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Figure 2 from: Özcan T (2019) Defining phylogenetic relationship of Nepeta x tmolea and its parents via DNA barcoding. PhytoKeys 134: 83-96. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.134.38238
Figure 2 Phylogenetic position of N. viscida and N. nuda subsp. nuda amongst different Nepeta species and outgroups (based on nrITS sequences and Maximum Likelihood phylogram (A) and Neighbour-Net Diagram (B) without hybrids.(* examined taxa in this study).
Figure 1 from: Özcan T (2019) Defining phylogenetic relationship of Nepeta x tmolea and its parents via DNA barcoding. PhytoKeys 134: 83-96. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.134.38238
Figure 1 General habit, inflorescence and lower parts of N. nuda subsp. nuda (A, D, G); N. × tmolea (B, E, H) and N. viscida (C, F, I).
Descriptive Statistics on Parental Practices to Raise Children Against Gender-Based Violence
<p><strong><span>Descriptive Statistics on Parental Practices to Raise Children Against Gender-Based Violence</span></strong></p>
Does parents' retirement influence the fertility intentions of subsequent generations among internal migrant populations? Evidence from China
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THE ROLE OF PARENTS AND FAMILY IN CHILD EDUCATION
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Table 1 in Effect Of Parental Care On The Duration Of Larval Development And Offspring Survival In Nicrophorus Mexicanus Matthews (Coleoptera: Silphidae)
<p><b>Table 1.</b> Percentage of offspring survival in <i>N. mexicanus</i> in the three experimental groups. ni = number initial of larvae hatching for group. L1 = first instar larvae, L2 = second instar larvae, L3 = third instar larvae, pp = prepupae, p = pupae.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>Offspring Survival (%)</th><th>)</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Treatment groups</th><td>ni</td><td>L1­L2 L3­PP PP­P</td></tr><tr><th>1) Control: parental care</th><td>390</td><td>97</td><td>90 70</td><td>70</td></tr><tr><th>2) With Brood­mass. Parents removed pre­hatching</th><td>468</td><td>95</td><td>89 60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><th>3) Without care parental: with fresh meat, brood­mass</th><td>351</td><td>90</td><td>77 28</td><td>28</td></tr><tr><th>no present and parents removed pre­hatching</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
Table 2 in Effect Of Parental Care On The Duration Of Larval Development And Offspring Survival In Nicrophorus Mexicanus Matthews (Coleoptera: Silphidae)
<p><b>Table 2.</b> Significant differences in the variation the number of offspring surviving to adult emergence between three experimental groups.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Compared groups</th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><td>Difference</td><td>SE</td><td>Q</td><td>Q0.05 P <0­05</td></tr><tr><th>1 vs 3 1 vs 2</th><td>28.13–12.78 = 15.35 28.13–25.93 = 2.2</td><td>4.77 4.68</td><td>3.218 0.47</td><td>2.394 2.394</td><td>*</td></tr><tr><th>2 vs 3</th><td>25.93–12.78 = 13.15</td><td>4.77</td><td>2.75</td><td>2.394</td><td>*</td></tr><tr><th>Experimental groups</th><td>1</td><td></td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>average ranges sample size</th><td>28.13 15</td><td></td><td>25.93 14</td><td>12.78 15</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><p>* indicate a significant difference.</p>
THE ROLE OF AI TOOLS LIKE CHATGPT AND GEMINI IN CREATING CUSTOMIZED EDUCATIONAL PLANS FOR PARENTS AND BEHAVIOR SPECIALISTS
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Heterotrophy in parental coral colonies enhances larval survival independently of heat stress
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Data from: Species divergence in offspring begging and parental provisioning is linked to nutritional dependency
In animal species in which parents provide food to their dependent young, offspring often display conspicuous begging signals. These solicitation behaviors are important components of parent–offspring communication, but it is currently unclear how they and the parental response covary with offspring dependency on parental food provisioning across species. Burying beetles (Nicrophorus) are well known for providing elaborate biparental care, including provisioning of begging larvae. By using a multispecies approach, we show that larval begging intensity, as well as the time parents spend provisioning, differ greatly between individuals of the 3 species: N. orbicollis, N. pustulatus, and N. vespilloides. Our results demonstrate that the most dependent offspring of N. orbicollis invest the most time in begging, whereas the most independent offspring of N. pustulatus invest the least amount of time in begging. Thus, we suggest that begging intensity differs due to intrinsic differences in nutritional need between the species rather than because of an arbitrary divergence in begging behavior. We further show that in all 3 species, females spend significantly more time provisioning than males, although there is considerable divergence between species in the extent to which females and males contribute to the provisioning of larvae. We discuss the potential selective factors leading to this diversification of offspring begging and parental provisioning in relation to the distinct variation in offspring dependence between the 3 species.
Data from: Parental responses to increasing levels of handicapping in a burying beetle
Parental care is highly variable, reflecting that parents make flexible decisions about how much care to provide in response to variation in the cost and/or benefit of care. Handicapping has traditionally been used as a tool for increasing the energetic cost of care, thereby inducing a reduction in care by handicapped parents. However, recent evidence shows that handicapped parents sometimes provide more care, suggesting that handicapping can trigger terminal investment. Here, we investigate responses to different levels of handicapping in the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides by comparing handicapped female parents fitted with a wide range of handicaps, as well as control females without a handicap. We found that handicapped females spent more time provisioning food and less time being absent from the crypt than control females, whilst there was no effect of the level of handicapping among handicapped females. We found no effect of handicapping on larval begging behavior, larval performance (mean larval mass and brood size at dispersal), or female investment in future reproduction (i.e., weight gain whilst breeding and life span after breeding). Our findings provide no support for the widely held assumption that handicapping simply increases the cost of care. Instead, our results are consistent with the suggestion that handicapping triggers terminal investment by suppressing the condition of parents below the threshold at which terminal investment is triggered.
No evidence for increased fitness of offspring from multigenerational effects of parental size or natal carcass size in the burying beetle Nicrophorus marginatus
<p>Multigenerational effects (often called maternal effects) are components of the offspring phenotype that result from the parental phenotype and the parental environment as opposed to heritable genetic effects. Multigenerational effects are widespread in nature and are often studied because of their potentially important effects on offspring traits. Although multigenerational effects are commonly observed, few studies have addressed whether they affect offspring fitness. In this study we assess the effect of potential multigenerational effects of parental body size and natal carcass size on lifetime fitness in the burying beetle, <i>Nicrophorus marginatus</i> (Coleoptera; Silphidae). Lifespan, total number of offspring, and number of offspring in the first reproductive bout were not significantly related to parental body size or natal carcass size. However, current carcass size used for reproduction was a significant predictor for lifetime number of offspring and number of offspring in the first brood. We find no evidence that multigenerational effects from larger parents or larger natal carcasses contribute to increased fitness of offspring.</p>
Parental care in Darwin's finches
<p>Selection should act on parental care and favour parental investment decisions that optimise the number of offspring produced. Such predictions have been robustly tested in predation risk contexts, but little is known about parental care investment trade-offs under conditions of parasitism. The avian vampire fly, <i>Philornis downsi</i> (Diptera: Muscidae), is a myasis-causing ectoparasite accidentally introduced to the Galápagos Islands, and one of the major causes of failure in Darwin's finch nests. With an 11-year dataset spanning 21 years, we examine the relationship between parental care behaviours and the number of fly larvae and pupae in Darwin's finch nests. We do so across three host species (<i>Camarhynchus</i> <i>parvulus</i>, <i>C. pauper</i>, <i>Geospiza fuliginosa</i>) and one hybrid <i>Camarhynchus </i>group. Nests with longer female brooding duration had fewer parasites, and this effect intensified with higher male food delivery to chicks. Neither male age nor number of nest provisioning visits alone were directly associated with parasite burden. While the causal mechanisms remain unknown, we provide the first empirical study showing that female in-nest attendance duration is negatively related to ectoparasite burden. We predict selection for coordinated host male and female behaviour to reduce gaps in nest attendance, especially under conditions of novel and introduced ectoparasites.</p>
Figure 1 in Prolonged parental behaviour by males of Limnonectes palavanensis (Boulenger 1894), a frog with possible sex-role reversal
Figure 1. Male of Limnonectes palavanensis attending a clutch of eggs.
Figure 5. A in Prolonged parental behaviour by males of Limnonectes palavanensis (Boulenger 1894), a frog with possible sex-role reversal
Figure 5. A male (striped morph) Limnonectes palavanensis transporting tadpoles on his back.
FIGURE 5 in Sorting out the muddle: taxonomy and nomenclature of Thymus ×porcii (Lamiaceae) and related nothotaxa, with comments on parent species delimitation
FIGURE 5. Holotype of Thymus ×porcii nothovar. calvariensis (KW).
FIGURE 2 in Sorting out the muddle: taxonomy and nomenclature of Thymus ×porcii (Lamiaceae) and related nothotaxa, with comments on parent species delimitation
FIGURE 2. Lectotype of Thymus ×porcii (BP550310).
FIGURE 3 in Sorting out the muddle: taxonomy and nomenclature of Thymus ×porcii (Lamiaceae) and related nothotaxa, with comments on parent species delimitation
FIGURE 3. Lectotype of Thymus ×pilisiensis (BP352954).
Data from: Parental care amplifies changes in offspring production in a disturbed environment
<p>Recruitment is usually negatively density-dependent with fewer offspring surviving when more are produced. Parental care could alter the pattern as behaviours that maximize individual fitness are not necessarily adaptive at the population level. We manipulated the number of eggs spawned into the nests of male threespine stickleback, and found egg survival to be positively density-dependent. This reversed negative density-dependent survival observed in the absence of parental care. The reversal was caused my males investing more in parental care when receiving more eggs, while favouring future reproductive opportunities when receiving few eggs. Density-dependent parental care thus amplified changes in offspring production in relation to number of eggs spawned. Such amplification may occur in disturbed environments where human activities have altered female fecundity and males may receive more or less eggs than expected. The optimal balancing between present and future parental investment can then be distorted, resulting in maladaptive parental behaviour that reduces offspring survival. These results suggest that behaviours that have evolved to maximize individual fitness under pristine conditions can become mal-adaptive under disturbed conditions and influence the recruitment of offspring into a population. Considering that human activities are rapidly transforming environments, such mal-adaptive behavioural responses could be common and magnify negative effects of human activities on population dynamics.</p>
FIGURE 3 in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)
FIGURE 3. Advertisement call spectrogram of Nyctibatrachus jog. a. Amplitude and b. Spectrogram.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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