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1,102 results for “plant diversity”
Dataset for paper "Interpreting the shifts in forest structure, plant community composition, diversity, and functional identity by using remote sensing-derived wildfire severity"
<p>Interpreting the shifts in forest structure, plant community composition, diversity, and functional identity by using remote sensing-derived wildfire severity . New collected data</p>
Data and R code used in Alonso-Crespo et al (2024) Exploring priority and year effects on plant diversity, productivity and vertical root distribution: first insights from a grassland field experiment
<p>This release contains the raw data, R code, and RootPainter model supporting the results described in Alonso-Crespo et al (2024) Exploring priority and year effects on plant diversity, productivity and vertical root distribution: first insights from a grassland field experiment.</p>
Genetic diversity, genetic differentiation and demographic history of Cryptomeria (Cupressaceae), a Tertiary relict plant in East Asia based on RAD sequencing
<p>Genetic structure and distribution patterns of modern floras are strongly affected by climatic change and geographical isolation. In the present study, we applied restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) to analyze the genetic structure and to simulate the demographic history of two extant <em>Cryptomeria</em> species in Japan (<em>C. japonica</em>) and Southeastern China (<em>C</em>. <em>japonica</em> var. <em>sinensis</em>). Thirteen natural populations representing the entire species distributed in East Asia were collected from Japan and China. At the species level, the genetic diversity of <em>Cryptomeria</em> was moderate (<em>H<sub>o</sub></em> = 0.217, <em>H<sub>e</sub></em> = 0.203) with a significant genetic differentiation among populations (85.30%, P < 0.001), especially between Japan and China lineages (<em>F</em><sub>ST</sub> = 0.147). Except for the Lushan (LS) population in China, all populations were clustered into two lineages (Japanese and Chinese), which was consistent with their geographical distribution. Approximate Bayesian computations (ABC) model indicated that the current two geographical lineages diverged from a common ancestral lineage and that their divergence time was about 0.417 ~ 0.139 million years ago (Mya). Geographical isolation, climate change in the Quaternary, and human disturbance played important roles in genetic variation and distribution patterns of <em>Cryptomeria</em> in East Asia. Our results shed light on the speciation processes of <em>Cryptomeria</em> and provide a reference for the conservation of this species.</p>
Data and code for: Species-specific effects of production practices on genetic diversity in plant reintroduction programs
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Plant production practices can influence the genetic diversity of cultivated plant materials and, ultimately, their potential to adapt to a reintroduction site. A common step in the plant production process is the application of seed pre-treatment to alleviate physiological seed dormancy and successfully germinate seeds. In production settings, the seeds that germinate more rapidly may be favored in order to fill plant quotas. In this study, we investigated how the application of cold-moist stratification treatments with different durations can lead to differences in the genetic diversity of the propagated plant materials. Specifically, we exposed seeds of three <em>Viola</em> species to two different cold stratification durations, and then we analyzed the genetic diversity of the resulting subpopulations through </span><span>double-digestion restriction site-associated sequencing (ddRADseq). Our results show that, in two out of three species, utilizing a short stratification period will decrease the genetic diversity of neutral and expressed loci, likely due to the imposition of a genetic bottleneck and artificial selection. We conclude that, in some species, the use of minimal stratification practices in production may jeopardize the adaptive potential and long-term persistence of reintroduced populations and suggest that practitioners carefully consider the evolutionary implications of their production protocols. We highlight the need to consider the germination ecology of target species when selecting the length of dormancy-breaking pre-treatments.</span></p>
Data from: Nitrogen deposition suppresses ephemeral post-fire plant diversity
<p>Fire is a dominant force shaping patterns of plant diversity in Mediterranean-type ecosystems. In these biodiversity hotspots, including California's endangered coastal scrub, many species remain hidden belowground as seeds and bulbs, only to emerge and flower when sufficient rainfall occurs after wildfire. The unique adaptations possessed by these species enable survival during prolonged periods of unfavorable conditions, but their continued persistence could be threatened by nonnative plant invasion and environmental change. Furthermore, their fleeting presence aboveground makes evaluating these threats in situ a challenge. For example, nitrogen (N) deposition resulting from air pollution is a well-recognized threat to plant diversity worldwide, but impacts on fire-following species are not well understood. We experimentally evaluated the impact of N deposition on post-fire vegetation cover and richness for three years in stands of coastal sage scrub that had recently burned in a large wildfire in southern California. We installed plots receiving four levels of N addition that corresponded to the range of N deposition rates in the region. We assessed the impact of pre-fire invasion status on vegetation dynamics by including plots in areas that had previously been invaded by nonnative grasses, as well as adjacent uninvaded areas. We found that N addition reduced native forb cover in the second year post-fire while increasing the abundance of nonnative forbs. As is typical in fire-prone ecosystems, species richness declined over the three years of the study. However, N addition hastened this process, and native forb richness was severely reduced under high N availability, especially in previously invaded shrublands. An indicator species analysis also revealed that six functionally and taxonomically diverse forb species were especially sensitive to N addition. Our results highlight a new potential mechanism for the depletion of native species through the suppression of ephemeral post-fire biodiversity.</p>
The interplay between defaunation and phylogenetic diversity affect leaf damage by natural enemies in tropical plants
<ol> <li>Natural enemies play an important role in controlling plant population growth and vegetation dynamics. Tropical rainforests host the greatest diversity of herbivores, from large mammalian ungulates to microscopic pathogens, generating and maintaining plant diversity.</li> <li>By feeding on the same resources, large mammalian herbivores may interfere with plant consumption and leaf damage by important enemy guilds such as invertebrate herbivores and pathogens, triggering indirect trophic cascades. However, the impact of local extinctions of large herbivores on plant-enemy interactions is relatively unknown.</li> <li>We experimentally tested the effects of defaunation of large mammalian herbivores (e.g., peccaries, tapirs, brocket deer; hereafter, large herbivores) on leaf damage of 3,350 understory plants in tropical rainforests of Brazil. We examined leaf damage in 10,050 leaves from 333 morphospecies by assigning the area consumed or damaged by five guilds of insect herbivores and leaf pathogens within 86 paired open-closed plots and investigated the joint effects of defaunation and plant phylogenetic diversity.</li> <li>Plants released from large herbivores had 9% less leaf damage; this difference was due to the lower leaf pathogens incidence (29%) rather than insect herbivory. Evolutionary Distinctness was similarly and positively correlated with leaf damage in all treatments, suggesting additive effects of defaunation and phylogenetic diversity. Total and pathogenic leaf damage (but not insect damage) decreased with plant richness across treatments, and large herbivores' exclusion resulted in increased plant species richness. This suggests that large herbivores' exclusion leads to a dilution of total and pathogens' leaf damage by increasing plant species richness.</li> <li>Our results suggest that large herbivores' indirect effects decrease the dilution potential of plant communities against pathogens and rather reinforce their top-down impact on vegetation, demonstrating a previously overlooked cascading effect of large herbivore extinction on forest ecosystems.</li> <li> <em>Synthesis</em>: The extinction of large mammalian herbivores can lead to a decrease in pathogen-driven leaf damage, a previously unknown indirect effect in forest ecosystems, which might have consequences for plant fitness and ultimately for plant diversity. Large herbivores and plant pathogens might have synergistic effects in regulating the diversity of plant communities in some of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth.</li> </ol>
Ancient insect vision tuned for flight amongst rocks and plants underpins natural flower colour diversity - rock, mineral, stick, bark, leaf, bird- and insect-flower petal reflectance spectra
<p>Understanding the origins of flower colour signalling to pollinators is fundamental to evolutionary biology and ecology. Flower colour evolves under pressure from visual systems of pollinators, like birds and insects, to establish global signatures among flowers with similar pollinators. However, an understanding of the ancient origins of this relationship remains elusive. Here, we employ computer simulations to generate artificial flower backgrounds assembled from real material sample spectra of rocks, leaves, and dead plant materials, against which to test flowers' visibility to birds and bees. Our results indicate how flower colours differ from their backgrounds in strength, and the distributions of salient reflectance features when perceived by these key pollinators, to reveal the possible origins of their colours. Since Hymenopteran visual perception evolved before flowers, the terrestrial chromatic context for its evolution to facilitate flight and orientation consisted of rocks, leaves, sticks, and bark. Flowers exploited these pre-evolved visual capacities of their visitors, and in response evolved chromatic features to signal to bees, and differently to birds, against a backdrop of other natural materials. Consequently, it appears that today's flower colours may be an evolutionary response to the vision of diurnal pollinators navigating their world millennia prior to the first flowers.</p>
Data on arthropod abundance in tropical forest restoration plots with high or low plant phylogenetic diversity
<p>Consideration of plant phylogenetic diversity in ecological restoration carries substantial potential, as communities with a greater diversity of lineages with older evolutionary histories can increase the diversity of niches and thus are likely to recover larger species networks than communities clustered in specific clades with reduced variation in functional traits. In this study, we experimentally assessed how arthropod communities were affected by the phylogenetic diversity of a set of tropical tree species. We established 12 experimental restoration plots with either high or low plant phylogenetic diversity, while maintaining constant the number of plant species. After one and three years, arthropods with different feeding habits (herbivores, predators, pollinators, and detritivores) were collected and identified as morphospecies or operational taxonomic units using metabarcoding techniques. We provide insights on the influence of plant phylogenetic diversity on arthropod abundance and species diversity, particularly among predator, pollinator, and detritivore common and dominant species, which increased with plant phylogenetic diversity. The trend, however, was the opposite for the diversity of herbivore common and dominant species, which decreased as plant phylogenetic diversity increased. These findings highlight the importance of considering plant species richness when designing restoration strategies, but also their evolutionary histories, as the same number of plant species can produce different outcomes for higher trophic levels, as a function of their phylogenetic relationships. </p>
Spatial patterns and effects of invasive plants on soil microbial activity and diversity along river corridors - raw data
<p>Dataset for the study</p> <p><strong><span>Spatial patterns and effects of invasive plants on soil microbial activity and diversity along river corridors</span></strong></p> <ol> <li>environmental variables of the research plots</li> <li>vascular plant species composition of the research plots</li> <li>mcirobial activity on the research plots</li> <li>CLPP profiles of the research plots</li> </ol>
Sites dominated by common fiddleneck (Amsinckia menziesii var. intermedia) support diverse plant-pollinator interactions
<p>Biodiversity is declining at unprecedented rates worldwide due largely to land use change and abnormal disturbance events. The high species diversity and endemicity found in California's coastal sage scrub (CSS) are especially at risk from urban development and ongoing disturbance. However, several CSS plant species have disturbance adaptations which may allow them to serve as vital resources for insect pollinators when native plant diversity is threatened. Common fiddleneck (<em>Amsinckia menziesii var. intermedia</em>) is one of the first annual forbs to germinate in CSS and as a result, it occurs in high density patches in early spring which temporarily creates a near monoculture. Although fiddleneck is a prominent CSS plant, particularly in areas that have experienced a disturbance event, its larger ecological role is not well explored. Therefore, we monitored ten sites across a disturbance gradient for two spring seasons to assess the composition of plant-pollinator networks in fiddleneck-dominated plots. We found fiddleneck supported a diverse pollinator community with 68% of recorded taxa visiting fiddleneck. The plants most frequently visited included two native annual forbs (common fiddleneck and <em>Phacelia distans</em><em>)</em> and two invasive annual forbs (<em>Erodium cicutarium</em> and<em> </em><em>Brassica tournefortii)</em>. Plant and pollinator abundances increased with increased mean precipitation. Additionally, plant-pollinator networks changed over time; the number of links per species increased throughout the season but did not differ amongst disturbance types. Despite the numerical dominance of fiddleneck, CSS supported a diversity of pollinator taxa and exhibited complex plant-pollinator networks across the disturbance gradient.</p>
Fig. 5 in The vascular plant diversity of Burkina Faso (West Africa) - a quantitative analysis and implications for conservation
Fig. 5. – Species richness in Burkina Faso on a province level.
Fig. 2 in The vascular plant diversity of Burkina Faso (West Africa) - a quantitative analysis and implications for conservation
Fig. 2. – The twelve most species-rich plant families in Burkina Faso.
Fig. 4 in The vascular plant diversity of Burkina Faso (West Africa) - a quantitative analysis and implications for conservation
Fig. 4. – Proportion of life forms in the different phytogeographic zones of Burkina Faso.
Wildfire severity alters drivers of interaction beta-diversity in plant-bee networks
Spatial variation in species interactions (interaction β-diversity) and its ecological drivers are poorly understood, despite their relevance to community assembly, conservation, and ecosystem functioning. We investigated effects of wildfire severity on patterns and four proximate ecological drivers of interaction β-diversity in plant-bee communities across three localities in the Northern Rocky Mountains (Montana, USA). Wildfires decreased interaction β-diversity but increased interaction frequency (number of visits) and richness (number of links). After controlling for interaction frequency and richness, standardized effect sizes of interaction β-diversity were highest following mixed-severity wildfires, intermediate following high-severity wildfires, and lowest in unburned landscapes, suggesting that wildfire increases spatial aggregation of plant-bee interactions. Moreover, higher effect sizes in burned landscapes were largely determined by turnover in the species composition of both trophic levels rather than by interaction rewiring (spatial turnover in local species interactions not due to species turnover). The underrepresented level of rewiring indicated spatial consistency in post-disturbance patterns of interactions among co-occurring species. Together, our findings suggest that wildfire alters the β-diversity of mutualistic species interactions via linked assembly of plant-bee communities and provide insights into how environmental change alters complex networks of species interactions.
Tables S1 and S2. Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, and Function of Plant Falcarin-type Polyactylenic Lipids
<p>Table S1. Compounds and structures used to generate structural similarity network in Figure 2.</p> <p>Table S2. List of functional FAD2s used to generate Figures 4 and 5.</p>
Data from: Large herbivores trigger spatiotemporal changes in forest plant diversity
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Large herbivores can exert top-down control on terrestrial plant communities, but the magnitude, direction, and scale-dependency of their impacts remain equivocal, especially in temperate and boreal forests, where multiple disturbances often interact. Using a unique, long-term and replicated landscape experiment, we assessed the influence of a high density of white-tailed deer (</span><em><span>Odocoileus virginianus</span></em><span>) on the spatiotemporal dynamics of diversity, composition, and successional trajectories of understorey plant assemblages in recently logged boreal forests. This experiment provided a rare opportunity to test </span><span>whether deer herbivory represents a direct filter on plant communities or if it mainly acts to suppress dominant plants which, in turn, release other plant species from strong negative plant-plant interactions. These two hypotheses make different predictions about changes in community composition, alpha and beta diversity in different</span><span> vegetation layers and at different spatial scales. Our results showed that deer had strong effects on plant community composition and successional trajectories, but the resulting impacts on plant alpha and beta diversity patterns were markedly scale-dependent in both time and space. Responses of tree and non-tree vegetation layers were strongly asymmetric. Deer acted both as a direct filter and as a suppressor of dominant plant species during early forest succession, but the magnitude of both processes was specific to tree and non-tree vegetation layers. Although our data supported the </span><span>ungulate-driven </span><span>homogenization hypothesis, </span><span>compositional shifts and changes of alpha diversity were poor predictors of beta diversity loss.</span><span> Our findings underscore the importance of long-term studies in revealing non-linear temporal community trends, and they challenge managers to prioritize particular community properties and scales of interest, given contrasting trends of composition, alpha, and beta diversity across spatial scales.</span></p>
Return of forest structure and diversity in tropical restoration plantings
<p>Stepping-stone restoration plantings can reconcile conservation goals and local land use needs in highly fragmented ecosystems. We explored how initial planting composition influences recruiting plant species density, diversity, abundance, and forest structure in a 13-year-old restoration experiment in Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico. Treatments included 8 fenced plantings with animal-dispersed species, 8 plantings with wind-dispersed species, 8 unplanted plots to favor natural succession, and 8 plots in the primary forest as reference sites. We predicted that that by attracting more seed dispersers, animal-dispersed plantings would most closely resemble the primary forest. A census of trees taller than 2 m showed that while wind-dispersed plantings had more recruits, the animal-dispersed plantings most closely resembled the primary forest in pioneer abundance, species density and abundance of biotically-dispersed and abiotically-dispersed plants, individual tree basal area (m<sup>2</sup>/ha), and vertical structure. The wind-dispersed plantings more closely approximated the forest in non-pioneer abundance and community composition. However, restoration treatments were more similar to each other than to the primary forest and did not differ in plant diversity. Animal-dispersed and wind-dispersed plantings did not differ in non-pioneer species density and matched the primary forest in total plot basal area. Higher abundance of trees in wind-plantings is explained by lower establishment limitations, seed legacy effects, and rapid reproduction of a few planted species. As the experiment continues, we expect treatment effects on seed dispersers will more strongly influence the recruiting plant community, leading the animal-dispersed plantings to more closely resemble the primary forest in diversity and forest structure.</p>
Eco-evolutionary dynamics modulate plant responses to global change depending on plant diversity and species identity
Global change has dramatic impacts on grassland diversity. However, little is known about how fast species can adapt to diversity loss and how this affects their responses to global change. Here, we performed a common garden experiment testing whether plant responses to global change are influenced by their selection history and the conditioning history of soil at different plant diversity levels. Using seeds of four grass species and soil samples from a 14-year-old biodiversity experiment, we grew the offspring of the plants either in their own soil or in soil of a different community, and exposed them either to drought, increased nitrogen input, or a combination of both. Under nitrogen addition, offspring of plants selected at high diversity produced more biomass than those selected at low diversity, while drought neutralized differences in biomass production. Moreover, under the influence of global change drivers, soil history, and to a lesser extent plant history, had species-specific effects on trait expression. Our results show that plant diversity modulates plant-soil interactions and growth strategies of plants, which in turn affects plant eco-evolutionary pathways. How this change affects species' response to global change and whether this can cause a feedback loop should be investigated in more detail in future studies.
Data for functional diversity and habitat preferences of native grassland plants and ground-dwelling invertebrates in private gardens along an urbanisation gradient
<p>Urbanisation influences biodiversity and ecosystem functions. However, private domestic gardens provide habitats for many species. Challenging conditions in urban gardens may support species possessing certain traits, but exclude other species. Functional diversity is therefore often altered in urban gardens. We surveyed native grassland plants and ground-dwelling invertebrates (snails, slugs, spiders, millipedes, woodlice, ants, rove beetles), and compiled data on urbanisation (distance to city centre, percentage of sealed area) and garden characteristics. We furthermore derived data on traits and habitat preferences for the species recorded in the gardens from the literature and own measurements. The survey comprised 35 domestic gardens along a rural-urban gradient in the city of Basel, Switzerland and its surroundings.</p>
Historical context modifies plant diversity–community productivity relationships in alpine grassland
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>While most studies yield positive relationships between biodiversity (B) and ecosystem functioning (EF), awareness is growing that BEF relationships can vary with ecological context. The awareness has led to increased efforts to understand how contemporary environmental context modifies BEF relationships, but the role of historical context, and the mechanisms by which it may influence biodiversity effects, remains poorly understood.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>We examined how historical context alters plant diversity‒community productivity relationships via plant species interactions in alpine grassland. We also tested how historical context modifies interactions between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, which can potentially mediate the above processes.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>We studied biodiversity effects on plant community productivity at two grassland sites with different histories related to grazing intensity — heavy versus light livestock grazing — but similar current management. We assembled experimental communities of identical species composition with plants from each of the two sites in disturbed soil from a contemporary heavily grazed grassland, ranging in species richness from one to two, three and six species. Moreover, we carried out a mycorrhizal hyphae-exclusion experiment to test how plant interactions with AM fungi influence plant responses to historical context.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>We detected a significantly positive diversity‒productivity relationship that was driven by complementarity effects in communities composed of plants from the site without heavy-grazing history, but no such relationship in plant communities composed of plants from the site with heavy-grazing history</span><span class="MsoCommentReference"><span>.</span></span><span> </span><span>Plants from the site with heavy-grazing history had increased competitive ability and increased yields in low-diversity communities but disrupted complementarity effects in high-diversity communities. </span><span>Moreover, plants of one species from the site with heavy-grazing history benefitted more from AM fungal communities than did plants from the site without such history.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Synthesis: Using the same experimental design and species, communities assembled by plants from two sites with different historical contexts showed different plant diversity</span><span>‒community productivity relationships</span><span>. Our results suggest that historical context can alter plant diversity</span><span>‒community productivity relationships via plant species interactions and potentially </span><span>plant</span><span>‒soil interactions. Therefore, considering historical contexts of ecological communities is of importance for advancing our understanding of long-term impacts of anthropogenic disturbance on ecosystem functioning.</span></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.