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FIGURE 44. Radula. A. Fusinus serotinus, innermost cusps with a in A morphology-based phylogenetic analysis of Fasciolariidae (Gastropoda: Buccinoidea)

FIGURE 44. Radula. A. Fusinus serotinus, innermost cusps with a progressive increase in length (char. 66: 1). B. Pseudolatirus discrepans, no gradual increase (char. 66: 0). Abbreviations: ral, radula lateral; numbers represent cusp number as indicated in the text. Scales= 20 µm.

FIGURE 39. Radula. A in A morphology-based phylogenetic analysis of Fasciolariidae (Gastropoda: Buccinoidea)

FIGURE 39. Radula. A. Dolicholatirus cayohuesonicus, radula, lateral with up to four cusps (char. 58: 0). B. Amiantofusus pacificus, five to six cusps (char. 58: 1). C. Hemipolygona armata, seven to 15 cusps (char. 58: 2). D. Pleuroploca trapezium, 16 or more cusps (char. 58: 3). Abbreviations: ral, radula lateral. Scales A= 5 µm, B= 10 µm, C= 50 µm, D= 100 µm.

FIGURE 45. Radula. A in A morphology-based phylogenetic analysis of Fasciolariidae (Gastropoda: Buccinoidea)

FIGURE 45. Radula. A. Peristernia nassatula, laterals bearing secondary cusps (char. 67: 1). B. Leucozonia ponderosa, laterals without secondary cusps (char. 67: 0). Abbreviations: ral, radula lateral; ral2, radula lateral secondary cusp. Scales A= 20 µm, B= 50 µm.

FIGURE 36. Radula. A in A morphology-based phylogenetic analysis of Fasciolariidae (Gastropoda: Buccinoidea)

FIGURE 36. Radula. A. Dolicholatirus cayohuesonicus, ratio of the width of the rachidian to the lateral tooth is one or more (char. 54: 0). B. Pisania pusio, ratio is 1/2 to less than 1 (char. 54: 1). C. Leucozonia nassa, ratio is 1/4 to less than 1/2 (char. 54: 2). D. Latirus vischii, ratio is less than 1/4 (char. 54: 3). Abbreviations: ral, radula lateral; rar, radula rachidian. Scales A= 5 µm, B,C= 50 µm, C= 100 µm.

FIGURE 38. Radula. A in A morphology-based phylogenetic analysis of Fasciolariidae (Gastropoda: Buccinoidea)

FIGURE 38. Radula. A. Dolicholatirus cayohuesonicus, lateral teeth close to rachidian (char. 56: 0), ratio of the lateral length to width is more than 1 (char. 57: 0). B. Amiantofusus candoris, lateral close to rachidian (char. 56: 0), ratio is less than 1 to more than 1/2 (char. 57: 2). C. Chryseofusus graciliformis, lateral close to rachidian (char. 56: 0), ratio is 1/2 to 1/3 (char. 57: 3). D. Buccinum undatum, laterals distanced from rachidian, radular ribbon visible underneath (char. 56: 1), ratio is one (char. 57: 1). E. Peristernia marquesana, lateral close to rachidian (char. 56: 0), ratio is less than 1/3 (char. 57: 4). Abbreviations: ral, radula lateral. Scales A,B= 10 µm, C= 50 µm, D= 100 µm, E= 20 µm.

Fig. 17 Hyalogyrina grasslei, alimentary tract. a in Interactive 3D anatomy and affinities of the Hyalogyrinidae, basal Heterobranchia (Gastropoda) with a rhipidoglossate radula

Fig. 17 Hyalogyrina grasslei, alimentary tract. a Reconstruction of anatomy, left side view, showing section planes. b–g Histological details; (b) cross section of jaws, (c) radula with buccal musculature, (d) cross section of posterior oesophagus, (e) detail of dorsal foot channel in anterior oesophagus, (f) stomach with gastric shield and tooth, (g) anal opening. Labels: a = anal opening, aoe = anterior oesophagus, csa =

Fig. 21 in Interactive 3D anatomy and affinities of the Hyalogyrinidae, basal Heterobranchia (Gastropoda) with a rhipidoglossate radula

Fig. 21 Schematic comparison of the genital systems of hyalogyrinid species. (a) Hyalogyrina grasslei. (b) Hyalogyrina glabra. (c) Hyalogyrina depressa. (d) Xenoskenea pellucida. Labels: ag = albumen gland, b = bursa, bs1/2 = blind sac 1/2, cg = capsule gland, fl = flagellum, g = hermaphroditic gonad, ga = genital atrium, Gd =

Fig. 19 Hyalogyrina glabra, genital system. a in Interactive 3D anatomy and affinities of the Hyalogyrinidae, basal Heterobranchia (Gastropoda) with a rhipidoglossate radula

Fig. 19 Hyalogyrina glabra, genital system. a Reconstruction of anatomy from left side (anterior is at top), showing section planes. b–e Histological details, phase contrast microscopy; (b) distal end of gonoduct, genital atrium, and receptaculum; (c) median portion of gonoduct, duct to receptaculum seminis, and flagellum; (d) detail of

Fig. 16 Hyalogyrina grasslei, genital system. a in Interactive 3D anatomy and affinities of the Hyalogyrinidae, basal Heterobranchia (Gastropoda) with a rhipidoglossate radula

Fig. 16 Hyalogyrina grasslei, genital system. a Reconstruction of anatomy, showing section planes. b–h Histological details (arrowhead always marks line of basal bodies of ciliated cells); (b) distal end of receptaculum seminis and gonoduct, (c) detail of blind sac 1 and adjacent hermaphroditic gonad, (d) median part of receptaculum seminis and gonoduct, (e) proximal part of gonoduct with vas deferens, (f) detail of seminal groove, (g) detail of gonoduct and blind sac 2 with connecting duct (arrow), (h) detail of median part of receptaculum seminis. Labels: bs1/2 = blind sac 1/ 2, ci = cilia, dg = digestive gland, ex = external milieu, g = gonad, gd = gonoduct, hd = hermaphroditic duct, mc = mantle cavity, re = rectum, rs = receptaculum seminis, sp = autosperm, vd = vas deferens, ve = vas efferens

Fig. 22 in Interactive 3D anatomy and affinities of the Hyalogyrinidae, basal Heterobranchia (Gastropoda) with a rhipidoglossate radula

Fig. 22 Series of hermaphroditic glands in Hyalogyrinidae; anterior views, differences in lobation do not correlate with size. (a) Xenoskenea pellucida. (b) Hyalogyrina glabra. (c) Hyalogyrina depressa. (d) Hyalogyrina grasslei

Fig. 20 in Interactive 3D anatomy and affinities of the Hyalogyrinidae, basal Heterobranchia (Gastropoda) with a rhipidoglossate radula

Fig. 20 Hyalogyrina glabra, reconstruction of anatomy of nervous system. (a) Left side view, body wall shown transparent. (b) Dorsal view. Labels: B/B' = right/left buccal ganglion, CPl/CPl' = right/left cerebropleural ganglion, O = osphradial ganglion, P/P' = right/left pedal ganglion, Sb = suboesophageal ganglion, Sp = supraoesophageal ganglion, st = statocysts; 2/2' = right/left tentacle nerves, 3/3' = right/left

Fig. 4 Xenoskenea pellucida. a, b in Interactive 3D anatomy and affinities of the Hyalogyrinidae, basal Heterobranchia (Gastropoda) with a rhipidoglossate radula

Fig. 4 Xenoskenea pellucida. a, b Reconstruction of genital system; (a) right side view, body wall transparent, vertical lines at bottom indicate section planes c–e, arrowhead points to male genital opening; (b) left side view, body wall omitted. (c) Cross section of anterior vas deferens and penis (longitudinally sectioned) flanked by pallial lobe; arrowhead points to distalmost vas deferens within copulatory organ. (d) Detail of thickened part of vas deferens with large nuclei. (e) Detail of egg in cross section. Labels: bs1/2 = blind sac 1/2, ct = right cephalic tentacle, e = eye, g = gonad, hc = heterochromatine, hd = hermaphroditic duct, n = nucleus, nl = nucleolus, od = oviduct, pe = penis, pl = pallial lobe, sg = spermato- gonia, vd = vas deferens, y = yolk mass

Fig. 1 in Interactive 3D anatomy and affinities of the Hyalogyrinidae, basal Heterobranchia (Gastropoda) with a rhipidoglossate radula

Fig. 1 Xenoskenea species. (a) X. pellucida, drawing of live animal (shell diameter 1.7 mm) from the right side (modified from Warén et al. 1993: fig. 35); arrowhead points to copulatory organ; labels: ct = cephalic tentacles, gi = gill (extended out of mantle cavity), mpt = metapodial tentacle, op = operculum, orl = oral lappet (in fact more a short tentacle), pl = pallial lobe. (b) X. n. sp. to be described by Dr. Kazunori Hasegawa; specimen data (courtesy of Dr. Takuma Haga, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo): around Sandan-bashi (Sandan Bridge), Wakaura-Naka, Wakayama City, Wakayama Prefecture (central Honshû: W part of Kii Peninsula), Japan, 34°41′14″N, 135°10′25″E, 8 Oct. 2007, from aggregation of reen algae on muddy tidal flat, lower intertidal zone, leg. Haga, T., Fukuda, H., Yamashita, H., Tatara, Y. & Ikebe, S.; photo courtesy of Dr. Masanori Taru, Toho University, Funabashi, Japan

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FIGURE 47. Meriania radula. A. Terminal fertile branch with inflorescence. B. Leaf blade, abaxial view. C–D in A synopsis of Meriania (Melastomataceae: Merianieae) in Peru

FIGURE 47. Meriania radula. A. Terminal fertile branch with inflorescence. B. Leaf blade, abaxial view. C–D. Detail of the inflorescences. A from J.L. Marcelo-Peña s.n., B–D from F.A. Michelangeli et al. 1732. Photos by José Luis Marcelo-Peña (A) and Fabián A. Michelangeli (B–D).