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486 results for “water use”
Research data supporting ""Lessons learned from multi-objective automatic optimizations of classical three-site rigid water models using microscopic and macroscopic target experimental observables""
<p>This repository contains the set of data and the code to reproduce the results shown in "Lessons learned from multi-objective automatic optimizations of classical three-site rigid water models using microscopic and macroscopic target experimental observables" published on Journal of Chemical Engineering and Data (DOI: 10.1021/acs.jced.3c00538).</p>
Greening and Water Use Efficiency (WUE) during a period of high frequency of droughts in the Brazilian Semi-arid
<p>DATA DESCRIPTION</p><p>E = evaporation (mm)</p><p>Et = transpiration (mm)</p><p>GPP (Gross Primary Productivity) (kg C/m<strong>2 </strong>d-1)</p><p>LAI (Leaf Area Index) (m2 leaf m-2)</p><p>PR (Precipitation) (mm)</p><p>WUE (Water Use Efficiency) (kg C/m<strong>2 </strong>d-1 mm-1)</p><p>Areas of study</p><p>CAR = Cariri</p><p>GLO =Gloria</p><p>MAD Madre de Deus</p><p>P7C = Parque 7 Cidades</p><p>PETRO = Petrolina</p><p>TAL = Serra Talhada</p><p>TRI = Triunfo</p><p>XINGO = Xingo</p><p>D = dry season</p><p>R = rainy season</p><p>Months initial</p><p> </p>
Oregon hydrologic area agricultural field boundaries and field level and hydrologic unit water use data
<p>The data was developed for the USGS Water-Use and Data Research program grant opportunities G20AS00053 and G21AS00258, combined with fundnig from Oregon Water Resources Department to improve estimates of water use from irrigated lands in Oregon. These data contain attributes of irrigation status, irrigation source type, crop type, irrigation method, assumed irrigation efficiency, irrigation water source, evapotranspiration (ET) data from OpenET, and effective precipitation developed using the USBR ET Demands model. Thee data were aggregated in order to further the development of estimates of applied water at the field-scale.</p>
Pushing the limits of C3 intrinsic water use efficiency in Mediterranean semiarid steppes: responses of a drought-avoider perennial grass to climate aridification
<ol> <li>Intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) reflects the trade-off between photosynthetic carbon gain and water loss through stomatal conductance and is key for understanding dryland plant responses to climate change. <em>Stipa tenacissima</em> is a perennial tussock C<sub>3</sub> grass with an opportunistic, drought-avoiding water use strategy that dominates arid and semiarid steppes across the western Mediterranean region. However, its ecophysiological responses to aridification and woody shrub encroachment, a major land-use change in drylands worldwide, are not well understood.</li> <li>We investigated the variations in leaf stable isotopes (δ<sup>18</sup>O, δ<sup>13</sup>C, δ<sup>15</sup>N), nutrient concentrations (N, P, K), and culm water content and isotopic composition (δ<sup>18</sup>O, δ<sup>2</sup>H) of paired pure-grass and shrub-encroached <em>S. tenacissima</em> steppes along a 350 km aridity gradient in Spain (10 sites, 160 individuals). </li> <li>Culm water isotopes revealed that <em>S. tenacissima</em> is a shallow-rooted grass that depends heavily on recent rainwater for water uptake, which may render it vulnerable to increasingly irregular rainfall combined with faster topsoil drying under climate warming and aridification. With increasing aridity, <em>S. tenacissima</em> enhanced leaf-level WUEi through more stringent stomatal regulation of plant water flux and carbon assimilation (higher δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>18</sup>O), reaching exceptionally high δ<sup>13</sup>C values (-23 to -21‰) at the most arid steppes. Foliar N concentration was remarkably low across sites regardless of woody shrub encroachment, evidencing severe water and N co-limitation of photosynthesis and productivity. Shrub encroachment decreased leaf P and K but did not affect <em>S. tenacissima</em> water status. Perennial grass cover decreased markedly with both declining winter rainfall and shrub encroachment suggesting population- rather than individual-level responses of <em>S. tenacissima</em> to these changes.</li> <li>The fundamental physiological constraints of photosynthetic C<sub>3</sub> metabolism combined with low foliar N content may hamper the ability of <em>S. tenacissima</em> and other drought-avoider species with shallow roots to achieve further adaptive improvements in WUEi under increasing climatic stress. A drought-avoiding water use strategy based on early stomatal closure and photosynthesis suppression during prolonged rainless periods may thus compromise the capacity of <em>S. tenacissima</em> steppes to maintain perennial grass cover, sustain productivity and cope with ongoing climate aridification at the drier parts of their current distribution. </li> </ol>
Data and geometries for "Understanding X-ray absorption in liquid water using triple excitations in multilevel coupled cluster theory"
<p>Geometries and raw and processed data for the paper "Understanding X-ray absorption in liquid water using<br>triple excitations in multilevel coupled cluster theory"</p> <p>This work has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC)<br>under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program<br>(grant agreement no. 101020016 and 860553), the Research Council of Norway through FRINATEK (project no. 275506), the Swedish Research Council (grant agreement no. 2021-04521), the Independent Research Fund Denmark--Natural Sciences, DFF-RP2 (grant no. 7014-00258B)<br>Computing resources from UNINETT Sigma2—the National Infrastructure for High Performance Computing<br>and Data Storage in Norway (project no. NN2962k),<br>from DeIC—Danish Infrastructure Cooperation (grant no. DeiC-DTU-N3-2023027), and from the Swiss National Supercomputing Centre (project ID uzh1).</p>
Multi-objective optimization of a renewable fuel supply chain regarding cost, land use, and water use - Supplementary Materials
<p><strong>This repository contains supporting data for: "Multi-objective optimization of a renewable fuel supply chain regarding cost, land use, and water use"</strong></p> <ol> <li> <p><strong>Input Data</strong>: This file includes the model input data.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Payoff Matrix Solution</strong>: This file contains all decision variables of payoff matrix solutions (Cost optimal, Land-use optimal, and Water-use optimal solution).</p> </li> <li><strong>Compromise solution</strong>: This file contains all decision variables of the compromise solution.</li> <li> <p><strong>Pareto Curve</strong>: This file presents the Pareto curve solution. </p> </li> <li><strong>Pareto Curve Solution</strong>: This file contains all decision variables in each of the Pareto curve solutions. </li> </ol>
Datasets for the article "Evaporative controls on Antarctic precipitation: an ECHAM6 model study using innovative water tracer diagnostics"
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
A deep learning-based parametric inversion for forecasting water-filled bodies position using electromagnetic method
<p>We design a tunnel electromagnetic joint scan observation system and present a deep learning-based parametric inversion for improved tunnel electromagnetic imaging, designed specifically for tunnel prediction of water filled structures. It utilizes a configuration wherein transmitters scan along the surface while receivers are positioned within the tunnel, employing time-domain and frequency-domain transmitters and a multi-component receiver. The DL model for the first time provides parametric imaging of two different view, forming a self-checking mechanism, which can help constrain the predictions and reduce the non-uniqueness of the inversion. Trained by synthetic data, our system shows impressive adaptability to predict the 3D spatial position of water-filled anomalies and strong robustness in the tunnel environment with metal interference.</p> <p> </p> <p>Before prediction, you need to download the pre-trained weight model which contain UNet_model/FTEM.ckpt.data-00000-of-00001, UNet_model/FTEM.ckpt.index, UNet_model/FTEM.h5. Then place the directory containing the weight model in the same directory as the prediction code. Then run: python predi.py</p>
Simulations of FLEXPART-WRF used for testing TRansport Of water VApor (TROVA) software (Part II)
<p>Necessary data for carrying out the tests using TRansport Of water VApor (TROVA) software for backward in time. The TROVA software, was developed in Python and Fortran for the study of moisture sources and sinks. <span><span><span>In addition, the Python code is provided for the representation of the results.</span></span></span></p>
Environmental watering volumes (ML) used (held and planned environmental water) on the Murray-Darling Basin between 2007-08 and 2020-21
<p>An assessment of the volumes of environmental water released in the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia, by catchment, between 2007-08 and 2020-21</p>
Continuous Flow Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Using Water-in-Oil Microemulsion_experimental_dataset
<p>This dataset contains the raw experimental data to the article Sopoušek et al., Continuous Flow Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles<br> Using Water-in-Oil Microemulsion, Colloid Journal, 2020, Vol. 82, No. 6, pp. 727–734. </p>
Lianas and trees exhibit divergent intrinsic water-use efficiency along elevational gradients in South American and African tropical forests
<p>Elevational gradients provide excellent opportunities to explore long-term morphological and physiological responses of plants to environmental change. We determined the difference in the elevational pattern of foliar carbon isotope composition (<i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C) between lianas and trees, and assessed whether this difference arises from changes in photosynthesis or stomatal conductance. We also explored the pattern of nutrient limitations with the elevation of these two growth forms. We conducted inventories of lianas and trees using standardized techniques along elevational gradients in Ecuador and Rwanda. We determined the values of several foliar traits including <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C and chemical traits in dominant liana and tree species. We set up Bayesian linear mixed-effect models to quantify the effects of elevation and these two growth forms, and the difference of the effect of elevation between the two growth forms on each of the foliar traits. We found consistent growth form specific divergences in foliar<i> δ</i><sup>13</sup>C and carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N) responses to elevation. While we noted a meaningful increase in foliar <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C and C:N with elevation for trees, lianas did not exhibit such a trend. Foliar <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C and C:N remained relatively constant for lianas along the transects. The physiological processes at the basis of foliar carbon isotope fractionation shift differently in lianas and trees along elevation. Lianas operate at relatively constant intrinsic water- and nitrogen- use efficiencies with elevation as opposed to trees. Altogether, the study suggests the existence of a functional divergence of water and nutrient use strategies between lianas and trees along tropical elevational transects.</p>
Global maps of soil water characteristics parameters developed using the random forest in a Covariate-based GeoTransfer Functions (CoGTF) framework at 1 km resolution
<p>The global soil water characteristics parameters (<em>α, n, θ<sub>r</sub>, and θ<sub>s</sub></em>) maps based on van Genuchten (vG) model at 1 km resolution was developed by harnessing the technological advances in machine learning and availability of remotely sensed surrogate information such as terrain, climate, vegetation, and soil covariates. We merge concepts of predictive soil mapping with a large data set of vG parameters and local information (soil, vegetation, climate) into "Covariate-based GeoTransfer Functions'' (CoGTFs) to generate global estimates of vG parameters (to highlight the impact of Geo-referenced covariates including various remote sensing maps, we use the term Geotransfer Function GTF and not pedotransfer function PTF; in the latter case, typically only soil properties are used to predict vG parameters).</p> <p>The vG parameters (<em>α, n, θ<sub>r</sub>, and θ<sub>s</sub></em>) dataset is provided in GeoTIFF format. A total of 16 files that represent different soil depths (0, 30, 60, and 100 cm) are provided for each parameter.</p> <table> <caption>Description of vG parameters and their units</caption> <tbody> <tr> <td>vG Parameters</td> <td>Description</td> <td>units</td> </tr> <tr> <td><em>α</em></td> <td>Inverse air entry pressure</td> <td>Log<sub>10</sub><em>α (m<sup>-1</sup>)</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td><em>n</em></td> <td>Shape parameter</td> <td>Log<sub>10</sub><em>n </em>(dimensionless)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><em>θ<sub>r</sub></em></td> <td>Residual water content</td> <td>m<sup>3</sup>/m<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><em>θ<sub>s</sub></em></td> <td>Saturated water content</td> <td>m<sup>3</sup>/m<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p>The Global vG training dataset used for this study is available here:</p> <p><a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5547338">10.5281/zenodo.5547338</a></p> <p>For more details / to cite this dataset please use:</p> <ul> <li>Gupta, S., Papritz, A., Lehmann, P., Hengl, T., Bonetti, S., & Or, D. (2022). Global Mapping of Soil Water Characteristics Parameters—Fusing Curated Data with Machine Learning and Environmental Covariates. <strong><em>Remote Sensing</em></strong>, <em>14</em>(8), 1947.</li> </ul> <p>The study was supported by ETH Zurich (Grant ETH-18 18-1). We thank Zhongwang Wei, Associate professor at Sun Yat-Sen University, for helping to collect the datasets and for insightful discussions. We would like to thank Andrea Carmintai, Professor at ETH Zurich, for the insightful discussions.</p>
Divergence time estimation using ddRAD data and an isolation-with-migration model applied to water vole populations of Arvicola
<p>Molecular dating methods of population splits are crucial in evolutionary biology, but they present important difficulties due to the complexity of the genealogical relationships of genes and past migrations between populations. Using the double digest restriction-site associated DNA (ddRAD) technique and an isolation-with-migration (IM) model, we studied the evolutionary history of water vole populations of the genus <em>Arvicola</em>, a group of complex evolution with fossorial and semi-aquatic ecotypes. To do this, we first estimated mutation rates of ddRAD loci using a phylogenetic approach. An IM model was then used to estimate split times and other relevant demographic parameters. A set of 300 ddRAD loci that included 85 calibrated loci resulted in good mixing and model convergence. The results showed that the two populations of <em>A. scherman</em> present in the Iberian Peninsula split 34 thousand years ago, during the last glaciation. In addition, the much greater divergence from its sister species, <em>A. amphibius</em>, may help to clarify the controversial taxonomy of the genus. We conclude that this approach, based on ddRAD data and an IM model, is highly useful for analyzing the origin of populations and species.</p>
Effects of water source and technology on energy use and environmental impacts of rice production in northern Iran
<p>To analyze the energy flow and greenhouse gas emissions, a total of 200 paddy fields were selected based on the water source utilized for irrigation (river as the surface water source and well as the underground water source), transplanting methods (traditional and mechanical) and grain yield (low- and high-yielding rice cultivars) as a factorial experimental design (2×2×2=8 conditions). Data were collected in 2020 from 200 rice growers in northern Iran using a face-to-face questionnaire survey.</p>
Functionally dissimilar neighbors improve tree water use efficiency through increases in leaf phosphorus concentration
<p><span>Water use efficiency (WUE) is central to the global cycles of water and carbon.</span> However, whether increasing tree diversity in plantation can increase WUE remain poorly understood. Here, we conduct a forest biodiversity experiment with 32 tree species spread in 14 ha in subtropical China to assess the effects of neighboring tree diversity on foliar WUE of <em>Cunninghamia lanceolata</em>, a widespread tree plantation species in China. We measure foliar <span>δ<sup>13</sup>C as the proxies of changes in intrinsic WUE. Folia P concentrations of focal trees increase with trait dissimilarities between focal trees and neighbors, and the increased foliar P concentrations improve foliar WUE of focal trees. This neighborhood complementarity effect on WUE is stronger under more shaded neighborhood. However, neighborhood biodiversity did not significantly affect foliar δ<sup>18</sup>O, a surrogate for stomatal conductance. These findings suggest that tree biodiversity increases WUE through the complementary usages of soil P between neighboring tree species.</span></p>
Datasets used for Publication "Contribution of Non-Water Ices to Salinity and Electrical Conductivity in Ocean Worlds" - Geophysical Research Letters
<p>These files father the output data used in the figures published in the Geophysical Research paper:</p> <p><strong>Contribution of Non-Water Ices to Salinity and Electrical Conductivity in Ocean Worlds</strong></p> <p>One output file may be used for multiple figures, as indicated in the name of the Excel spreadsheet.</p>
Data from: First-year Acacia seedlings are anisohydric 'water-spenders' but differ in their rates of water use
<p><strong>Premise of the study:</strong> The first-year tree seedling (FYS) life stage may be a critical demographic bottleneck in semi-arid, seasonally dry ecosystems such as savannas. Given the highly variable water availability and potentially strong FYS-grass competition for water here, FYS water-use strategies may play a crucial role in FYS establishment and, ultimately, tree-grass competition and coexistence.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> We examined drought responses in FYS of two tree species that are dominant on opposite ends of an aridity gradient in Serengeti, <em>Acacia</em> (<em>=Vachellia</em>) tortilis and <em>A. robusta</em>. Within a glasshouse experiment, gas exchange and whole-plant hydraulic conductance (<em>K</em><sub>plant</sub>) were measured while soil water potential (Ψ<sub>soil</sub>) declined. Trajectory of the Ψ<sub>leaf</sub>/Ψ<sub>soil</sub> relationship during drought elucidated the degree of iso/anisohydry.</p> <p><strong>Key results:</strong> Both species were strongly anisohydric "water-spenders," allowing rapid wet-season C gain after pulses of moisture availability. Despite being equally vulnerable to declines in <em>K</em><sub>plant</sub> under severe drought, they differed in their rates of water use. <em>A. tortili</em>s, which occurs in the more arid regions, initially had greater <em>K</em><sub>max</sub>, transpiration (<em>E</em>), and photosynthesis (<em>A</em><sub>net</sub>) than <em>A. robusta</em>.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This work demonstrates an important mechanism of FYS establishment in savannas: rather than investing in drought tolerance, savanna FYS maximize gas exchange during wet periods at the expense of desiccation during dry seasons. FYS establishment appears dependent upon high C uptake during the pulses of water availability that characterize habitats dominated by these species. This study increases our understanding of species-scale plant ecophysiology and ecosystem-scale patterns of tree-grass coexistence. </p>
Data from "Towards a sustainable use of shower water: Habits and explanatory factors in southern Spain"
<p>One of the targets of SDG 6 is the efficient use of water resources in all sectors in order to tackle water shortages. In the home, showering is one of the main water consuming activities. How can people make a more sustainable use of shower water? To answer this question, this research analyses showering habits and explanatory factors of shower use. The study is carried out with data from 945 students of the University of Granada, Spain. Significant differences are observed in shower use during the summer and winter months: the average duration is 8.8 and 11.6 minutes, respectively, and shower frequency is greater in summer. Determinants of different shower water use include gender, ideology, pro-environmental actions, inherent values and connectedness to nature, among others. Those variables relate differently to duration and frequency of showers, according to the season, thus highlighting the importance of seasonality. The results show that there is room to achieve a more sustainable use of the shower, in terms of frequency and duration, through awareness measures that are tailored to groups that make a less sustainable use of showers. The main recommendation is that awareness campaigns should be designed on the basis of the user profile as well as the season.</p>
Mitigating ecosystem service tradeoffs in rangelands by using grazing duration and timing to manage water quality
<p>1. Mitigating ecosystem service (ES) tradeoffs is a key management goal in locations where stakeholders value different and potentially conflicting ecosystem services (ESs). However, studies are not often designed to examine how local management actions address ES tradeoffs, and therefore do not provide options that can alleviate conflict.</p> <p>2. In semi-arid rangelands, we examined the potential for managers to mitigate tradeoffs between livestock production and water quality. To move away from solutions that offer cattle removal as a singular management strategy, we examined how cattle presence, plus two elements of rotational grazing - the length of time cattle spend on rangeland (i.e., duration), and the season grazed (i.e., timing), affected stream Escherichia coli (E. coli concentrations). We also modeled how grazing duration and timing affected the ability to meet regulatory benchmarks for water quality throughout a grazing season.</p> <p>3. Grazing duration controlled the length of time E. coli concentrations were high in streams. In short- and medium-duration systems, E. coli concentrations were high for shorter periods of time than in long-duration systems, resulting in fewer violations of national and state water quality standards.</p> <p>4. Stream E. coli concentrations showed a consistent seasonal pattern, starting low in spring, peaking in summer, and declining towards fall. Thus, grazing during spring or fall, rather than in summer, reduced the number of days that E. coli levels exceeded water quality standards.</p> <p>5. Our results suggest that reducing the grazing duration and shifting its timing are complementary strategies that can mitigate the tradeoffs between livestock grazing and water quality without fencing-off riparian areas or removing cattle from pastures with streams.</p> <p>6. Synthesis and applications. In this study, we found grazing duration and timing can be used as tools to mitigate ES tradeoffs between cattle production and water quality in rangeland streams. Shorter grazing durations reduced the number of days <i>E. coli</i> levels were above regulatory limits, as did grazing that occurred either early or late in the season. These results support the idea that rotational grazing can be an effective strategy to manage water quality in semi-arid rangelands. They also highlight the need for more grazing studies that incorporate gradients of duration and timing into study designs.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.