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Fig. 5. Flabellum chunii Marenzeller, 1904 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 5. Flabellum chunii Marenzeller, 1904. Recent, Great Meteor Seamount, SEAMOUNT2 (1993), DW 152 (January 11, 1993), 30°02.00'N, 28°22.10'W, 470 m. A. Septa and inner side of wall (A1) thickened by fibers arranged in scale−like units (A2, enlargement); ZPALH.23/2/1. B. Marginothecal wall sectioned longitudinally (large white arrow); layers of successive growth increments (dRAF) continue in wall "stereome", i.e.,TD (small white arrows); ZPAL H.23/2/2. C. Septum longitudinally sectioned in RAF plane. Dissolved or etched components of RAF form narrow "strands" (C2 enlargement); ZPALH.23/2/3. D. Transverse polished and etched section of septum; dRAF zone composed of neighboring dCRA (D1) is from both sides covered with layers of TD fibers (D2) which direction conform to that of scale−like units (i.e., semi−parallel to RAF); ZPALH.23/2/4. All SEM; growth direction within skeletal element i ndicated by black arrow in B.

Fig. 12. Undetermined conophylliid. ZPALH.23 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 12. Undetermined conophylliid. ZPALH.23/9. Triassic (Middle Carnian), San Cassiano Beds, Alpe di Specie, Dolomiti (Italy), corallum still wi th aragonitic mineralogy preserved. B. Transverse polished section of corallite in TLM (A); enlarged portions of longitudinally sectioned septa with regular growth increments of fibers (B). C. Longitudinally polished and etched section of septum with fibers regularly tapered (SEM). D. Transverse, polished and etched septum (SEM) with dCRA ("center of calcification", arrows). E. Septum longitudinally sectioned in dCRA region with domed, successive layers of fibers and occasional (arrow) larger voids between them.

Fig. 10 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 10. Galaxea fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767); ZPAL H.23/7 (originally NMNH 90860 lot). Recent, North Pacific Ocean, Central Philippines (southern parts of islands), coll. J.B. Steere. A. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM; note dRAF in lower right corner (brown "calcification center") and regular growth increments of TD fibers (red arrows). B. SEM of transverse (slightly oblique) polished and etched section of septum; fibers adjacent to dRAF (bottom) show regular tapering periods at ca. 2–3 µm: red arrows). Oblique sectioned dRAD, with dissolved/etched inner components have crescent appearance. C. Transverse polished (slightly oblique) section of septum, TLM view; dRAF show brownish coloration; borders between bundles of fibers only gently outlined (white arrows). D. The same septal fragment as C, stained with acridine orange in MFM view; dRAF exhibit light, green−yellow fluorescence, whereas borders between bundles of fibers (arrows) emphasize greenish fluorescence.

Fig. 9 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 9. Galaxea fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767); ZPAL H.23/7 (originally NMNH 90860 lot). Recent, North Pacific Ocean, Central Philippines (southern parts of islands), collection J.B. Steere. A, B. Morphology of distal septal edge (A) and septal flank spine (B). Note "Persian lamb" texture of skeletal surface (as shown by these fasciculi). C, D. Transverse section of polished and etched septum. Arrow in enlarged (D) fragment (general view in C) shows "blurry", probably organic material in dCRA and adjacent, radiating TD fibers (ca. 3–5 µm growth increments). E, F. Septum longitudinally sectioned in RAF plane; note dissolved/etched dRAF components in longitudinal "strand" (F enlargement). All are SEM.

Fig. 4. Stephanocyathuspaliferus Cairns 1977. ZPALH.23 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 4. Stephanocyathuspaliferus Cairns 1977. ZPALH.23/1. Locality data as in Fig. 1. A–C. AFM (contact mode): height—2D projection (A), phase (B), and height—3D projection (C) images of 5 m2 polished (not etched) septum sectioned in RAF plane; AFM tip was placed in dRAF "strand" region as seen in etched sections (Fig. 3C). D, E. AFM (tapping mode) height—2D projection (D) and phase (E) images of spherical bodies seen on the bottom of dRAF "strand".

Fig. 8 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 8. "Ceratotrochus" magnaghii Cecchini, 1914. A. ZPALH.23/4 in oblique view (A 1); distal septal edge enlarged in A2. A3. "Patches of microcrystals" at growing septal edge (RAF). B. ZPALH.23/5. Polished and etched septum sectioned transversely with dRAF that appear to be com − posed of homogenous "microcrystalline" material, SEM micrograph. C. TL M (C1, C2) and MFM (C3) micrographs of longitudinally sectioned septum ZPALH.23/6 in RAF plane. Organic and mineral phases regularly alternate (grayscale enlargement in C 2); brownish organic dRAF components (C1) stained with acridine orange, fluoresce (C2) with bright−green light. Seemingly homogenous dRAF in transverse section (B), sectioned longitudinally is composed of elongated units spaced ca. 5–7 µm (red arrows in C1). Growth direction of septum indicates black arrow. A. Recent, deep−water specimen, SEAMOUNT 2 cruise, Stat. DW 279, 33°55.60'N, 28°23.70'W, 805 m. B, C. Recent, shallow−water specimen from Mediterranean (Marseille, Riou−Grand Conglu submarine cave), 50 m.

Fig. 1. Stephanocyathuspaliferus Cairns, 1977. ZPALH.23 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 1. Stephanocyathuspaliferus Cairns, 1977. ZPALH.23/1 (originally NMNH 46443 lot). Recent, south of Bonaire, 11°18.8'N, 68°22'W, 384–607 m. Pills sta. P−753. July 26, 1968. A–C. Distal (A), lateral (B), and proximal (C) views of corallum. D, E. SEM of septa and paliform lobes. D. Arrow indicates portion of septum enlarged on E. E. "Patches of microcrystals" (fasciculi of Wise 1972) at the growing septal edge here called the Rapid Acretion Front (RAF).

Fig. 11 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 11. Platygyra daedalea (Ellis and Solander, 1786); ZPALH.23/8 (originally NMNH A.G. Humes collection. Acc. number 274378). Recent, 25 m, north of Ankazo−beravina, near Nosy Be, Madagaskar, August 24, 1967. A. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM; note brownish "calcification centers" (dRAF), regular growth increments of fibers (e.g., in encircled area), and dark brown regions (red arrows) of filaments of endolithic organisms (most likely algae, fungi). B. The same septal fragment as A, stained with acridine orange in MFM view; dRAF exhibit very light, green−yellow fluorescence; higher magnifications (C) show delicate greenish bands matching organic components trapped between successive growth increments of fibers (white arrows). D. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM; dRAF in lower right corner; regular growth increments of fibers (TD) are emphasized by levels of brownish bands. E. SEM micrograph of transverse polished and etched section of septum; fibers adjacent to row of dRAF ("calcification centers") taper regularly at ca. 3 µm matching brownish bands in D.

Fig. 7 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 7. Desmophyllum dianthus (Esper, 1794). ZPALH.23/3. Recent, southern Indian Ocean (NE St. Paul Island), MD50 cruise, Stat. 32/CP 145, 38°40.66'S, 77°35.47'E, 825–1020 m. A, B. Polished and etched septum sectioned transversely (A) and longitudinally in RAF plane (B). dRAF form chain of dCRA ("centers of calcification") (A), which sectioned longitudinally exhibit alternating etching relief (B). dCRA (A) are composed of apparently non−crystalline, "blurry" material. C–E. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM (C, D) and MFM (E) micrographs. In TLM (C, D) organic components differentiate into dark−brown zone of wall and septal dRAF and light−brown, banded zone enclosing dRAF; in MFM (E) they exhibit lighter, green−yellow, and darker, greenish fluorescence, respectively. Contact zone between bundles of fibers (also with apparent fractures) contain organic matter that forms a fluorescent network (E); examples highlighted with red arrows. F, G. Septum longitudinally sectioned in RAF plane in TLM (F) and MFM (G). Minute growth increments (less than 5 µm) appear as "denticulations" on fluorescent bars (G). Growth direction within septum indicated by black arrow.

Fig. 6. Flabellumchunii Marenzeller, 1904. ZPALH.23 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 6. Flabellumchunii Marenzeller, 1904. ZPALH.23/2/4. Locality data as in Fig. 5. A–C. Complementary regions of longitudinally sectioned and polished septum (RAF plane): TLM (A), Back−Scattered Electron mode (BSE) (B), and pseudocolor carbon mapping images acquired on the electron microprobe by wavelength−dispersive techniques (C); black/dark blue equals lower concentration (<150 counts per second) whereas yellow−white equals higher concentrations (>150 c/s). Brownish structures exposed at section surface (A), appear darker in BSE mode (B) as it enhances atomic number contrast; elements with lower atomic numbers appear darker, those with higher atomic numbers appear lighter. BSE darker regions (arrows) match exactly to carbon−enriched regions in WDS x−ray mapping image (C, arrows). D–F. TL M (D, E) and MFM (F) micrographs of longitudinally sectioned septum. Organic and mineral phase of dRAF regularly alternate (grayscale enlargement in E); brownish organic components (D) exposed and stained with acridine orangedye, fluoresce (F) with bright−green light. Growth direction within septum indicated by black arrow.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2024View details →

New advance in land controlled-source audio-frenquency magnetotellurics exploration: measurement at a shortened transmitter-receiver offset and three-dimensional inversion

Ambient noise significantly affects the quality of land controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotellurics (CSAMT) data. Shortening the transmitter–receiver offset can enhance the raw data signal-to-noise ratios (S/N). However, most of CSAMT explorations still collect field data using a large separation. To enhance the S/N of the raw electric and magnetic field and the corresponding Cagniard apparent resistivity, we propose shortening offset to 2–4 km during CSAMT fieldwork and inverting apparent resistivity rather than only electric field. We tested this approach with three experimental models with varying offsets, simulating 3D responses. Result showed that longer offsets predominantly produce data anomalies in the far-field zone, whereas shorter offsets shift these anomalies toward the transition zone with some in the far-field or near-field zones. Shortened-offset responses exhibit stronger electric and magnetic fields. Synthetic datasets with different noise levels were generated for inversion analysis. The results indicate that shortening the offset, particularly in noisy environments, improves data S/N. Inversion results reveal that a shortened CSAMT transmitter–receiver offset allows for data collection with most anomalies in the transition-field zone, facilitating accurate prediction of the true model in the 3D inversion. In low-noise environments, inversion results from data with a shortened offset are comparable to those with a long offset. However, in high-noise environments, the shortened-offset approach yields more accurate results due to improved data S/N. Field data inversion from Yanqing, China, further confirms the effectiveness of our scheme. The shortened-offset approach achieves higher S/N datasets and inversion results that align with actual geological structures.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2021View details →

Three-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Simulations of Convective Nuclear Burning In Massive Stars Near Iron Core Collapse

Data products from ApJ article Three-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Simulations of Convective Nuclear Burning In Massive Stars Near Iron Core Collapse, 2021. Four 3D core-collapse supernova progenitor models. Works that utilize these progenitor models are required to cite article. The models were evolved to times listed in Table 1 of the article, the collapse time according to the 1D MESA model. All 3D data are in FLASH4 format using the HDF5 data structure.

Figure 4 in The circulatory system and its spatial relations to other major organ systems in Spelaeogriphacea and Mictacea (Malacostraca, Crustacea) - a three-dimensional analysis

Figure 4. Three-dimensional reconstructions of a semithin cross section series of Mictocaris halope. A–E, surface renderings of the main organ systems in the cephalothorax. A, three aspects of the digestive system. B, three aspects of the central nervous system. C, D, The haemolymph vascular system (HVS) in the cephalothorax. C, frontal aspect. D, lateral aspect. E, antero-dorsal aspect. F, three virtual sections of the whole image stack. Same colour codes as in the surface renderings. See the Appendix for a list of abbreviations used.

Figure 6 in The circulatory system and its spatial relations to other major organ systems in Spelaeogriphacea and Mictacea (Malacostraca, Crustacea) - a three-dimensional analysis

Figure 6. Schematic diagrams of the pumping function of the 'myoarterial formation a' in Mictocaris halope. A, diastole. B, systole. Arrows depict flow directions of the haemolymph. See the Appendix for a list of abbreviations used.

Figure 3 in The circulatory system and its spatial relations to other major organ systems in Spelaeogriphacea and Mictacea (Malacostraca, Crustacea) - a three-dimensional analysis

Figure 3. Major organ systems in Mictocaris halope. A, Schematic diagram of the haemolymph vascular system (HVS) and digestive system in M. halope. Arteries running into the antennae are depicted by broken lines. B, C, photographs of live animals showing the digestive system and the gonads (courtesy of Peter Parks, Image Quest 3D). B, dorsal aspect. C, lateral aspect. See the Appendix for a list of abbreviations used.

Figure 1 in The circulatory system and its spatial relations to other major organ systems in Spelaeogriphacea and Mictacea (Malacostraca, Crustacea) - a three-dimensional analysis

Figure 1. Reconstructions of the major organ systems in Spelaeogriphus lepidops. A, Schematic diagram of the haemolymph vascular system (HVS) and digestive system. Arteries running into the antennae are depicted by broken lines. B, C, three-dimensional reconstructions (surface rendering) of a horizontal semithin section series showing the HVS in the cephalothorax. B, antero-lateral aspect. C, Lateral aspect. D, E, three-dimensional reconstructions (surface rendering) of a horizontal semithin section series showing the central nervous system (CNS) in the cephalothorax. D, dorsal aspect. E, frontal aspect. F, three-dimensional reconstructions (surface rendering) of a horizontal semithin section series showing the major organ systems in the cephalothorax. Green, digestive system; red, HVS; yellow, CNS. The CNS is shown as slightly transparent. See the Appendix for a list of abbreviations used.

Figure 30 in Three-dimensional geometry of a pterosaur wing skeleton, and its implications for aerial and terrestrial locomotion

Figure 30. Left lateral view of Anhanguera in a bird-like bipedal posture, with subhorizontal femora. The shoulder and intersyncarpal joints are in their close-packed positions, the carpometacarpal joints are supinated, and the elbow, radioulnocarpal, knuckle, and carpopteroid joints are maximally flexed. The femora are depressed by 60°. Scale bar: 500 mm.

Figure 8. A in Three-dimensional geometry of a pterosaur wing skeleton, and its implications for aerial and terrestrial locomotion

Figure 8. A, reconstructed articular surfaces of the right elbow joint of Coloborhynchus robustus. Elements are oriented as in Fig. 7: humerus in lateral view, and radius and ulna in medial view. Scale bar: 50 mm. B, diagrammatic representation of (A), showing contact areas in the close-packed position and the joint axis. C, right humerus, radius, and ulna in the close-packed position in dorsal aspect, viewed along the joint axis. For a list of anatomical/arthrological abbreviations, see Appendix 1.

Figure 7. A in Three-dimensional geometry of a pterosaur wing skeleton, and its implications for aerial and terrestrial locomotion

Figure 7. A, reconstructed articular surfaces of the right shoulder joint of Coloborhynchus robustus (SMNK 1133PAL). Elements are oriented as if articulated in their close-packed position: scapulocoracoid in lateral view and humerus in medial view. Scale bar: 50 mm. B, diagrammatic representation of (A), showing contact areas in the close-packed position (shaded) and the joint axes. C, right scapulocoracoid and humerus in the close-packed position in anterior aspect, viewed along the primary axis. D, (C) in dorsal aspect, viewed along the secondary axis. For a list of anatomical/arthrological abbreviations, see Appendix 1.

Figure 25 in Three-dimensional geometry of a pterosaur wing skeleton, and its implications for aerial and terrestrial locomotion

Figure 25. Ventral view of Anhanguera, with the elbow, radioulnocarpal, and knuckle joints flexed by 25° from their close-packed positions. The wingspan is 85% of the maximum. Scale bar: 500 mm.