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625 results for “rules”
Which RESTful API Design Rules are Important and How Do They Improve Software Quality? A Delphi Study with Industry Experts
<p>The dataset of a Delphi study with 8 industry experts who reached consensus on the perceived importance and positive software quality impact of 82 RESTful API design rules from the catalogue by Mark Massé ("REST API Design Rulebook", O’Reilly Media, 2011). The replication package contains:</p> <ul> <li><strong>rules.csv:</strong> the final consensus results for the 82 rules in CSV format</li> <li><strong>rule-importance.xlsx</strong>: the detailed results and analysis for rule importance as an Excel spreadsheet</li> <li><strong>rule-sw-quality-impact.xlsx</strong>: the detailed results and analysis for rule impact on software quality as an Excel spreadsheet</li> </ul> <p>In this version, we updated the final numbers for the software quality mapping with the results from the synchronous meeting.</p>
Rule-based generative design of translational and rotational interlocking assemblies
<p>Video illustrating the ideas and limitations developped in our eponymous article.</p>
Data from: A case for the "Competitive exclusion – tolerance rule" as a general cause of species turnover along environmental gradients
<p><span>Closely-related, ecologically-similar species often segregate their distributions along environmental gradients of time, space, and resources, but previous research suggests diverse underlying causes. Here, we review reciprocal removal studies in nature that experimentally test the role of interactions among species in determining their turnover along environmental gradients. We find consistent evidence for asymmetric exclusion coupled with differences in environmental tolerance causing the segregation of species pairs, where a dominant species excludes a subordinate from benign regions of the gradient, but is unable to tolerate challenging regions to which the subordinate species is adapted. Subordinate species were consistently smaller and performed better in regions of the gradient typically occupied by the dominant species compared to their native distribution. These results extend previous ideas contrasting competitive ability with adaptation to abiotic stress to include a broader diversity of species interactions (intraguild predation, reproductive interference) and environmental gradients, including gradients of biotic challenge. Collectively, these findings suggest that adaptation to environmental challenge compromises performance in antagonistic interactions with ecologically-similar species. The consistency of this pattern across diverse organisms, environments, and biomes suggests generalizable processes structuring the segregation of ecologically-similar species along disparate environmental gradients, a phenomenon that we propose should be named the Competitive exclusion – tolerance rule.</span></p>
Data from: Predicting and measuring decision rules for social recognition in a Neotropical frog
<p>Many animals use signals to recognize familiar individuals but risk mistakes because the signal properties of different individuals often overlap. Further, outcomes of correct and incorrect decisions yield different fitness payoffs, and animals incur these payoffs at different frequencies depending on interaction rates. To understand how signal variation, payoffs, and interaction rates shape recognition decision rules, we studied male golden rocket frogs, which recognize the calls of territory neighbors and are less aggressive to neighbors than to strangers. We first quantified patterns of individual variation in call properties and predicted optimal discrimination thresholds using signal variation. We then measured thresholds for discriminating between neighbors and strangers using a habituation-discrimination field playback experiment. Territorial males discriminated between calls differing by 9% to 12% in temporal properties, slightly higher than the predicted thresholds (5-10%). Finally, we used a signal detection theory model to explore payoff and interaction rate parameters and found that the empirical threshold matched those predicted under ecologically realistic assumptions of infrequent encounters with strangers and relatively costly missed detections of strangers. We demonstrate that receivers group continuous variation in vocalizations into discrete social categories and that signal detection theory can be applied to understand evolved decision rules.</p>
Data used in: Born rule as a test of the accuracy of a public quantum computer
<p>A data and scripts used during the preparation of <em>Born rule as a test of the accuracy of a public quantum computer</em>.</p>
Strength of the 'island rule' in birds is positively associated with absence of avian predators
<p>The similar characteristics shared by island environments have been shown to lead to common patterns of adaptations in island species, commonly referred to as the "insularity syndrome". A well-known example is the "island rule", where large species become smaller on islands and small species become larger, leading to well-known cases of dwarfism and gigantism. This pattern was recently verified on a global scale, but the mechanisms underlying it have been poorly investigated. Here, we focused on the role of released pressure from predation and competition experienced by island birds. Using 120 pairs of endemic island species and their mainland sister relatives, we first verified that the island rule was detected in our dataset, and then evaluated the effects of the numbers of raptors and inter-specific competitors on the evolution of the insular species' body mass. We found a strong effect of predation on body mass evolution, with a stronger island rule for species occurring on islands with no raptors, while the pattern disappears in their presence. However, we did not find an effect of competition on this pattern. Our study shows the importance of considering ecological interactions for understanding patterns of body size evolution, and the exceptions to those patterns.</p>
Simultaneous hydrogen bonds with different binding modes: the acceptor "rules" but the donor "chooses"
<p>Supporting information for the paper: Simultaneous hydrogen bonds with different binding modes: the acceptor “rules” but the donor “chooses</p>
Home automation system failure logic behavior rules
<p>This document presents the Home automation system failure logic behavior rules used to perform the model-based fault-tree analysis.</p>
Dataset for: Do marine planktonic ciliates follow Bergmann's rule?
<p>This is a dataset used for the paper entitled "Do marine planktonic ciliates follow Bergmann's rule?" by Liu et al. This dataset includes the mean cell-size of ciliate community obtained from 282 samples from 154 stations covered from 20°S to 65°N. It also contains the biomass of ciliate community, the corresponding environmental parameters including seawater temperature and Chlorophyll <em>a</em> concentration (Chla), and the proxy for phytoplankton (prey) size estimated by two methods (see paper for details). </p>
Data for: Allometry reveals trade-offs between Bergmann's and Allen's rules, and different avian adaptive strategies for thermoregulation
<p>Animals tend to decrease in body size (Bergmann's rule) and elongate appendages (Allen's rule) in warm climates. However, it is unknown whether these patterns depend on each other or constitute independent responses to thermal environment. Here, based on a global phylogenetic comparative analysis across 99.7% of the world's bird species, we show that the way in which the relative length of unfeathered appendages co-varies with temperature depends on body size and vice versa. First, the larger the body, the greater the increase in beak length with temperature. Second, the temperature-based increase in tarsus length is apparent only in larger birds, whereas in smaller birds, tarsus length decreases with temperature. Third, body size and the length of beak and tarsus interact each other to predict the species' temperature preferences. These findings suggest that the animals' body size and shape are products of an evolutionary compromise that reflects distinct alternative thermoregulatory adaptations.</p>
Data from: The Competitive exclusion – tolerance rule explains habitat partitioning among co-occurring species of burying beetles
<p>Habitat partitioning among co-occurring, ecologically similar species is widespread in nature and thought to be an important mechanism for coexistence. The factors that cause habitat partitioning, however, are unknown for most species. We experimentally tested among three alternative hypotheses to explain habitat partitioning among two species of co-occurring burying beetle (<em>Nicrophorus</em>) that occupy forest (<em>N. orbicollis</em>) and wetland (<em>N. hebes</em>) habitats. Captive experiments revealed that the larger <em>N. orbicollis </em>(forest) was consistently dominant to <em>N. hebes </em>(wetland) in competitive interactions for carcasses that they require for reproduction. Transplant enclosure experiments in nature revealed that <em>N. hebes</em> had poor reproductive success whenever the dominant <em>N. orbicollis</em> was present. In the absence of <em>N. orbicollis</em>, <em>N. hebes</em> performed as well, or better, in forest versus its typical wetland habitat. In contrast, <em>N. orbicollis </em>performed poorly in wetlands regardless of the presence of <em>N. hebes</em>. These results support the Competitive exclusion – tolerance rule where the competitively dominant <em>N. orbicollis</em> excludes the subordinate <em>N. hebes</em> from otherwise suitable or preferable forest habitat, while the subordinate <em>N. hebes</em> is uniquely able to tolerate the challenges of breeding in wetlands. Transplant experiments further showed that carcass burial depth – an important trait thought to enhance the competitive ability of the dominant <em>N. orbicollis</em> – is costly in wetland habitats. When in the presence of <em>N. hebes, N. orbicollis</em> buried carcasses deeper; deeper burial is thought to provide a competitive advantage in forests, but further compromised the reproductive success of <em>N. orbicollis </em>in wetlands. Overall, results provide evidence that the Competitive exclusion – tolerance rule underlies habitat partitioning among ecologically similar species, and that the traits important for competitive dominance in relatively benign environments are costly in more challenging environments, consistent with a trade-off.</p>
Data from: One model to rule them all: Identifying priority bat habitats from multi‐species habitat suitability models
<p>Bats are important components of global ecosystems, providing essential ecosystem services with substantial economic benefit. Yet North American bat populations have been negatively affected by numerous factors (e.g., disease, habitat loss, and wind energy development) with compounding effects. Bats use habitats at a variety of scales, from small, isolated patches to large, contiguous corridors. Landscape‐level research is necessary to identify important habitats, patches, and corridors to strategically target management interventions. We created habitat suitability models (HSMs) for hoary bats (<em>Lasiurus cinereus</em>), eastern red bats (<em>L. borealis</em>), and tri‐colored bats (<em>Perimyotis subflavus</em>) across Illinois, USA using species-specific landscape and climate variables. With the 3 models from this study and a previously published HSM for Indiana bats (<em>Myotis sodalis</em>), we stacked binary HSMs, thereby identifying priority conservation areas across Illinois. Species exhibited different distributional patterns and habitat preferences across Illinois. Multi‐species HSMs highlight high quality habitat (i.e., ecologically important habitat that provides preferred resources for roosting, foraging, and raising young) in southern Illinois and along river riparian areas. This approach identified priority conservation areas mainly following hydrologic zones, which allows managers to strategically target restoration and conservation measures, invest funds in habitat likely to have high return‐on‐investment, and assist with decisions that affect bats (e.g., siting wind turbines and purchasing mitigation lands). </p>
Bryophyte assembly rules across scales
<ol> <li>Understanding how species assemble into communities is a central issue in community ecology. So far, most studies have focused on the assembly mechanisms of vascular plant communities, while the role of deterministic (environmental filtering and biotic interactions) and stochastic (e.g., dispersal limitation) processes structuring bryophyte assemblages remains poorly understood.</li> <li>To evaluate how different assembly processes shape bryophyte communities in mountain streams, we examined functional trait patterns across spatial scales and along environmental gradients. To do so, we sampled 754 microhabitat plots (0.25 m<sup>2</sup>) nested within 165 sites (100-m long stream segments) and 13 sub-basins, located in the northwest and central-west of Portugal. At each spatial scale, observed functional diversity indices (Functional Richness and Rao's quadratic entropy) were compared to random expectations derived from null models, followed by the analysis of changes in functional trait patterns along environmental gradients by fitting a series of generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs).</li> <li>At local scales (site and microhabitat plot), coexisting species tended to be more functionally similar than expected, suggesting the prevalence of environmental filtering effects. In contrast, no significant deviations from random expectations were detected at the broadest spatial scale (sub-basin), indicating the prevalence of stochastic processes. We found contrasting assembly processes along environmental gradients: environmental filtering prevailed in stressful environments, while competitive interactions were more important in favourable conditions.</li> <li>Synthesis. Our results highlight the role of environmental filtering in bryophyte community assembly at fine spatial scales, emphasizing the importance of measuring environmental conditions at the same spatial scales where biotic interactions take place. In line with the stress-dominance hypothesis, the relative importance of environmental filtering increased with abiotic stress. Thus, analysing functional trait patterns across different spatial scales and environmental gradients may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying community assembly.</li> </ol>
Data for: Repeatable negotiation rules? only females show repeatable response to partner removal in a brood-provisioning songbird
<p>Theoretical models indicate that the evolution of biparental care depends on how parents behaviorally negotiate their level of care in response to those of their partner and whether sexes and individuals consistently vary in their response (compensatory response). While compensatory response has been widely investigated empirically, its repeatability has rarely been assessed. In this study, we used a reaction norm approach to investigate the repeatability of the compensatory offspring provisioning of a parent after temporary removal of its partner in the pied flycatcher (<em>Ficedula hypoleuca</em>) across different breeding seasons and partners. We found that only females partially compensated for the short-term removal of the partner and their response was significantly repeatable across years while breeding with different partners. This study highlights the importance of considering among individual differences in negotiation rules to better understand the role of negotiation mechanisms in the evolution of parental care strategies.</p>
Data from: A global assessment of Bergmann's rule in mammals and birds
<p><span>Bergmann's rule states that endotherms have a large body size in high latitudes and cold climates. However, previous empirical studies have reported mixed evidence on the relationships between body size and latitude, raising the question of why some clades of endotherms follow Bergmann's rule whereas others do not. Here, we synthesized the interspecific relationships between body size and latitude among 16,187 endothermic species (5,422 mammals and 10,765 birds) using Bayesian phylogenetic generalized linear mixed models to examine the strength and magnitude of Bergmann's rule. We further assessed the effect of biological and ecological factors (i.e., body mass categories, dietary guild, winter activity, habitat openness, and climate zone) on the variations in the body mass–latitude relationships by adding an interaction term in the models. Our results revealed a generally weak but significant adherence to Bergmann's rule among all endotherms at the global scale. Despite taxonomic variation in the strength of Bergmann's rule, the body mass of species within most animal orders showed an increasing trend toward high latitudes. Generally, large-bodied, temperate species, non-hibernating mammals, and migratory and open-habitat birds tend to conform to Bergmann's rule more than their relatives do. Our results suggest that whether Bergmann's rule applies to a particular taxon is mediated by not only geographical and biological features but also potential alternate strategies that species might have for thermoregulation. Future studies could explore the potential of integrating comprehensive trait data into phylogenetic comparative analysis to re-assess the classic ecogeographical rules on a global scale.</span></p>
Data: Double Task Switching: an investigation into the effects of similarity and task-rule congruency on cognitive flexibility in the context of mental fatigue
<p>This is the data that was collected for the Double Task Switching Experiment (Hinss, Brock & Roy 2023). The File contains the behavioral as well as the subjective data of all participants.</p> <p><br> Some details:<br> Switch<br> 1= repetition trial<br> 2= internal switch<br> 3= external switch</p> <p>Task<br> 1= Low/High<br> 2= Even/Odd<br> 3= Vertical/Horizontal<br> 4= Cold/Hot</p> <p>Language (of instructions)<br> 0= French<br> 1= English</p> <p>Congruency<br> 1= Neutral<br> 2= Internally incongruent<br> 3= Externally incongruent<br> 4= Double incongruent<br> 5= Internally congruent<br> 6= Externally congruent<br> 7= Double congruent</p> <p>Correct<br> 1= Correct Response<br> 0= Error</p> <p>Hit<br> 0= Correct response on letter S<br> 1= Correct response on letter L</p> <p>Response<br> 0= Participants response on letter S<br> 1= Participants response on letter L</p> <p>EDI (Edinburgh Handedness questionnaire)</p> <p>MaryA1: What time did you settle in for the night?<br> MaryA2: What time did you fall asleep last night?<br> MaryA3: What time did you wake up this morning?<br> MaryA4: What time did you get up this morning?<br> MaryB1: How was your sleep<br> MaryB2: How many times did you wake up last night ?<br> MaryB3: How many hours did you sleep last night?<br> MaryB4: How many hours did you sleep during the day yesterday?<br> MaryB5: How well did you sleep last night?<br> MaryC1: If you didn't sleep well, what was the problem? (e.g., restless, etc.)<br> MaryD1: How much caffine/theine did you consume today ( in cups of coffee) ?<br> MaryD2: How much caffeine/theine would you usually have consumed at this time of the day ( in cups of coffee)?</p> <p> </p> <p>For any further questions, please refer to the full journal paper (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279021">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279021</a>).</p> <p>For publications, please cite as:</p> <p>Hinss MF, Brock AM, Roy RN (2023) The double task-switching protocol: An investigation into the effects of similarity and conflict on cognitive flexibility in the context of mental fatigue. PLOS ONE 18(2): e0279021. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279021">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279021</a><br> </p>
DATASET: What is allosteric regulation? Exploring the exceptions that prove the rule!
<p>This dataset contains the Kineticscope simulations and schemes used to generated the kinetic populations figure. Kinetiscope is available from <a href="https://hinsberg.net/kinetiscope/">https://hinsberg.net/kinetiscope/</a>.</p>
Keccak variant - transformation rules
<p>Contains the additional transformation rules used to transform the keccak variant to whileplus.</p><p>Stored in ASCII format, because they are too lengthy to display in LaTeX.</p>
Validation of Falls Decision Rule to Exclude Intracranial Bleeding in Geriatric Fall Patients
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06525727. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.
Multicenter Study to Rule Out Myocardial Infarction by Cardiac Computed Tomography
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01084239. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 16.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.