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334 results for “temporal variation”

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zenodo36/100

Fig. 1 in Temporal variations of larval digenean assemblages parasitizing Heleobia parchappii (Mollusca: Cochliopidae) in two shallow lakes from the Buenos Aires province, Argentina

Fig. 1. Sampling sites in the Buenos Aires province, Argentina.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2019View details →

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Fig. 1 in Spatial and temporal variation of benthic fish assemblages during the extreme drought of 1997-98 (El Niño) in the middle rio Negro, Amazonia, Brazil

Fig. 1. Study area in middle rio Negro basin (a) and detail of the sampling sites (b).

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2004View details →

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Fig. 2 in Spatial and temporal variation of benthic fish assemblages during the extreme drought of 1997-98 (El Niño) in the middle rio Negro, Amazonia, Brazil

Fig. 2. River level during annual flood cycles. Large arrows denote dates of sampling expeditions.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2004View details →

dryad36/100

Spatial and temporal variation in phenotypes and fitness in response to developmental thermal environments

1) Phenotypic variation within populations is influenced by the environment via plasticity and natural selection. How phenotypes respond to the environment can vary among traits, populations, and life stages in ways that can influence fitness. 2) Plastic responses during early development are particularly important because they can affect components of fitness throughout an individual's life. Consequently, how natural selection shapes developmental plasticity could be influenced by fitness consequences across different life stages. Moreover, spatial variation in selection pressures could generate differences in plastic responses among populations. 3) To gain insight into sources of variation in phenotypes and survival, we used a laboratory egg incubation experiment using brown anole lizards (Anolis sagrei) from mainland (ancestral) and island (descendent) populations, combined with a mark-release-recapture experiment in the field. Our study was designed to (i) quantify the effects developmental temperature on embryo development and offspring morphology, (ii) assess how developmental temperature influences offspring survival across different life stages, and (iii) quantify how thermal reaction norms vary among ancestral and descendant populations. 4) Developmental temperature influenced offspring morphology, but thermal reaction norms of embryos showed little variation among populations. Developmental temperature influenced offspring survival, but the patterns differed between embryo and hatchling stages; the optimal temperature for embryos was about 5ºC lower than that for hatchlings. High temperatures were thermally stressful to embryos, but they reduced incubation duration and led to early hatching. In turn, earlier hatching increased the probability of survival to adulthood. Moreover, the effect of temperature on hatchling survival was most pronounced for offspring that hatched late in the season. 5) The difference in optimal developmental temperatures between life stages may be driven by physiological tolerance for embryos and by ecological factors for hatchlings. Moreover, the fitness consequences of the developmental environment depend upon the phenology of hatching. Overall, these results highlight how the developmental environment can differentially effect fitness across life stages and show that temporal thermal heterogeneity can influence survival of embryos, but the consequences on post-hatching stages may vary at different times of the season.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

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Data in support of "Antarctic Bottom Water sensitivity to spatio-temporal variations in Antarctic meltwater fluxes"

This data contains the unprocessed output from the five equilibrium  simulations used in the paper "Antarctic Bottom Water sensitivity to spatio-temporal variations in Antarctic meltwater fluxes".  Simulations were run using the ocean and sea-ice components of CESM1, and the atmosphere was data-driven, and based on ERA5 reanalysis from 1958 until 1980. All data is in netcdf, and includes the description of flag values, and units. The five simulations differ in the freshwater flux scheme as described below: Simulation UNIF - files: ga1.f09_g16.308 Forced with freshwater fluxes from the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS), uniformly distributed around the Antarctic coast. Total freshwater flux from AIS: 2075 Gt/yr Simulation BM - files: ga1.f09_g16.208 Forced with asymmetric zonal freshwater fluxes from the AIS. Total freshwater flux from AIS: 2075 Gt/yr Simulation VARI - files: ga1.f09_g16.108 Forced with asymmetric zonal and meridional freshwater fluxes from the AIS. Total freshwater flux from AIS: 2075 Gt/yr Simulation CV - files: ga1.f09_g16.408 Forced with asymmetric meridional freshwater fluxes from the AIS, to mimic iceberg melting. Total freshwater flux from AIS: 934 Gt/yr Simulation VARI120% - files: ga1.f09_g16.x18 Same as VARI, but the total freshwater fluxes were increased by 20%. Total freshwater flux from AIS: 2490 Gt/yr     [30S 90S] , [180W 180E]   Variables: Ocean Temperature [Celius], Salinity [PSU], Sea ice Fraction [fraction], Salt flux from sea ice [kg/m2/s], and ocean overturning [SV] For more information, check:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10512610.1">https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10512610.1</a>

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

dryad36/100

Data from: Plant attributes interact with fungal pathogens and nitrogen addition to drive soil enzymatic activities and their temporal variation

Nitrogen enrichment can alter soil communities and their functioning directly, via changes in nutrient availability and stoichiometry, or indirectly, by changing plant communities or the abundance of consumers. However, most studies have only focused on one of these potential drivers and we know little about the relative importance of the different mechanisms (changes in nutrient availability, in plant diversity or functional composition, or in consumer abundance) by which nitrogen enrichment affects soil functioning. In addition, soil functions could vary dramatically between seasons, however, they are typically measured only once during the peak growing season. We therefore know little about the drivers of intra-annual stability in soil functioning. In this study, we measured activities of β-glucosidase and acid phosphatase, two extracellular enzymes that indicate soil functioning. We did so in a large grassland experiment which tested the effects, and relative importance, of nitrogen enrichment, plant functional composition and diversity, and foliar pathogen presence (controlled by fungicide) on soil functioning. We measured the activity of the two enzymes across seasons and years to assess the stability and temporal dynamics of soil functioning. Overall β-glucosidase activity was slightly increased by nitrogen enrichment over time but did not respond to the other experimental treatments. Conversely, plant functional diversity, and interactions between plant attributes and fungicide application, were important drivers of mean acid phosphatase activity. The temporal stability of both soil enzymes was differently affected by two facets of plant diversity: species richness increased temporal stability and functional diversity decreased it; however, these effects were dampened when nitrogen and fungicide were added. Synthesis: The fungicide effects on soil enzyme activities suggest that foliar pathogens can also affect belowground processes and the interacting effect of fungicide and plant diversity suggests that these plant enemies can modulate the relationship between plant diversity and ecosystem functioning. The contrasting effects of our treatments on the mean versus stability of soil enzyme activities clearly show the need to consider temporal dynamics in belowground processes, to better understand the responses of soil microbes to environmental changes such as nutrient enrichment.

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Temporal variation in translocated Isle Royale wolf diet

Wolves (Canis lupus) can exert top-down pressure and shape ecological communities through predation of ungulates and beavers (Castor spp.). Therefore, understanding wolf foraging is critical to estimating their ecosystem-level effects. Specifically, if wolves are consumers that optimize tradeoffs between costs and benefits of prey acquisition, changes in these factors may lead to prey switching or negative-density dependent selection with potential consequences for community stability. For wolves, factors affecting cost and benefits include prey vulnerability, risk, reward, and availability which can vary temporally. We described wolf diet by frequency of occurrence and percent biomass and characterized diet using prey remains found in wolf scats on Isle Royale National Park, Michigan, USA during May–October 2019 and 2020. We used logistic regression to estimate prey consumption over time. We predicted prey with temporal variation in cost (availability and/or vulnerability) such as adult moose (Alces alces), calf moose, and beaver (Castor canadensis) to vary in wolf diets. We analyzed 206 scats and identified 62% of remains as beaver, 26% as moose, and 12% as other species (birds, smaller mammals, and wolves). Adult moose were more likely to occur in wolf scats in May, when moose are in poor condition following winter. The occurrence of moose calves peaked during June–mid July following birth but before calf vulnerability declined as they matured. In contrast, beaver occurrence in wolf scat did not change over time, reflecting the importance of low-handling cost prey items for recently introduced lone or paired wolves. Our results demonstrate that wolf diet is responsive to temporal changes in prey costs. Temporal fluctuation in diet may influence wolves' ecological role if prey respond to increased predation risk by altering foraging or breeding behavior.

opencc-zeroApr 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Temporal variation in selection influences microgeographic local adaptation

Ecological heterogeneity can lead to local adaptation when populations exhibit fitness trade-offs among habitats. However, the degree to which local adaptation is affected by the spatial and temporal scale of environmental variation is poorly understood. A multi-year reciprocal transplant experiment was performed with populations of the annual plant Leptosiphon parviflorus living on adjacent serpentine and non-serpentine soil. Local adaptation over this small geographic scale was observed, but there were differences in the temporal variability of selection across habitats. On serpentine soil, the local population had a consistently large survival advantage, presumably due to the temporal stability in selection imposed by soil cation content. In contrast, a fecundity advantage was observed for the sandstone population on its native soil type, but only in the two years of study with the highest rainfall. A manipulative greenhouse experiment demonstrated that the fitness advantage of the sandstone population in its native soil type depends critically on water availability. The temporal variability in local adaptation driven by variation in precipitation suggests that continued drought conditions have the potential to erode local adaptation in these populations. These results show how different selective factors can influence spatial and temporal patterns of variation in fitness trade-offs.

opencc-zeroMay 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Spatial and temporal variation in toxicity and inorganic composition of hydraulic fracturing flowback and produced water

Hydraulic fracturing for oil and gas extraction produces large volumes of wastewater, termed flowback and produced water (FPW), that are highly saline and contain a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants. In the present study, FPW samples from ten hydraulically fractured wells, across two geologic formations were collected at various timepoints. Samples were analyzed to determine spatial and temporal variation in their inorganic composition. Results indicate that FPW composition varied both between formations and within a single formation, with large compositional changes occurring over short distances. Temporally, all wells showed a time-dependent increase in inorganic elements, with total dissolved solids increasing by up to 200,000 mg/L over time, primarily due to elements associated with salinity (Cl, Na, Ca, Mg, K). Toxicological analysis of a subset of the FPW samples showed median lethal concentrations (LC50) of FPW to the aquatic invertebrate Daphnia magna were highly variable, with the LC50 values ranging from 1.16% to 13.7% FPW. Acute toxicity of FPW significantly correlated with salinity, indicating salinity is a primary driver of FPW toxicity, however organic components also contributed to toxicity. This study provides insight into spatiotemporal variability of FPW composition and illustrates the difficulty in predicting aquatic risk associated with FPW.

opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

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