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1,709 results for “Reflectivity”
Transcriptomic signatures in peripheral CD4 + T-lymphocytes may reflect melanoma staging and immunotherapy responsiveness prior to ICI initiation
GEO Series GSE292798. Homo sapiens. 24 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Cord blood DNA methylome in newborns later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder reflects early dysregulation of neurodevelopmental and X-linked genes
GEO Series GSE140730. Homo sapiens. 130 samples. Type: Methylation profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Hepatic induction of cholesterol biosynthesis reflects a remote adaptive response to pneumococcal pneumonia
GEO Series GSE26472. Mus musculus. 57 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
Epigenetic and transcriptional aberrations in human pluripotent stem cells reflect differences in reprogramming mechanisms [SNP array]
GEO Series GSE53141. Homo sapiens. 21 samples. Type: SNP genotyping by SNP array.
Rhythmic chromatin interactions with lamin B1 in liver reflect stochasticity in variable lamina-associated domains during the circadian cycle
GEO Series GSE128675. Mus musculus. 42 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing; Genome binding/occupancy profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Metastatic potential is determined early in synovial sarcoma development and reflected by tumor molecular features [transcriptome]
GEO Series GSE54187. Homo sapiens. 57 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
Airborne asSessment of Hyperspectral Aerosol optical depth and water-leaving Reflectance Product Performance for PACE
We will have combined airborne and field sampling at PACE overpass time over two sampling periods October 2024 and May 2025, spanning a wide range of aerosol and ocean states for Monterey Bay, California. Likely potential aerosol conditions include, but not limited to, maritime aerosol, wildfire smoke, long range Asian dust transport, and clear air (Zhao et al., 2013, Lewis et al., 2010, Mardi et al., 2018, Allan et al., 2004, VanCuren 2003). Expected maritime conditions include, but are not limited to, low productivity cold waters, algal blooms, riverine outflow, and turbid waters. The study site has dramatic conditions exacerbated by the changing climate and a recent history of significant fire seasons (Filoncyk et al., 2022), extreme precipitation conditions, namely drought, atmospheric rivers and subsequent changes in riverine outflow, and other climate change impacts such as harmful algal blooms and far-reaching riverine plumes. We achieve PACE validation with hyperspectral (e.g., HyperPro II water optical profiling and 4STAR-B atmospheric transmittance) and aligned contemporary radiometric measurements (C-AIR water-leaving radiance from aircraft and C-OPS water optical profiling). The latter contemporary ocean color detectors have much higher dynamic range than OCI. This unique combination of airborne and surface and profiling instrumentation and water sampling can provide high-accuracy validation of the PACE mission sensors in a globally-representative range of oceanic conditions. The repeated airborne observations can provide the calibration and validation over larger areas and time by collecting measurements over a larger spatial domain during a satellite overpass and different seasons, overcoming the problem of limited spatial coverage presented by using solely ship stations and moored buoy systems.
MODIS/Aqua Near Real Time (NRT) Surface Reflectance Daily L2G Global 1km and 500m SIN Grid
The MODIS Near Real Time (NRT) Surface Reflectance products are an estimate of the surface spectral reflectance as it would be measured at ground level in the absence of atmospheric scattering or absorption. Low-level data are corrected for atmospheric gases and aerosols, yielding a level-2 basis for several higher-order gridded level-2 (L2G) and level-3 products.MYD09GA provides Bands 1-7 in a daily gridded L2G product in the Sinusoidalprojection, which includes 500-meter reflectance values and 1-kilometerobservation and geolocation statistics. 500-meter Science Data Sets providedby this product include reflectance for Bands 1-7, a quality rating,observation coverage, observation number, and 250-meter scan information.1-kilometer Science Data Sets provided include number of observations, qualitystate, sensor angles, solar angles, geolocation flags, and orbit pointers.Additional information at LPDAAC:https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/dataset_discovery/modis/modis_products_table
MODIS/Terra Atmospherically Corrected Surface Reflectance 5-Min L2 Swath 250m, 500m, 1km NRT
The MODIS/Terra Near Real Time (NRT) L2 Surface Reflectance, 5-Min Swath 250m, 500m, and 1km (MOD09) product is computed from the MODIS Level 1B land bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 (centered at 648 nm, 858 nm, 470 nm, 555 nm, 1240 nm, 1640 nm, and 2130 nm, respectively). This product is an estimate of the surface spectral reflectance for each band as it would have been measured at ground level if there were no atmospheric scattering or absorption. The surface-reflectance product is the input for product generation for several land products: vegetation Indices (VIs), BRDF, thermal anomaly, snow/ice, and Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation/Leaf Area Index (FPAR/LAI).
VIIRS/NPP Nadir BRDF-Adjusted Reflectance Daily L3 Global 1 km SIN Grid NRT
The VIIRS/NPP Nadir BRDF-Adjusted Reflectance Daily L3 Global 1 km SIN Grid NRT (VNP43MA4N) product provides NBAR estimates at 1 kilometer (km) resolution. The VNP43MA4N product is produced daily using 16-day VIIRS data (i.e., the current day and the previous 15 days). The view angle effects are removed from the directional reflectances resulting in a stable and consistent NBAR product.The VNP43 algorithm uses the RossThick/Li-Sparse-Reciprocal (RTLSR) semi-empirical kernel-driven BRDF model, with the three kernel weights from VNP43MA1N to reconstruct surface anisotropic effects, correcting the directional reflectance to a common view geometry (VNP43MA4N), while also computing integrated black-sky albedo (BSA) at local solar noon and white-sky albedo (WSA) (VNP43MA3N). Researchers can use the BRDF model parameters with a simple polynomial, to obtain black-sky albedo at any solar illumination angle. Likewise, both the BSA and WSA Science Dataset (SDS) layers can be used with a simple polynomial, to manually estimate instantaneous actual albedo (blue-sky albedo). Additional details regarding the methodology are available in the Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD) at https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/sites/default/files/public/product_documentation/vnp43_v1_atbd.pdf.The VNP43MA4N product includes 18 SDS layers for BRDF/Albedo mandatory quality and nadir reflectance for VIIRS nine moderate bands M1-M5, M7-M8, and M10-M11.
MODIS/Terra Near Real Time (NRT) Surface Reflectance Rolling-8-Day L3 Global 250m SIN Grid
The The MODIS Near Real Time (NRT) product, MOD09Q1N provides Band 1 and 2 data at 250 meter resolution in a daily rolling 8-day gridded level-3 product in the Sinusoidal projection. Each MOD09Q1N pixel contains the best possible L2G observation during an 8-day period as selected on the basis of high observation coverage low view angle the absence of clouds or cloud shadow and aerosol loading. Science Data Sets provided for this product include reflectance values for Bands 1 and 2 and a quality rating.
VIIRS/SNPP Cirrus Reflectance 6-min L2 Swath 750m
The VIIRS/Suomi-NPP Cirrus Reflectance 6-Min Swath 750m product is a Level-2 product generated at 750-m (at nadir) spatial resolutions. The algorithm employs a series of visible and infrared threshold and consistency tests to specify confidence that an unobstructed view of the Earth's surface has been observed. An indication of shadows affecting the scene is also provided. Radiometrically-accurate radiances are required, thus holes in the Cloud Mask will appear wherever the input radiances are incomplete or of poor quality assurance.For more information consult Product Page at: https://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/MVCM/
NOAA-19 AVHRR Top-of-Atmosphere Reflectance Daily L3 Global 0.05 Deg. CMG
The Long-Term Data Record (LTDR) produces, validates, and distributes a global land surface climate data record (CDR) that uses both mature and well-tested algorithms in concert with the best-available polar-orbiting satellite data from past to the present. The CDR is critically important to studying global climate change. The LTDR project is unique in that it serves as a bridge that connects data derived from the NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), the EOS Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), and Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) VIIRS missions. The LTDR draws from the following eight AVHRR missions: NOAA-7, NOAA-9, NOAA-11, NOAA-14, NOAA-16, NOAA-18, NOAA-19, and MetOp-B.Currently, the project generates a daily surface reflectance product as the fundamental climate data record (FCDR) and derives daily Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Leaf-Area Index/fraction of absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (LAI/fPAR) as two thematic CDRs (TCDR). LAI/fPAR was developed as an experimental product.The NOAA-19 AVHRR Top-of-Atmosphere Reflectance Daily L3 Global 0.05Deg CMG, short-name N19_ AVH02C1 is generated from GIMMS Advanced Processing System (GAPS) BRDF-corrected Surface Reflectance product (AVH01C1). The N19_ AVH02C1 consist of Top-of-atmosphere reflectance for bands 1 and 2, data Quality flags, angles (solar zenith, view zenith, and relative azimuth), thermal data (thermal bands 3, 4 and 5), and additional data (scan time).
NOAA-11 AVHRR Atmospherically Corrected Surface Reflectance Daily L3 Global 0.05Deg CMG
The Long-Term Data Record (LTDR) produces, validates, and distributes a global land surface climate data record (CDR) that uses both mature and well-tested algorithms in concert with the best-available polar-orbiting satellite data from past to the present. The CDR is critically important to studying global climate change. The LTDR project is unique in that it serves as a bridge that connects data derived from the NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), the EOS Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), and Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) VIIRS missions. The LTDR draws from the following eight AVHRR missions: NOAA-7, NOAA-9, NOAA-11, NOAA-14, NOAA-16, NOAA-18, NOAA-19, and MetOp-B.Currently, the project generates a daily surface reflectance product as the fundamental climate data record (FCDR) and derives daily Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Leaf-Area Index/fraction of absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (LAI/fPAR) as two thematic CDRs (TCDR). LAI/fPAR was developed as an experimental product.The NOAA-11 AVHRR Atmospherically Corrected Surface Reflectance Daily L3 Global 0.05 Deg. CMG, short-name N11_AVH09C1 is generated from GIMMS Advanced Processing System (GAPS) BRDF-corrected Surface Reflectance product (AVH01C1). The M1_AVH09C1 consist of BRDF-corrected surface reflectance for bands 1, 2, and 3, data Quality flags, angles (solar zenith, view zenith, and relative azimuth), and thermal data (thermal bands 3, 4, and 5). The AVH09C1 product is available in HDF4 file format.
TRMM Ground Validation Calibrated QC Radar Reflectivity Full Volume Scan L1C 1 hour V7 (TRMM_1C51) at GES DISC
The purpose of the 1C51 algorithm is to remove non-meteorological radar echoes that adversely affect the quality of higher level products, such as clutter associated with insects, birds, chaff, wildfires, antenna towers, and anomalous propagation (AP). Eight adjustable parameters, three echo height thresholds and five radar reflectivity thresholds, are used to optimize the performance of the algorithm. Optimum performance is time consuming and requires an analyst to select different sets of parameters on a per volume scan basis, and on occasions performing several iterations while adjusting one or more of the parameters. A key component of the TRMM project is the Ground Validation (GV) effort which consists of collecting data from ground-based radar, rain gauges and disdrometers. The data is quality-controlled, and then validation products are produced for comparison with TRMM satellite products. The four primary GV sites are: + Darwin, Australia; + Houston, Texas; + Kwajalein, Republic of the Marshall Islands; + Melbourne, Florida. A significant effort is also being supported at NASA Wallops Flight Facility (WFF) and vicinity to provide high quality, long-term measurements of rain rates (via a network of rain gauges collocated with National Weather Service gauges), as well as drop size distributions (DSD) using a variety of instruments, including impact-type Joss Waldvogel, laser-optical Parsivel, as well as two-dimensional video disdrometers. DSD measurements are also being collected at Melbourne and Kwajalein using Joss-Waldvogel disdrometers.
METOP-B AVHRR Top-of-Atmosphere Reflectance Daily L3 Global 0.05 Deg. CMG
The Long-Term Data Record (LTDR) produces, validates, and distributes a global land surface climate data record (CDR) that uses both mature and well-tested algorithms in concert with the best-available polar-orbiting satellite data from past to the present. The CDR is critically important to studying global climate change. The LTDR project is unique in that it serves as a bridge that connects data derived from the NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), the EOS Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), and Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) VIIRS missions. The LTDR draws from the following eight AVHRR missions: NOAA-7, NOAA-9, NOAA-11, NOAA-14, NOAA-16, NOAA-18, NOAA-19, and MetOp-B.Currently, the project generates a daily surface reflectance product as the fundamental climate data record (FCDR) and derives daily Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Leaf-Area Index/fraction of absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (LAI/fPAR) as two thematic CDRs (TCDR). LAI/fPAR was developed as an experimental product.The METOP-B AVHRR Top-of-Atmosphere Reflectance Daily L3 Global 0.05 Deg CMG, short-name M1_AVH02C1 is generated from GIMMS Advanced Processing System (GAPS) BRDF-corrected Surface Reflectance product (AVH01C1). The M1_AVH02C1 consist of Top-of-atmosphere reflectance for bands 1 and 2, data Quality flags, angles (solar zenith, view zenith, and relative azimuth), thermal data (thermal bands 3, 4 and 5), and additional data (scan time).
TRMM Precipitation Radar Power and Reflectivity L1C 1.5 hours V7 (TRMM_1C21) at GES DISC
The TRMM Precipitation Radar (PR), the first of its kind in space, is an electronically scanning radar, operating at 13.8 GHz that measures the 3-D rainfall distribution over both land and ocean, and defines the layer depth of the precipitation. The 1C21 calculates the effective radar reflectivity factor at 13.8 GHz without any propagation loss (due to rain or any other atmospheric gas) correction (Zm). Therefore, the Zm value can be calculated just by applying a radar equation for volume scatter with PR system parameters. The noise-equivalent Zm is about 21 dBZ. Through the subtraction of the system noise, the Zm value as small as 16 or 18 dBZ are still usable although the data quality is marginal. In 1C21, all echoes stored in 1B21 are converted to "dBZ" unit. This is not relevant for "non-rain" echo; however, this policy is adopted so that the 1B21 and 1C21 product format should be as close as possible except for the following points: - Radar quantity is Zm in dBZ unit instead of received power (dBm). - Data at echo-free range bins judged in 1B21 are replaced with a dummy value. Changes in horizontal resolution resulting from the TRMM boost that occurred on 24 August 2001: Pre-Boost (before 7 August 2001): Temporal Resolution: 91.5 min/orbit ~ 16 orbits/day; Swath Width: 215 km; Horizontal Resolution: 4.3 km Post-Boost (after 24 August 2001): Temporal Resolution: 92.5 min/orbit ~ 16 orbits/day; Swath Width: 247 km; Horizontal Resolution: 5.0 km
Headwall Hyperspectral Reflectance LTER Cedar Creek Minnesota Multi-Year 1 mm
The Headwall Hyperspectral Reflectance data are for the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) at Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve (CCESR), Minnesota (HWHYPCCMN1MM). The reflectance products are at 1 millimeter (mm) spatial resolution in the 400 to 1,000 nanometer spectral range. This dataset can be used to understand the optical diversity-biodiversity relationship and investigate the spatial sensitivity of the relationship at local scales.A Headwall Series E imaging spectrometer was mounted on a tram system to collect designated plots for the biodiversity (BioDIV) experiment at the LTER Cedar Creek site. The imaging spectrometer, located 3 meters above the ground surface, obtained 1 mm ground pixel size of hyperspectral field image cubes that are among the finest spatial resolution available. The fine-scale images were acquired at a prairie grassland ecosystem during June/July 2014 and July 2015.Provided in the HWHYPCCMN1MM product are 920 to 924 hyperspectral bands in an Environment for Visualizing Images (ENVI) format.
NPP/VIIRS Surface Reflectance Daily L2G Global 1km and 500m SIN Grid NRT
The VNP09GA_NRT is a Near Real Time (NRT) S-NPP/VIIRS 500m and 1km Daily Level 2G Surface Reflectance product. The NPP/ VIIRS surface reflectance products are estimates of surface reflectance in each of the VIIRS reflective bands I1-I3, M1-M5, M7, M8, M10, and M11. VNP09GA is a Level-2G surface reflectance product produced on a 10km x 10km grid. The VNP09GA surface reflectance product is composed of all available surface reflectance observations for a given day over a set of tiles with global coverage. The tile numbering scheme and boundaries are the same as for MODIS. The first set of observations for each data set and grid cell are projected onto a two-dimensional grid and stored as 10km square tiles at 500m and 1 km resolution.Surface reflectance is obtained by adjusting top-of-atmosphere reflectance to compensate for atmospheric effects. Corrections are made for the effects of molecular gases, including ozone and water vapor, and for the effects of atmospheric aerosols. The inputs to the surface reflectance algorithm include top-of-atmosphere reflectance for the VIIRS visible bands (VNP02MOD, VNP02IMG), the VIIRS cloud mask and aerosol product (NPP-CMIP_L2), aerosol optical thickness (NPP_VAOTIP_L2, NPP_VAMIP_L2), and atmospheric data obtained from a reanalysis (surface pressure, atmospheric precipitable water, and ozone concentration).All surface reflectance products are produced for daytime conditions only. The product is produced under all atmospheric conditions except for night and oceans. Pixels when not produced are replaced by fill values in the Level-2 and Level-2G products.file_naming_convention = "VNP09GA_NRT.AYYYYDDD.HHMM.VVV.YYYYDDDHHMMSS.h5 AYYYYDDD = Acquisition Year and Day of Year HHMM = Hour and minute of acquisition VVV = Version number YYYYDDDHHMMSS = Production Date and Time h5 = Hierarchical Data Format (version 5)For more information read Suomi-NPP VIIRS Surface Reflectance User's Guide at https://viirsland.gsfc.nasa.gov/PDF/VIIRS_Surf_Refl_UserGuide_v1.1.pdfor visit VIIRS Land website at https://viirsland.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.html
NOAA-19 AVHRR Atmospherically Corrected Surface Reflectance Daily L3 Global 0.05 Deg. CMG
The Long-Term Data Record (LTDR) produces, validates, and distributes a global land surface climate data record (CDR) that uses both mature and well-tested algorithms in concert with the best-available polar-orbiting satellite data from past to the present. The CDR is critically important to studying global climate change. The LTDR project is unique in that it serves as a bridge that connects data derived from the NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), the EOS Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), and Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) VIIRS missions. The LTDR draws from the following eight AVHRR missions: NOAA-7, NOAA-9, NOAA-11, NOAA-14, NOAA-16, NOAA-18, NOAA-19, and MetOp-B.Currently, the project generates a daily surface reflectance product as the fundamental climate data record (FCDR) and derives daily Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Leaf-Area Index/fraction of absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (LAI/fPAR) as two thematic CDRs (TCDR). LAI/fPAR was developed as an experimental product.The NOAA-19 AVHRR Atmospherically Corrected Surface Reflectance Daily L3 Global 0.05Deg CMG, short-name N19_ AVH09C1 is generated from GIMMS Advanced Processing System (GAPS) BRDF-corrected Surface Reflectance product (AVH01C1). The N19_ AVH09C1 consist of BRDF-corrected surface reflectance for bands 1, 2, and 3, data Quality flags, angles (solar zenith, view zenith, and relative azimuth), and thermal data (thermal bands 3, 4, and 5). The AVH09C1 product is available in HDF4 file format.
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