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142 results for “pollinator community”
Portfolio effect and asynchrony as drivers of stability in plant-pollinator communities along a gradient of landscape heterogeneity
<p>Understanding how pollination services can be maintained in increasingly anthropogenic landscapes is a current challenge for basic and applied ecology. The stability of plant-pollinator communities might increase in heterogeneous landscapes with a high diversity of species and alternative habitats, both through increased portfolio effect (property of communities to fluctuate less than the sum of its counterparts) and decreased synchrony (coincident changes in species abundance). However, how these drivers of stability (portfolio effect and synchrony) vary along land-use gradients remains largely unknown. Using independent samplings for plants, pollinators, and their interactions in Mediterranean communities along a gradient of landscape heterogeneity, we assessed the relationships between within-year stability and its drivers; and between the drivers of stability, landscape heterogeneity, and species diversity. Besides, we evaluated the relationships between the drivers of interaction stability and the structure of mutualistic networks (modularity, nestedness, connectance). Stability increased with larger portfolio effects and asynchronies. Interaction stability was positively related to pollinator stability, but not to plant stability. Landscape evenness increased the stability of plants, pollinators, and their interactions, through increased portfolio effects. However, for plants and pollinators, the landscape effect was detected at a smaller scale (1-km) than for interactions (2-km); and for pollinators and interactions, the effect was only evident from medium-to-high levels of landscape evenness. Temporal synchrony of species/pairwise interactions was an important driver of stability, tightly linked to species/interaction diversity. More asynchronous communities showed a larger portfolio effect and were also those with higher species evenness for all plants, pollinators, and their interactions; while synchrony was also weakly positively related to species richness for plants. Interestingly, more modular network structures conferred enhanced overall community stability, through higher portfolio effect and asynchrony. Preserving diverse communities within the heterogeneous Mediterranean landscapes helps maintain the stability of pollination services, both through increased asynchrony and portfolio effect.</p>
Adjacent crop type impacts potential pollinator communities and their pollination services in remnants of natural vegetation.
<p><em><span>Aim:</span></em><span> Pollination plays a crucial role in the conservation of many plant species persisting in fragmented, human-dominated landscapes. Pollinators are known to be instrumental in maintaining genetic diversity and metapopulation dynamics for many plant species and are important for providing ecological services that are essential in agricultural landscapes where populations of native plants are highly isolated. Numerous studies have explored the value of remnant native vegetation for supporting pollination services to crop species; yet the effect of mass-flowering crops on the pollinator communities and the pollination services they provide to native plant communities persisting in fragmented landscapes are less well-understood. Here, we</span><span> assess the influence of the presence and phenology of a mass-flowering crop to pollinator community structure, abundance and pollen load composition in remnant vegetation in complex agricultural landscapes. </span></p> <p><em><span>Location:</span></em><span> South-west Western Australia, Australia.</span></p> <p><em><span>Methods:</span></em><span> </span>We recorded the composition and abundance of insect flower visitors and their pollen loads in isolated remnants of York gum-Jam woodlands adjacent to canola (insect-attracting) or wheat (non-insect-attracting) fields over two years. </p> <p><em>Results:</em> All bees were much more sensitive to adjacent crop type (neighbouring canola or wheat) than non-bee pollinators. Honeybees were the most abundant pollinators in canola fields during peak flowering. Honeybee abundance increased in canola-adjacent reserves post-canola bloom, potentially indicating a movement into reserves as crop flowering waned. Native bees were the most diverse in remnant vegetation. Pollen loads of native bees were more mixed (increased pollen richness and evenness) when sampled next to canola fields compared to wheat fields. </p> <p><em>Main conclusion:</em> The availability of potential insect pollinators to remnant wildflower communities in agricultural landscapes is context dependent. Whether sampled communities were adjacent to wheat or canola in a landscape significantly impacted the abundance of potential pollinators in certain landscape elements, but not others, and the composition of pollen loads carried by these insects. Results offer novel insights about the influence of landscape context on <span>pollinator communities and the potential pollination services available for the conservation of native plant species in highly fragmented agricultural landscapes.</span></p>
Data from: Contrasting responses in community structure and phenology of migratory and non-migratory pollinators to urbanization
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Garden features, diversity and abundance of pollinators in urban community gardens
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Figure 1 in Community-level plant-pollinator interactions in a Palaeotropical montane evergreen oak forest ecosystem
Figure 1. Map of study sites S1–S5 in Laos. See Table 1 for details of the sites.
Pollen transport networks reveal highly diverse and temporally stable plant-pollinator interactions in an Appalachian floral community
<p>Floral visitation alone has been typically used to characterize plant-pollinator interaction networks even though it ignores differences in the quality of floral visits (e.g. transport of pollen) and thus may overestimate the number and functional importance of pollinating interactions. However, how network structural properties differ between floral visitation and pollen transport networks is not well understood. Furthermore, the strength and frequency of plant-pollinator interactions may vary across fine temporal scales (within a single season) further limiting our predictive understanding of the drivers and consequences of plant-pollinator network structure. Thus, evaluating the structure of pollen transport networks and how they change within a flowering season may help increase our predictive understanding of the ecological consequences of plant-pollinator network structure. Here we compare plant-pollinator network structure using floral visitation and pollen transport data and evaluate within-season variation in pollen transport network structure in a diverse plant-pollinator community. Our results show that pollen transport networks provide a more accurate representation of the diversity of plant-pollinator interactions in a community but that floral visitation and pollen transport networks do not differ in overall network structure. Pollen transport network structure was relatively stable throughout the flowering season despite changes in plan and pollinator species composition. Overall, our study highlights the need to improve our understanding of the drivers of plant-pollinator network structure in order to more fully understand the process that govern the assembly of these interactions in nature.</p>
Patterns of pollination interactions at community-level are related to the type and quantity of floral resources
<p>1. A fundamental question in community ecology is how the quantity of floral resources affects pollinator activity and how this relates to the structure and robustness of pollination networks. The issue has been mainly addressed at species level, while at community level several questions are still open.</p> <p>2. Using a species-rich semi-natural grassland as model ecosystem, we explored the relationship between community-level quantity of floral resources, the number of flower visits at community-level and descriptors of the structure and robustness of pollination networks. To assess whether patterns of pollination interactions were consistent when using different types of floral resources, we measured three types of floral resources, namely the volume of nectar, the number of pollen grains and the number of flowers.</p> <p>3. Community-level pollinator visitation rate showed a hump-shaped relationship with the quantity of floral resources. Results were consistent among models employing different measures of floral resources as independent variables. The relationship between the quantity of floral resources and the structure and robustness of the network was not consistent among different types of floral resources; only intermediate levels of nectar volume were associated with high levels of network robustness.</p> <p>4. The pattern we found is in contrast with some former studies which reported positive linear relationships between the community-level visitation rate of pollinators and the quantity of floral resources. Rather, the observed hump-shaped pattern resembles the relationship previously found between the quantity of floral resources of a given plant species and its visitation rate per flower. Our results highlighted that, by using specific types of floral resources (e.g., the volume of nectar and the number of pollen grains) it is possible to reveal ecological processes that would be masked by using the number of flowers as the sole measure of floral resource.</p>
Crop diversity benefits carabid and pollinator communities in landscapes with semi-natural habitats
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Patterns of pollination interactions at community-level are related to the type and quantity of floral resources
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Data from: Nested species interactions promote feasibility over stability during the assembly of a pollinator community
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Data from: Contrasting responses in community structure and phenology of migratory and non-migratory pollinators to urbanization
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Pollen transport networks reveal highly diverse and temporally stable plant-pollinator interactions in an Appalachian floral community
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Portfolio effect and asynchrony as drivers of stability in plant-pollinator communities along a gradient of landscape heterogeneity
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Data from: Spatial variation in bidirectional pollinator-mediated interactions between two co-flowering species in serpentine plant communities
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Data from: Effects of plant and pollinator traits on the maintenance of a food deceptive species within a plant community
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Adjacent crop type impacts potential pollinator communities and their pollination services in remnants of natural vegetation.
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Effects of land cover and water availability on brittlebush (Encelia farinosa) flowering phenology and its pollinator community.
Phenology is the seasonal timing of environment-mediated events such as growth and reproduction. Phenology is quantified by determining time of onset and end of events, duration, and number of flowers (Augspurger 1983, Rathcke and Lacey 1985). Studies of flowering and leafing phenology have dramatically increased during the last few decades due to growing concerns over global climate change and because phenology is a highly sensitive indicator that researchers can use to study the effects of climate change at multiple scales (Chuine et al. 2000, Sparks and Menzel 2002, Peuelas et al. 2004, Williams and Abberton 2004). Urban climatic conditions are considered similar to the changing global climate conditions; therefore, many researchers study urbanized areas as smaller scale experiments, or models, of global climate change (Ziska et al. 2003). Concerns over climate change are not the only reasons for studying urban ecosystems. It is important to create urban environments resilient to social, economic, and ecological collapse. The literature of flowering phenology in urban environments suggests that spring-blooming plants in urban environments located in temperate, Mediterranean, and boreal ecosystems in North America, Europe, and China tend to bloom earlier in the city than in the surrounding un-urbanized habitat (Roetzer et al. 2000, Fitter and Fitter 2002, White et al. 2002, Ziska et al. 2003, Zhang et al. 2004). Moreover, non-woody plants, early spring bloomers, and insect-pollinated plants in these environments tend to be more sensitive than woody plants, mid- or late-spring bloomers, and wind-pollinated plants (Fitter and Fitter 2002, Traidl-Hoffman et al. 2003). Finally, temperature (Heat Island Effect) has been assumed to be the cause of earlier flowering in the urban environments since the large-scale advancement of flowering has been strongly correlated with global warming. Study of flowering phenology in urban ecosystems is important because changes in phen
Data from: Diverse pollinator communities enhance plant reproductive success
Understanding the functional consequences of biodiversity loss is a major goal of ecology. Animal-mediated pollination is an essential ecosystem function and service provided to mankind. However, little is known how pollinator diversity could affect pollination services. Using a substitutive design, we experimentally manipulated functional group (FG) and species richness of pollinator communities to investigate their consequences on the reproductive success of an obligate out-crossing model plant species, Raphanus sativus. Both fruit and seed set increased with pollinator FG richness. Furthermore, seed set increased with species richness in pollinator communities composed of a single FG. However, in multiple-FG communities, highest species richness resulted in slightly reduced pollination services compared with intermediate species richness. Our analysis indicates that the presence of social bees, which showed roughly four times higher visitation rates than solitary bees or hoverflies, was an important factor contributing to the positive pollinator diversity–pollination service relationship, in particular, for fruit set. Visitation rate at different daytimes, and less so among flower heights, varied among social bees, solitary bees and hoverflies, indicating a niche complementarity among these pollinator groups. Our study demonstrates enhanced pollination services of diverse pollinator communities at the plant population level and suggests that both the niche complementarity and the presence of specific taxa in a pollinator community drive this positive relationship.
Data from: Foraging efficiency and size matching in a plant – pollinator community: the importance of sugar content and tongue length
A longstanding question in ecology is how species interactions are structured within communities. Although evolutionary theory predicts close size matching between floral nectar tube depth and pollinator proboscis length of interacting species, such size matching has seldom been shown and explained in multispecies assemblages. Here, we investigated the degree of size matching among Asteraceae and their pollinators and its relationship with foraging efficiency. The majority of pollinators, especially Hymenoptera, choose plant species on which they had high foraging efficiencies. When proboscides were shorter than nectar tubes, foraging efficiency rapidly decreased because of increased handling time. When proboscides were longer than nectar tubes, a decreased nectar reward rather than an increased handling time made shallow flowers more inefficient to visit. Altogether, this led to close size matching. Overall, our results show the importance of nectar reward and handling time as drivers of plant – pollinator network structure.
Temperature influences pollinator' choice of floral partners independently of community composition
<p>Climate change can impact species interactions by changing the spatial and/or temporal overlap of interaction partners, but interspecific interactions can also vary when partners remain co-located in space and time. Understanding the effects of climate-driven environmental variation, such as rising temperatures, is particularly important for interactions that underlie key ecosystem functions like pollination. However, very little is known about how temperature variation may impact plant-pollinator interaction patterns in the absence of shifts in species presence or abundance, in part because environmental variation across multiple days or sites is often confounded with changing community composition. In this study, we examined the effects of temperature variation on pollinators’ choice of floral partners within near-static ecological communities by sampling interactions at multiple temperatures within individual days—a method that allowed us to disentangle the effects of temperature variation and species turnover on patterns of plant-pollinator interactions. The substantial temperature variation both within and across days in each growing season also enabled us to largely disentangle temperature variation from time-of-day effects. With this sampling protocol, we show that temperature can influence pollinator floral choice independently of changes in species composition. We found differences in the choice of floral resources across pollinator taxa as temperature varied during individual days and further found that bumble bees, but not sweat bees, exhibited this pattern when analyzed independently. We also confirmed that our observed trends were not driven by variation in the number of interactions recorded, the relative abundance of pollinators, or in the overall attractiveness of flowers at different temperatures. We propose that thermal niche partitioning in this system could be driven by physiological and behavioral factors including energetics and competition for specific floral resources at different temperatures. These insights into thermal variation in pollinators’ floral choice contribute to wider understanding of the fine-scale mechanisms through which climate change may impact ecological networks, community resilience, and ecosystem functioning.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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