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FIGURE 4. Principal Components Analyses for A in Integrative taxonomy and phylogeny-based species delimitation of Philippine water monitor lizards (Varanus salvator Complex) with descriptions of two new cryptic species

FIGURE 4. Principal Components Analyses for A) mensural, and B) meristic characters for Varanus nuchalis, V. marmoratus, V. palawanensis, V. dalubhasa sp. nov., and V. bangonorum sp. nov..

FIGURE 1 in Integrative taxonomy and phylogeny-based species delimitation of Philippine water monitor lizards (Varanus salvator Complex) with descriptions of two new cryptic species

FIGURE 1. The distribution of the Varanus salvator Complex water monitor species. Pleistocene Aggregate Island Complex (PAIC) faunal regions in the Philippines (indicated by island group color differences) are delineated by the 120m underwater contour (Voris 2000; Brown & Diesmos 2009). Both V. togianus and V. s. macromaculatus are reported to occur on Sulawesi Island (Koch et al. 2010a). The distribution of V. rasmusseni is denoted with an asterisk, "*", while the distributions of the two newly identified evolutionary lineages (Welton et al. 2013a,b) are denoted by question marks (?); see Figure 2.

FIGURE 2 in Integrative taxonomy and phylogeny-based species delimitation of Philippine water monitor lizards (Varanus salvator Complex) with descriptions of two new cryptic species

FIGURE 2. Distribution of Philippine species in the Varanus salvator Complex, and Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic inference (RAxML v7.5.4; Stamatakis, 2006) for the V. salvator Complex with Bayesian support values (MrBayes v3.2; Ronquist et al. 2011) mapped onto relevant nodes. Solid circles indicate posterior probabilities>95 and bootstrap support>75, open circles indicate bootstrap support>75 only. Asterisk "*" denotes sampling from Semirara Island. Open stars indicate type localities for V. dalubhasa sp. nov. (Bicol Peninsula, Luzon Island) and V. bangonorum sp. nov. (Mindoro Island). Scale bar represents number of changes.

FIGURE 9 in Integrative taxonomy and phylogeny-based species delimitation of Philippine water monitor lizards (Varanus salvator Complex) with descriptions of two new cryptic species

FIGURE 9. Holotype of Varanus bangonorum sp. nov. (PNM 9798), with body shown in dorsal and ventral aspects; and head shown in dorsal, ventral and profile aspects. Scale = 50 mm.

opencc-zeroMar 2024View details →

dryad32/100

Facilitation cascades across space: monitoring estuarine foundation species from satellites to the microscope

Estuaries are productive ecosystems that are vulnerable to human impacts and environmental disturbances. Estuaries are often inhabited by foundation species that facilitate other organisms by creating and modifying habitats. However, spatiotemporal variability and underpinning drivers of facilitation from estuarine foundation species are poorly studied, especially in the context of monitoring and conservation. Here, we combined analyses of satellite, drone, and camera images, close-up field sampling of quadrats and individuals, and laboratory microscopy, to quantify co-occurrences between the cockle Austrovenus stutchburyi and green macroalga Ulva spp., and their associated invertebrate communities, across spatial resolutions and environmental gradients in a New Zealand estuary. We found a higher abundance of Ulva in winter and a higher abundance of Austrovenus at a site near the ocean. Furthermore, Ulva was, across space and time, often attached to Austrovenus, either live or dead shells, suggesting a hierarchy between a primary (cockle) and secondary (macroalgae) foundation species. Finally, Ulva provided a better habitat for mobile invertebrates than Austrovenus, and thereby increased estuarine diversity through a density-dependent facilitation cascade, that also was consistent in space and time. Overall, our study showed that facilitation cascades can be indirectly inferred and monitored through remote sensing of foundation species using supplementary imaging methods, and that integration of data across scales allows researchers to better understand drivers and consequences of facilitation from foundation species. These insights may aid the development of efficient monitoring strategies and ultimately improve management of estuarine ecosystems.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Supplementary material 3 from: Anđelković AA, Lawson Handley L, Marchante E, Adriaens T, Brown PMJ, Tricarico E, Verbrugge LNH (2022) A review of volunteers' motivations to monitor and control invasive alien species. NeoBiota 73: 153-175. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.73.79636

List of recommendations for designing projects to ensure maximum recruitment and volunteer retention extracted from the studies used in the analysis (for their full references, please see Suppl. material 1) and their link to our recommendations

Figure 20 in The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna

Figure 20. Anobothrus amourouxi ESFM-POL/2017-10: (a) anterior part, dorsal view; (b) anterior end, dorsal view; (c) lateral view of body; (d) notochaetae with serrate tip on TU8; (e) abdominal uncini on AU1; (f) thoracic uncini on TU1. Scale bars: a = 1.7 mm; b = 1.1 mm; c = 2.2 mm; d = 36 µm; e = 22 µm; f = 23 µm. Abbreviation. TU: thoracic unciniger. The arrow in (a) indicates a white band on dorsum of uniciniger 3.

Figure 18 in The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna

Figure 18. Barantolla cryptogenica sp. nov. paratype (ESFM-POL/2017-211): (a) anterior end with everted nuchal organ, lateral view; (b) nuchal organ; (c) notopodial hooks, thorax; (d) neuropodial hook, abdomen. Scale bar: a = 190 µm; b = 30 µm; c = 16 µm; d = 25 µm.

Figure 17 in The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna

Figure 17. Barantolla cryptogenica sp. nov. paratype (ESFM-POL/2017-211): (a–d) neuropodial hooks, abdomen. Scale bar: a = 4 µm; b = 2 µm; c = 9 µm; d = 4 µm.

Figure 16 in The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna

Figure 16. Barantolla cryptogenica sp. nov. paratype (ESFM-POL/2017-211): (a) anterior end, lateral view; (b) anterior end with everted proboscis, lateral view; (c) prostomium with everted nuchal organs, dorsal view; (d) nuchal organ, dorso-lateral view; (e) lateral organ, thorax. Scale bar: a = 0.20 mm; b = 100 µm; c = 70 µm; d = 18 µm; e = 8 µm.

Figure 15 in The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna

Figure 15. Barantolla cryptogenica sp. nov. paratype (ESFM-POL/2017-211): (a) anterior end, lateral view; (b) limbate chaetae, thorax; (c) notopodial hooks, thorax; (d) neuropodial hooks, thorax; (e) notopodial hooks, abdomen; (f) neuropodial hooks, abdomen. Scale bar: a = 0.35 mm; b = 26 µm; cf = 55 µm.

Figure 13 in The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna

Figure 13. Paraonis lobulata sp. nov. paratype and non-type specimens: (a) antero-dorsal view of body (ESFM-POL/2018-124); (b) cheek organ (ESFM-POL/2018-124); (c) dorso-lateral view of prostomium and peristomium (ESFM-POL/2018-124); (d) Lateral view of prostomium and peristomium (ESFM-POL/ 2019-14); (e) dorso-lateral view of prostomium (ESFM-POL/2017-157); (f) dorsal view of prostomium (ESFM-POL/2017-157). Scale bar: a = 154 µm; b = 9 µm; c = 62 µm; d = 46 µm; e = 34 µm; f = 81 µm. Abbreviations. bran: branchia; cb: ciliary band; co: cheek organ; dcb: dorsal ciliary band; lso: lateral sense organ; nacb: nuchal organ associated ciliary band; no: nuchal organ; np: notopodial papilla; ntpcl: notopodial postchaetal lobe; per: peristomium; sf: skin fold.

Figure 11 in The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna

Figure 11. Paraonis lobulata sp. nov. holotype (ESFM-POL/2019-11): (a) general view of body, dorsal view; (b) antero-dorsal view of body; (c) modified neurochaetae on chaetigers 49 and 50. Scale bar: a = 193 µm; b = 180 µm; c = 51 µm.

Figure 9 in The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna

Figure 9. Leitoscoloplos mediterranea sp. nov. paratype (ESFM–POL/2018–156): (a) anterior end, dorso–lateral view; (b) anterior end, dorsal view; (c) anterior end, ventral view; (d) posterior end, pygidium, terminal view. Scale bar: a = 50 µm; b = 61 µm; c = 75 µm; d = 93 µm. Abbreviations. aC: anal cirrus; an: anus; mo: mouth; mOL: mouth lobes; nuO: nuchal organ; per: peristomium; pr: prostomium.

Figure 6 in The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna

Figure 6. Oxydromus digitifera sp. nov. non-type material (ESFM-POL/2019-65): (a) anterior end, dorsal view; (b) anterior end, lateral view; (c) anterior end, dorso-lateral view; (d) tip of a middle parapodium with a characteristic digitiform projection. Scale bar: a, b = 0.6 mm; c = 0.3 mm; d = 25 µm.

Figure 3 in The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna

Figure 3. Oxydromus digitifera sp. nov. paratype (ESFM-POL/2018-158): (a) anterior parapodium (chaetiger 2), anterior face; (b) middle parapodium (chaetiger 10), anterior face; (c) posterior parapodium (chaetiger 20), posterior face; (d) neuropodial falciger (chaetiger 10); (e) notopodial furcate chaeta. Scale bar: a–c = 200 µm; d = 26 µm; e = 20 µm.

Figure 4 in The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna

Figure 4. Oxydromus digitifera sp. nov. paratype (ESFM-POL/2018-158): (a) whole body (posterior part missing), dorsal view; (b) whole body, lateral view; (c) anterior end, dorsal view; (d) anterior end, lateral view; (e) prostomium, dorsal view. Scale bar: a, b = 0.5 mm; c = 0.7 mm; d = 0.6 mm; e = 0.2 mm.

Figure 2 in The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna

Figure 2. Oxydromus digitifera sp. nov. paratype (ESFM-POL/2018-158): (a) anterior end, dorsal view; (b) anterior end, lateral view. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

Figure 5 in The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna

Figure 5. Oxydromus digitifera sp. nov. paratype (ESFM-POL/2018-158): (a) anterior part of proboscis, dorsal view; (b) middle parapodia, dorsal view; (c) middle parapodium, posterior face; (d) tip of falciger, middle parapodium; (e) falciger, middle parapodium; (f) notopodial furcate chaeta, middle parapodium. Scale bar: a = 170 µm; b = 60 µm; c = 55 µm; d = 4 µm; e, f = 21 µm.

Figure 14 in The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna

Figure 14. Paraonis lobulata sp. nov. paratype and non-type specimens: (a) dorsal view of notopodia, branchial region (ESFM-POL/2018-124); (b) posterior end with pygidium, dorsal side (ESFM-POL/2017- 157); (c) lateral sense organ, branchial region (ESFM-POL/2017-157); (d) lateral sense organ, postbranchial region (ESFM-POL/2017-157); (e) lateral sense organ, posterior region (ESFM-POL/2019-14); (f) notopodium, posterior region (ESFM-POL/2019-14); (g) parapodium with modifed neurochaetae, posterior region. Scale bar: a = 44 µm; b = 82 µm; c = 11 µm; d = 6 µm; e = 0.2 µm; f = 20 µm. Abbreviations. ac: anal cirri; lso: lateral sense organ; mneu: modified neurochaeta; np: notopodial papilla; ntpcl: notopodial postchaetal lobe.