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1,913 results for “Morphological characters”
Data from: A large 28S rDNA-based phylogeny confirms the limitations of established morphological characters for classification of proteocephalidean tapeworms (Platyhelminthes, Cestoda)
Proteocephalidean tapeworms form a diverse group of parasites currently known from 315 valid species. Most of the diversity of adult proteocephalideans can be found in freshwater fishes (predominantly catfishes), a large proportion infects reptiles, but only a few infect amphibians, and a single species has been found to parasitize possums. Although they have a cosmopolitan distribution, a large proportion of taxa are exclusively found in South America. We analyzed the largest proteocephalidean cestode molecular dataset to date comprising more than 100 species (30 new), including representatives from 54 genera (80%) and all subfamilies, thus significantly improving upon previous works to develop a molecular phylogeny for the group. The Old World origin of proteocephalideans is confirmed, with their more recent expansion in South America. The earliest diverging lineages are composed of Acanthotaeniinae and Gangesiinae but most of the presently recognized subfamilies (and genera) appear not to be monophyletic; a deep systematic reorganization of the order is thus needed and the present subfamilial system should be abandoned. The main characters on which the classical systematics of the group has been built, such as scolex morphology or relative position of genital organs in relation to the longitudinal musculature, are of limited value, as demonstrated by the very weak support for morphologically-defined subfamilies. However, new characters, such as the pattern of uterus development, relative ovary size, and egg structure have been identified, which may be useful in defining phylogenetically well-supported subgroups. A strongly supported lineage infecting various snakes from a wide geographical distribution was found. Although several improvements over previous works regarding phylogenetic resolution and taxon coverage were achieved in this study, the major polytomy in our tree, composed largely of siluriform parasites from the Neotropics, remained unresolved and possibly reflects a rapid radiation. The genus Spasskyellina Freze, 1965 is resurrected for three species of Monticellia bearing spinitriches on the margins of their suckers.
Data from: Testing Phylogenetic Methods with Tree Congruence: Phylogenetic Analysis of Polymorphic Morphological Characters in Phrynosomatid Lizards
Congruence between trees from separately analyzed data sets is a powerful approach for assessing the performance of phylogenetic methods but has been applied primarily to the analysis of molecular data. In this study, different methods for treating polymorphic characters were compared using morphological data from phrynosomatid lizards. Clades were identified that are both traditionally recognized and supported by recent molecular analyses, and species were sampled from these clades to make three RknownS phylogenies of eight species each. The ability of different methods to estimate these "known" phylogenies with a finite sample of characters was tested. The phylogenetic methods included eight parsimony methods for coding polymorphism, three distance approaches (UPGMA, neighbor joining, and Fitch-Margoliash) applied to two genetic distance measures (Nei's and the modified Cavalli-Sforza and Edwards chord distance), and continuous maximum likelihood. The effects of excluding polymorphic characters and character weighting (a priori and successive) were also tested. Among the different parsimony approaches, the fixed-only method (excluding all polymorphic characters) performed relatively poorly, whereas the frequency method (including all polymorphic characters) performed relatively well. However, frequency-based distance methods consistently outperformed parsimony, especially with a small sample size (n= 1 individual per species). These results agree closely with those from recent simulation studies of polymorphic data and argue against the common practices of excluding polymorphic morphological characters, ignoring the frequencies of traits within species, and the exclusive use of parsimony to analyze morphological data.
Data from: Modeling character change heterogeneity in phylogenetic analyses of morphology through the use of priors
The Mk model was developed for estimating phylogenetic trees from discrete morphological data, whether for living or fossil taxa. Like any model, the Mk model makes a number of assumptions. One assumption is that transitions between character states are symmetric (i.e., the probability of changing from 0 to 1 is the same as 1 to 0). However, some characters in a data matrix may not satisfy this assumption. Here, we test methods for relaxing this assumption in a Bayesian context. Using empirical datasets, we perform model fitting to illustrate cases in which modeling asymmetric transition rates among characters is preferable to the standard Mk model. We use simulated datasets to demonstrate that choosing the best-fit model of transition-state symmetry can improve model fit and phylogenetic estimation.
Data from: Reassessment of Homology of Morphological Characters in Tetractinellid Sponges Based on Molecular Data
We compared four approaches for analyzing three data sets derived from staphylinoid beetles, a superfamily whose known species diversity is roughly comparable to that of vertebrates. One data set is derived from adult morphology and the two molecular data sets are from 12S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b mitochondrial DNA. We found that taxonomic congruence following conditional data combination, herein called compatible evidence (CE), resolved more nodes compatible with an initial conservative hypothesis than did total evidence (TE), conditional data combination (CDC), or taxonomic congruence (TC). CE sets a base of nodes obtained by CDC analysis and then investigates what further agreement may arise in a universe where these nodes are accepted as given. We suggest that CE75-75 may be appropriate for future studies that aim to both generate a well-corroborated tree and investigate conflicts between data sets, partitions, and characters. CE75-75 is a 75% bootstrap consensus CDC tree followed by combinable-component consensus of a 75% bootstrap consensus of each homogeneous set of partitions having hierarchical structure.
FIGURE 2 in A new genus of scutigerid centipedes (Chilopoda) from Western Australia, with new characters for morphological phylogenetics of Scutigeromorpha
FIGURE 2. Pilbarascutigera incola (Verhoeff, 1925). WAM T75216, female. Body length 28 mm.
FIGURE 7 in Phylogenetic analysis of Rhabdepyris (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) and redefinition of generic limits based on morphological characters
FIGURE 7. Cladogram resulted of the successive weighting analyses (L=465, CI= 0.18 and RI=0.54).
FIGURE 2 in New genera of Palaeotropical Xyleborini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) based on congruence between morphological and molecular characters
FIGURE 2. Formalized types of pronotal shape in Xyleborini, dorsal view; from Hulcr et al. (2007).
FIGURE 5. Fortiborus anisopterae, a in New genera of Palaeotropical Xyleborini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) based on congruence between morphological and molecular characters
FIGURE 5. Fortiborus anisopterae, a typical representative of the genus. Size: 5.2 mm.
FIGURE 3 in New genera of Palaeotropical Xyleborini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) based on congruence between morphological and molecular characters
FIGURE 3. Formalized types of pronotal shape in Xyleborini, lateral view; from Hulcr et al. (2007).
FIGURE 10 in New genera of Palaeotropical Xyleborini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) based on congruence between morphological and molecular characters
FIGURE 10. Wallacellus piceus, the type species of the genus. Size: 2.3 mm.
FIGURE 6. Tegmina M in Myrmeleotettix Bolivar (Orthoptera, Gomphocerinae) in Anatolia on the basis of morphological and behavioural characters: data suggest a new species from southern end of the Anatolian refugium
FIGURE 6. Tegmina M. ethicus sp. n. (A—male and B—female) and M. maculatus (C—male and D—female).
FIGURE 5. Pronotum M in Myrmeleotettix Bolivar (Orthoptera, Gomphocerinae) in Anatolia on the basis of morphological and behavioural characters: data suggest a new species from southern end of the Anatolian refugium
FIGURE 5. Pronotum M. ethicus sp. n. (A—male and B—female) and M. maculatus (C—male and D—female).
FIGURES 3–4. M in Myrmeleotettix Bolivar (Orthoptera, Gomphocerinae) in Anatolia on the basis of morphological and behavioural characters: data suggest a new species from southern end of the Anatolian refugium
FIGURES 3–4. M. ethicus sp. n. habitus (A), tympanum (B) and antennae (C). 3—Male and 4—Female.
FIGURE 6 in Revision of Lepidonopsis humilis (Augener, 1922) and description of L. barnichae sp. nov. (Annelida: Polychaeta: Polynoidae) based upon morphological and molecular characters
FIGURE 6. Neighbor-joining tree of COI sequences of Lepidonopsis species using K2P distance.
FIGURES 25–28. Gaeolaelaps khajooii Female. 25–28. Legs I-IV in Two new species of Gaeolaelaps (Acari: Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) from Iran, with a revised generic concept and notes on significant morphological characters in the genus
FIGURES 25–28. Gaeolaelaps khajooii Female. 25–28. Legs I-IV, dorsal view.
FIGURE 38 in Revision of the genus Dinotoperla Tillyard, 1921 (Plecoptera: Gripopterygidae) using morphological characters and molecular data: Establishes two new genera, three new species and updates the larval taxonomy
FIGURE 38. General overview of leg showing terms for areas referred to in key and descriptions.
Figs. 17–18 in Morphologic Characters Of The Immature Stages Of Ocladius Dianthi Marshall (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Ocladiinae), With Phylogenetic Implications
Figs. 17–18. Ocladius dianthi, pupa, habitus. 17) ventral; 18) dorsal. Scale = 1 mm.
Figure 4. A, Anokkostenostomum anatirostrum. B, A. corderoi. C, A. eveline. D, A in A taxonomic revision of South American species of the genus Stenostomum O. Schmidt (Platyhelminthes: Catenulida) based on morphological characters
Figure 4. A, Anokkostenostomum anatirostrum. B, A. corderoi. C, A. eveline. D, A. membrenosum. Scale bars = 200 Mm.
Supplementary material 1 from: Mao N, Lv J-C, Xu Y-Y, Zhao T-Y, Fan L (2022) Two new Clitocella species from North China revealed by phylogenetic analyses and morphological characters. MycoKeys 88: 151-170. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.88.80068
Figure S1
Supplementary material 3 from: Mao N, Lv J-C, Xu Y-Y, Zhao T-Y, Fan L (2022) Two new Clitocella species from North China revealed by phylogenetic analyses and morphological characters. MycoKeys 88: 151-170. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.88.80068
Figure S3
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.