plasticity in cell provisioning with little evidence for trade-offs among traits. Instead, most traits were positively, albeit weakly, correlated (r ~ 0.15), and traits were loosely organized into covarying modules. Our results show that individual differences in nest construction are detectable at a level similar to that of other behavioral traits and that these traits are only weakly integrated. This suggests that nest components are capable of independent evolutionary trajectories.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: Continent‐scale phenotype mapping using citizen scientists' photographs

Field investigations of phenotypic variation in free‐living organisms are often limited in scope owing to time and funding constraints. By collaborating with online communities of amateur naturalists, investigators can greatly increase the amount and diversity of phenotypic data in their analyses while simultaneously engaging with a public audience. Here, we present a method for quantifying phenotypes of individual organisms in citizen scientists' photographs. We then show that our protocol for measuring wing phenotypes from photographs yields accurate measurements in two species of Calopterygid damselflies. Next, we show that, while most observations of our target species were made by members of the large and established community of amateur naturalists at iNaturalist.org, our efforts to increase recruitment through various outreach initiatives were successful. Finally, we present results from two case studies: (1) an analysis of wing pigmentation in male smoky rubyspots (Hetaerina titia) showing previously undocumented geographical variation in a seasonal polyphenism, and (2) an analysis of variation in the relative size of the wing spots of male banded demoiselles (Calopteryx splendens) in Great Britain questioning previously documented evidence for character displacement. Our results demonstrate that our protocol can be used to create high quality phenotypic datasets using citizen scientists' photographs, and, when combined with metadata (e.g., date and location), can greatly broaden the scope of studies of geographical and temporal variation in phenotypes. Our analyses of the recruitment and engagement process also demonstrate that collaborating with an online community of amateur naturalists can be a powerful way to conduct hypothesis‐driven research aiming to elucidate the processes that impact trait evolution at landscape scales.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Pollen competition between morphs in a pollen-color dimorphic herb and the loss of phenotypic polymorphism within populations

Flower color polymorphism is relatively uncommon in natural flowering plants, suggesting that maintenance of different color morphs within populations is difficult. To address the selective mechanisms shaping pollen-color dimorphism, pollinator preferences and reproductive performance were studied over three years in Epimedium pubescens in which some populations had plants with either green or yellow pollen (and anthers). Visitation rate and pollen removal and receipt by the bee pollinator (Andrena emeishanica) did not differ between the two color morphs. Compared to the green morph, siring success of the yellow morph's pollen was lower, but that of mixtures of pollen from green and yellow morphs was lowest. This difference, corresponding to in and ex vivo experiments on pollen performance, indicated that pollen germination, rather than tube growth, of the green morph was higher than that of the yellow morph and was seriously constrained in both morphs if a pollen competitor was present. A rare green morph may invade a yellow-morph population, but the co-existence of pollen color variants is complicated by the reduced siring success of mixed pollinations. Potential pollen competition between morphs may have discouraged the maintenance of multiple phenotypes within populations, a cryptic mechanism of competitive exclusion.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: Phenotypic plasticity facilitates initial colonization of a novel environment

Phenotypic plasticity can allow organisms to respond to environmental changes by producing better matching phenotypes without any genetic change. Because of this, plasticity is predicted to be a major mechanism by which a population can survive the initial stage of colonizing a novel environment. We tested this prediction by challenging wild Drosophila melanogaster with increasingly extreme larval environments and then examining expression of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and its relationship to larval survival in the first generation of encountering a novel environment. We found that most families responded in the adaptive direction of increased ADH activity in higher alcohol environments and families with higher plasticity were also more likely to survive in the highest alcohol environment. Thus, plasticity of ADH activity was positively selected in the most extreme environment and was a key trait influencing fitness. Furthermore, there was significant heritability of ADH plasticity which can allow plasticity to evolve in subsequent generations after initial colonization. The adaptive value of plasticity, however, was only evident in the most extreme environment and had little impact on fitness in less extreme environments. The results provide one of the first direct test of the adaptive role of phenotypic plasticity in colonizing a novel environment.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Multivariate phenotypic selection on a complex sexual signal

Animal signals are complex, comprising multiple components that receivers may use to inform their decisions. Components may carry information of differing value to receivers, and selection on one component could modulate or reverse selection on another, necessitating a multivariate approach to estimating selection gradients. However, surprisingly few empirical studies have estimated the strength of phenotypic selection on complex signals with appropriate design and adequate power to detect non-linear selection. We used phonotaxis assays to measure sexual selection on the advertisement signal of Cope's gray tree frog, Hyla chrysoscelis. Female preferences were assessed for five signal components using single-stimulus and two-stimulus behavioral assays. Linear, quadratic, and correlational selection gradients were estimated from the single-stimulus data. Significant directional selection is acting on call duration, call rate, pulse rate, and relative amplitude; stabilizing selection is acting on call duration and call rate. Under the two-stimulus paradigm, conclusions were qualitatively different, revealing non-linear selection on all components except call duration. For individual subjects, the outcomes of single-stimulus and two-stimulus trials were frequently discordant, suggesting that the choice of testing paradigm may affect conclusions drawn from experiments.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Sexual dimorphism, phenotypic integration, and the evolution of head structure in casque-headed lizards

Sexes can differ in features associated with differential reproduction, which can be used during courtship or aggressive encounters. Some traits tend to evolve independently between sexes and emerge as sexually dimorphic within the organismal phenotype. We characterize such a relationship by estimating the phenotypic integration of the head morphology and modularity of the crest in the casque-headed lizards (Corytophanidae). In this clade, some species show extreme sexual dimorphism (e.g., head crests in the genus Basiliscus) while in others, both sexes are monomorphic. To characterize these patterns, we define phenotypic integration at the interspecific level as a pattern or network of traits evidenced by phylogenetically adjusted correlations that persist among species. At this level, modularity is an increased connectedness (e.g., higher correlation) among sections of these networks that persist in a lineage during the evolution of complex phenotypes. To test both concepts, we used phylogenetic geomorphometrics to characterize the head structure of corytophanid lizards, based on a time-calibrated phylogeny that includes candidate fossil ancestors. We found evidence of an older diversification of corytophanids than previously reported (~67 vs. ~23.5 MYA) and show that this clade includes two morphological head architectures: (1) Sexually dimorphic crests present in males that are evolving independently from the rest of the head structure, and (2) full integration of the head morphology in monomorphic species. We propose that both architectures are optimal evolutionary trajectories of the parietal crest bones in the head of these lizards. In sexually dimorphic species, these bones are elongated and thinner, and gave rise to the extended crest used in male courtship displays. In monomorphic species, the parietal crest grew thicker in both sexes to allow for a better insertion of muscles associated with a stronger bite.

opencc-zeroJun 2015View details →

Data and software associated with PHENOstruct: Prediction of human phenotype ontology terms using heterogeneous data sources

Data and software associated with the paper: PHENOstruct: Prediction of human phenotype ontology terms using heterogeneous data sources

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2016View details →

Supporting data: Prevalence of sexual dimorphism in mammalian phenotypic traits

Supporting material for the manuscript “Prevalence of sexual dimorphism in mammalian phenotypic traits” . This manuscript was published in Nature Communication 26th January 2017

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

Soybean Root Phenotype and Genotype Data from the Piney Purdue Agricultural Center (PPAC), Indiana

This data repository contains records of root phenotypes collected in the Pinney Purdue Agricultural Center (PPAC) (Wanatah, Indiana, USA) on 24 soybean genotypes in 2022 along with their genotype information from the intersection of the BARCSoySNP6K and SoySNP50K assays. The repository contains the following files: Bogati_soybean_root_phenotype_data1.xlsx 6k_and_50k_geno.map 6k_and_50k_geno.ped The map file contains chromosome number, SNP ID, Genetic Distance, and Base pair position. The ped file contains sample name (first two columns) with genotype data corresponding to the .map file beginning in column 7.   Acknowledgements:  To-Chia Ting, Luis Vargas, and Sajad Jamshidi assisted in the collection of root phenotype data. Chance Clark helped extract DNA for genotyping.

opencc-zeroNov 2023View details →

Data for: Phenotypic adaptation to temperature in the mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti

Most models exploring the effects of climate change on mosquito-borne disease ignore thermal adaptation. However, if local adaptation leads to changes in mosquito thermal responses, 'one size fits all' models could fail to capture current variation between populations and future adaptive responses to changes in temperature. Here we assess phenotypic adaptation to temperature in Aedes aegypti, the primary vector of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses. First, to explore whether there is any difference in existing thermal response of mosquitoes between populations we used a thermal knockdown assay to examine five populations of Ae. aegypti collected from climatically diverse locations in Mexico, together with a longstanding laboratory strain. We identified significant phenotypic variation in thermal tolerance between populations. Next, to explore whether such variation can be generated by differences in temperature we conducted an experimental passage study by establishing six replicate lines from a single field-derived population of Ae. aegypti from Mexico, maintaining half at 27°C and the other half at 31°C. After 10 generations we found a significant difference in mosquito performance, with the lines maintained under elevated temperatures showing greater thermal tolerance. Moreover, these differences in thermal tolerance translated to shifts in the thermal performance curves for multiple life history traits, leading to differences in overall fitness. Together, these novel findings provide compelling evidence that Ae. aegypti populations can and do differ in thermal response, suggesting that simplified thermal performance models might be insufficient for predicting the effects of climate on vector-borne disease transmission.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2024View details →

Supplementary data for Inter-provenance variability and phenotypic plasticity of wood and leaf traits related to hydraulic safety and efficiency in seven European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) provenances differing in yield

Dataset and supplementary file for Inter-provenance variability and phenotypic plasticity of wood and leaf traits related to hydraulic safety and efficiency in seven European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) provenances differing in yield paper. The ANFS_data file includes individual level measurements of xylem safety and efficiency traits, leaf traits and growth among 7 provenances planted at two common garden sites in Germany and Slovakia. More details related to the methodology might be found in the published paper by Kurjak et al. 2024. The ANFS_supplementary file includes the test for differences in distance to tip between sites and provenances,  based on the branch diameter-branch length scaling.

Data from: Biomass yield, yield components and growing season phenotypic measurements of Miscanthus

For sustainable biomass production of Miscanthus × giganteus (hereafter miscanthus), understanding the impact of stand age and nitrogen (N) fertilization on biomass yield is crucial. This study investigated the effects of varying N fertilization rates (0, 56, 112, and 168 kg N ha-1) on yield components (tiller height, density, and weight) and their correlations with end-of-season biomass yield in miscanthus. We also explored end-of-season biomass yield prediction using in-season traits (canopy height, leaf area index (LAI), and leaf chlorophyll content (LCC)). The study was conducted at two sites in Illinois: a previously unfertilized 10-year-old miscanthus research stand at Urbana and a 16-year-old commercial stand at Pesotum with a history of annual 56N application. Results from 2018-2021 in Urbana and 2020-2021 in Pesotum showed increased biomass yields with N fertilization, varying by rate, year, and location. Biomass yield in Pesotum peaked at 56N, while in Urbana, it increased significantly at 112 kg N ha-1. Biomass yield was strongly correlated with tiller height and weight measured at Urbana across N rates. Morphological traits measured every 2-3 weeks during the 2020 and 2021 growing seasons showed that canopy height was the strongest single predictor of miscanthus biomass yield, followed by LCC. Mid-August to September measurements of these traits were the best predictors of biomass yield. Multiple regressions involving the canopy height and LCC further improved yield predictions. We conclude that while N enhances biomass yields of aging miscanthus, the optimum rate depends on the site, environmental conditions, and management.

Data from: Phenotypic resources immortalized in a panel of wild-derived strains of five species of house mice

The house mouse, Mus musculus, is a widely used animal model in biomedical research, with classical laboratory strains (CLS) being the most frequently employed. However, the limited genetic variability in CLS hinders their applicability in evolutionary studies. Wild-derived strains (WDS), on the other hand, provide a suitable resource for such investigations. To assess the proportion of variation added by wild progenitors, we estimated phenotypic variation in 84 WDS representing 5 species (M. musculus, M. spretus, M. spicilegus, M. macedonicus, M. caroli), 3 subspecies (M. m. musculus, M. m. domesticus, M. m. castaneus), and compared it with 5 CLS. The spectrum of WDS captures long-term mouse evolution, estimated to be over 5 million years ago since the split of M. caroli from the remaining mouse species. All mice are housed in a conventional breeding facility (without a nanofilter barrier or specific-pathogen free condition) at the Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, in Studenec. They are maintained under standard conditions: light/dark regime of 14/10 hours, temperatures of 23 ± 1 °C during summer (April-September) and 22 ± 1 °C during winter (October-March), respectively, and relative humidity within 40-70 %. Mice have access to food pellets and tap water ad libitum. Further data on this mouse repository and WDS can be obtained at <a href="https://housemice.cz/en/strains/">https://housemice.cz/en/strains/</a>. Morphological traits were measured in 4335 mice and include body weight, spleen weight, body length, tail length, weight of both ovaries, sperm count, the weight of testes, left epididymis, and seminal vesicles. Reproductive ability was estimated in 87 WDS and 8 CLS. This dataset was obtained from 90,077 offspring born to 8,298 mothers in 17,049 litters recorded in Studenec studbooks between 2000 and 2023. Reproductive performance was characterized by litter size, newborn mortality (calculated as the proportion of stillborn or cannibalized mice across all litters), and the number of generations produced per year. We also estimated the time since a WDS was established from wild progenitors until completing 20 generations of strict brother-sister mating, i.e., the generation at which a strain of mice can be considered inbred. Although CLS resemble M. m. domesticus and M. m. musculus WDS, they differ from them in 8 and 11 out of 15 phenotypic traits, respectively. The data suggest that WDS can be a useful tool in evolutionary studies, providing a basis for comparative analyses with other mammal taxa, particularly classical laboratory mice. The detected stunning phenotypic variation supplemented by genetic variation have great potential for medical applications.

Data from: Historical field records reveal habitat as an ecological correlate of locomotor phenotypic diversity in the radiation of Neotropical Geophagini fishes

Phenotypic macroevolutionary studies provide insight into how ecological processes shape biodiversity. However, the complexity of phenotype-ecology relationships underscores the importance of also validating phenotype-based ecological inference with direct evidence of resource use. Unfortunately, macroevolutionary scale ecological studies are often hindered by the challenges of acquiring taxonomically and spatially representative ecological data for large and widely distributed clades. The South American cichlid fish tribe Geophagini represents a continentally distributed radiation whose early locomotor morphological divergence suggests habitat as one ecological correlate of diversification, but an association between locomotor traits and habitat preference has not been corroborated. Field notes accumulated over decades of collecting across South America provide first-hand environmental records that can be mined for habitat data in support of macroevolutionary ecological research. In this study, we applied a newly developed method to transform descriptive field note information into quantitative habitat data, and used it to assess habitat preference and its relationship to locomotor morphology in Geophagini. Field note-derived data shed light on geophagine habitat use patterns and reinforced habitat as an ecological correlate of locomotor morphological diversity. Our work emphasizes the rich data potential of museum collections, including often overlooked material such as field notes, for evolutionary and ecological research.

Data from: Phenotypic plasticity and the effects of thermal fluctuations on specialists and generalists

Classical theories predict that relatively constant environments should generally favor specialists, while fluctuating environments should select for generalists. However, theoretical and empirical results have pointed out that generalist organisms might on the contrary perform poorly under fluctuations. In particular, if generalism is underlaid by phenotypic plasticity, performance of generalists should be modulated by the temporal characteristics of environmental fluctuations. Here, we used experiments in microcosms and a mathematical model to test whether the period or autocorrelation of thermal fluctuations mediate links between the level of generalism and the performance of organisms under fluctuations. In the experiment, thermal fluctuations consistently impeded performance compared to constant conditions. However, the intensity of this effect depended on the level of generalism: while the more specialists strains performed better under fast or negatively autocorrelated fluctuations, plastic generalists performed better under slow or positively autocorrelated fluctuations. Our model suggests that these effects of fluctuations on organisms' performance may result from a time delay in the expression of plasticity, restricting its benefits to slow-enough fluctuations. This study points out the need to further investigate the temporal dynamics of phenotypic plasticity to better predict its fitness consequences under environmental fluctuations.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

Segmentation aware probabilistic phenotyping of single-cell spatial protein expression data

This repository contains raw and processed data of the original datasets generated for Lee et al. "Segmentation aware probabilistic phenotyping of single-cell spatial protein expression data". The files Dilution_3_ROI02.ome.tiff, Dilution_3_ROI02_mask.ome.tiff, st_reclustered_expr_data.h5ad contain raw data (as ome tiff), a mesmer-generated segmentation mask, and single-cell quantification in anndata format of the cell pellet data generated for the study. The file tonsil-for-zenodo.tar.gz contains all raw and processed data of the IMC data of the 16 human tonsil ROIs: <ul> <li>imc contains raw tiff stacks of the acquisition</li> <li>mask contains mesmer-generated masks</li> <li>channel.yml contains channel info</li> <li>exp_mat/dc/ contains single cell quantifications using mesmer segmentation</li> </ul>

opencc-by-4.0May 2024View details →

Data from: Genomic, phenotypic, and environmental correlates of speciation in the midwife toads (Alytes)

This package includes the following :  <ul> <li>A matrix of 5,111 SNPs genotyped in the subgenus Alytes (Ao_complex_5111loci.str)</li> <li>A matrix of 3,535 SNPs genotyped in A. o. lusitanicus, A. o. pertinax and A. cisternasii (OC_3535loci.str)</li> <li>A matrix of 15,211 SNPs genotyped in A. o. pertinax and A. dickhilleni (OD_15211loci.str)</li> <li>SNP matrices (.str), Q estimates and environemental suitability estimates (Q_transect_xxx.txt), distances along transects (dist_transect_xxx.txt), hzar inputs (Input_HZ_xxx.csv), lists of diagnostic loci (HZ_xxx_diag_loci.csv) and R commands (HZ_xxx.r), as used to analyze the hybrid zones coded as CAN, HUE, POR, MAD, GAL, PYR</li> <li>Locus-by-locus cline parameters for the eight hybrid zones considered (Clines_HZ_xxx.csv) and R commands used for vizualization (Clines.Display.r)</li> <li>Occurrence records of Alytes (Occurence_dataset.csv)</li> <li>Bioacoustic dataset (Bioacoustic_dataset.csv), and the R commands used for analyses (Bioacoustics.r)</li> <li>Morphometric dataset, including raw measurements (Morphometric_dataset.csv), the input file for GroupStruct (Morphometric_dataset_naked.csv), the size-corrected measurements (Morphometric_dataset_corrected.csv), and the R commands used for analyses (Morphometrics.r)</li> <li>Environemental dataset (Environemental_dataset.csv), and the R commands used for analyses (Environmental.r)</li> </ul>

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

Data from: Axes of multivariate sexual signal divergence among incipient species: concordance with selection, genetic variation, and phenotypic plasticity

Sexual signaling traits are often observed to diverge rapidly among populations, thereby playing a potentially key early role in the evolution of reproductive isolation. While often assumed to reflect divergent sexual selection among populations, patterns of sexual trait diversification might sometimes be biased along axes of standing additive genetic variation and covariation among trait components. Additionally, theory predicts that environmentally-induced phenotypic variation might facilitate rapid trait evolution, suggesting that patterns of divergence between populations should mirror phenotypic plasticity within populations. Here we evaluate the concordance between observed axes of multivariate sexual trait divergence and predicted divergence based on (1) interpopulation variation in sexual selection, (2) additive genetic variances, and (3) temperature-related phenotypic plasticity in male courtship song among geographically isolated populations of the Hawaiian swordtail cricket, Laupala cerasina, which exhibit sexual isolation due sexual signaling traits. The major axis of multivariate divergence, dmax, accounted for 76% of variation among population male song trait means, and was moderately correlated with interpopulation differences in directional sexual selection based on female preferences. However, the majority of additive genetic variance was largely oriented away from the direction of divergence, suggesting that standing genetic variation may not play a dominant role in the patterning of signal divergence. In contrast, the axis of phenotypic plasticity strongly mirrored patterns of interpopulation phenotypic divergence, which is consistent with a role for temperature-related plasticity in facilitating instead of inhibiting male song evolution and sexual isolation in these incipient species. We propose potential mechanisms by which sexual selection might interact with phenotypic plasticity to facilitate the rapid acoustic diversification observed in this species and clade.