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2,395 results for “Contrast”
Data from: Local adaptation at higher trophic levels: contrasting hyperparasite-pathogen infection dynamics in the field and laboratory
Predicting and controlling infectious disease epidemics is a major challenge facing the management of agriculture, human and wildlife health. Coevolutionarily derived patterns of local adaptation among pathogen populations have the potential to generate variation in disease epidemiology, however studies of local adaptation in disease systems have mostly focused on interactions between competing pathogens or pathogens and their hosts. In nature, parasites and pathogens are also subject to attack by hyperparasitic natural enemies that can severely impact upon their infection dynamics. However, few studies have investigated if this interaction varies across combinations of pathogen-hyperparasite strains, and if this influences hyperparasite incidence in natural pathogen populations. Here, we test if the association between a hyperparasitic fungus, Ampelomyces quisqualis, and a single powdery mildew host, Podosphaera plantaginis, varies among genotype combinations, and whether this drives hyperparasite incidence in nature. Laboratory inoculation studies reveal that genotype, genotype x genotype interactions, and local adaptation affect hyperparasite infection. However, observations of a natural pathogen metapopulation reveal that spatial rather than genetic factors predict the risk of hyperparasite presence. Our results highlight how sensitive the outcome of biocontrol using hyperparasites is to selection of hyperparasite strains.
Linkages among stem xylem transport, biomechanics and storage in lianas and trees across three contrasting environments
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"Contrasting responses to increasing dissolved iron on photosynthesis and O2 availability in the gastric cavity of two Mediterranean corals." Dataset
<p>Dataset of iron levels, coral metabolic rates, PAM, Oxygen microprofiles </p>
Graph Contrastive Learning with Adversarial Structure Refinement (GCL-ASR)
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Change-Aware Sampling and Contrastive Learning for Satellite Images (Part 3)
<p>Part 3 of compressed CACo 1M data</p>
Change-Aware Sampling and Contrastive Learning for Satellite Images (Part 4)
<p>Part 4 of compressed CACo 1M data</p>
Change-Aware Sampling and Contrastive Learning for Satellite Images (Part 2)
<p>Part 2 of compressed CACo 1M data</p>
Change-Aware Sampling and Contrastive Learning for Satellite Images (Part 1)
<p>Part 1 of compressed CACo 1M data</p>
Accurate Spatial Heterogeneity Dissection and Gene Regulation Interpretation for Spatial Transcriptomics using Dual Graph Contrastive Learning
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Unified Cross-modality Integration and Inference of Single-Cell Multiomics Data with Deep Contrastive Learning
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BERT-assisted behavioral profiling of polysemy: contrastive analysis of HONG in Chinese and RED in English
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The multidimensional (and contrasting) effects of environmental warming on a group of montane tropical lizards: Lizard and plant data
<p>1. Mountains are cradles for biodiversity and crucibles for climate-driven species loss, particularly for tropical ectotherms. Constriction on activity and amplified heat stress are two key sources of warming-driven vulnerability in tropical montane ectotherms. These threats, however, might be counterbalanced if rising temperatures also release organisms from limits on activity induced by cold stress.</p> <p>2. We used biophysical modeling to estimate activity patterns and thermal stress under warming in a group of summit-dwelling <i>Anolis </i>lizards (<i>A. armouri </i>and <i>A. shrevei</i>) endemic to the Caribbean island of Hispaniola. Activity is currently constrained by the prevalence of temperatures too cold for activity. Under warming, our models predict expanded hours of potential activity and reduced cold stress, especially under a high emission scenario. Crucially, release from cold stress does not come at the expense of heightened exposure to heat stress. This result arises from a steep mismatch between these species' warm-adapted ecology and the surprisingly cold environments they occupy.</p> <p>3. Yet, resilience in some dimensions belies vulnerability along others, particularly with regards to critical macrohabitat. We capitalized on a long-term monitoring dataset to predict forest distributions under warming. Our models predict upslope shifts in montane cloud forests that may constrict the high-elevation pine forests to which these lizards are inexorably linked. Warming-driven macrohabitat loss can 'pin' the montane endemics into progressively shrinking ranges, especially since a rising cloud forest also facilitates upslope transport of a close relative, <i>A. cybotes</i> (a species associated with broadleaf forests).</p> <p>4. Many tropical ectotherms (including these anoles) are adapted to forest edges, a feature often associated with a relatively warm-adapted ecophysiology. When such species are also found in cool environments, such as those found on mountaintops, warming-amplified thermal stress is surprisingly limited. Therefore, the direct effects of warming on tropical ectotherms are quite broad, and can even include potential benefits to fitness-based activities.</p> <p>5. Rising temperatures may often present a dual-edged sword: warming simultaneously releases these organisms from constraints on activity while exposing them to other threats. Whether due to the direct or indirect effects of climate warming, exceptional vulnerability may indeed reside where biodiversity is highest.</p>
3D virtual Histopathology of Cardiac Tissue from Covid-19 Patients based on Phase-Contrast X-ray Tomography
<p>X-ray phase-contrast tomography datasets of formalin fixed paraffin embedded unstained cardiac tissue from Covid-19 patients as well as from control tissue.</p> <p>For each group one overview scan of the entire biopsy (3.5mm cross section) from binning and stitching different tomograms (PB bin2, voxel size: 1.3µm) as well as the respective laboratory data (LJ, voxel size: 2µm, tissue masked) and a cone-beam zoom tomogram recorded with waveguide illumination (WG, voxel size: 159 nm) is uploaded. Further datasets can be provided on request.</p> <p>The data has been recorded at the institute for X-ray physics (Göttingen, Germany) and DESY at the GINIX instrument, beamline P10 of the PETRAIII storage ring (Hamburg, Germany).</p> <p>raw format, voxel numbers given in filename, single (32bit real)</p>
Data for: Contrasting response of native and non-native plants to disturbance and herbivory in mountain environments
<p><b>Aim</b>: Climate warming and increasing human disturbance are expected to promote non-native plant invasions in mountain ecosystems. Although biological invasions are also expected to be modulated by biotic interactions, it is still not clear how invertebrate herbivores can affect plant invasion dynamics. Using a large manipulative experiment, we aimed at testing: 1) the effect of soil disturbance and elevation on native and non-native plant communities, and 2) the effect of plant-herbivore interactions, nitrogen deposition, and elevation in driving plant establishment after soil disturbance.</p> <p><b>Location</b>: European Alps, NE Italy</p> <p><b>Taxon</b>: Vascular plants</p> <p><b>Methods</b>: We selected remote, uninvaded dry semi-natural grasslands along the core elevational range of non-native plants in the European Alps (0-1330 m) and manipulated soil disturbance, nitrogen deposition, and invertebrate herbivory. Then, we followed the natural establishment under real field conditions of both native and non-native plants over one growing season. We used generalized mixed-effects models to test the effects of the experimental treatments.</p> <p><b>Results</b>: Native and non-native species showed contrasting responses to soil disturbance and elevation. Low elevations and disturbance promoted non-native success, while affecting native species diversity negatively. Two-thirds of the experimental sites acquired novel non-natives after disturbance. Most of the observed non-natives were not present in the surrounding vegetation as mature plants, indicating that propagules were able to reach even remote natural areas. While current N deposition levels did not affect plant establishment, we found that after disturbance invertebrate herbivory might play an important role in facilitating non-native invasions by reducing native cover.</p> <p><b>Main conclusions</b>: Our findings show that highly resistant ecosystems such as continuous grasslands can be easily invaded once the resident vegetation has been removed, and that natural herbivory pressure from invertebrates might amplify the negative effects of disturbance on resident native species irrespective of elevation. Together, these results indicate increasing risks of future plant invasions on mountains under global change.</p>
Data from: Contrasting nitrogen cycling between herbaceous wetland and terrestrial ecosystems inferred from plant and soil nitrogen isotopes across China
<p><span>Understanding nitrogen (N) cycling in different ecosystems is crucial to predicting and mitigating the global effects of altered N inputs. Although wetlands have always been assumed to differ largely from terrestrial ecosystems in N cycling, evidence from direct comparison from the field along wide environmental gradients is lacking. Here, we hypothesized strong coupling of plant and soil δ<sup>15</sup>N in terrestrial ecosystems due to lower N inputs and losses but weak coupling of plant and soil δ<sup>15</sup>N in wetlands because of higher N inputs and losses.</span></p> <p><span>We performed a large-scale field investigation on 26 pairs of herbaceous wetland and terrestrial sites across China covering 21 degrees of latitude and determined natural abundance of nitrogen isotopes (δ<sup>15</sup>N) in soils and leaves of 346 dominant and subordinate plant species. We analysed the relationships between leaf and soil δ<sup>15</sup>N and their drivers including plant functional types in these two types of ecosystems.</span></p> <p><span>Plant functional types including mycorrhizal type and N2-fixing status had consistently significant influences on leaf δ<sup>15</sup>N in herbaceous wetland and terrestrial ecosystems. Leaf δ<sup>15</sup>N increased significantly with soil δ<sup>15</sup>N within and across mycorrhizal types in both ecosystems, and, as hypothesized, the relationships were stronger and steeper in terrestrial than in wetland ecosystems. Moreover, leaf and soil δ<sup>15</sup>N were positively and significantly correlated within both N<sub>2</sub>-fixers and non-fixers in terrestrial ecosystems and within only non-N<sub>2</sub>-fixers in wetlands. At the community level, we also found more highly significant relationships between leaf and soil δ<sup>15</sup>N in terrestrial than in wetland ecosystems. Besides plant functional types, climatic and soil factors contributed to the variation in leaf δ<sup>15</sup>N in both ecosystems.</span></p> <p><span><em>Synthesis.</em> Weaker relationships between plant and soil δ<sup>15</sup>N in wetlands at species and community levels supports the hypothesis that larger N inputs and losses lead to weaker coupling in the plant-soil systems in wetlands than in terrestrial ecosystems. This provides strong evidence from a large spatial scale for contrasting N cycling in these two types of ecosystems regardless of plant functional type in terms of nutrient uptake strategy. Our findings add to our predictive power of ecosystem N dynamics under environmental changes, e.g. land-use changes and elevated N inputs.</span></p>
Comparable early-stage decomposition but contrasting underlying drivers between surface and cave habitats along an elevational gradient
<p>The folder includes r script and the data files used to conduct the data analysis in this project: Comparable early-stage decomposition but contrasting underlying drivers between surface and cave habitats along an elevational gradient.</p>
Contrasting environmental drivers of genetic of genetic and phenotypic divergence in an Andean poison frog
<p>Phenotypic and genetic divergence are shaped by the homogenizing effects of gene flow and the differentiating processes of genetic drift and local adaptation. Herein, we examined the mechanisms that underlie phenotypic (size and color) and genetic divergence in 35 populations (535 individuals) of the poison frog <em>Epipedobates anthonyi</em> along four elevational gradients (0–1800 m asl) in the Ecuadorian Andes. We found phenotypic divergence in size and color despite relatively low genetic divergence at neutral microsatellite loci. Genetic and phenotypic divergence were both explained by landscape resistance between sites (isolation-by-resistance, IBR), likely due to a cold and dry mountain ridge between the northern and southern elevational transects that limits dispersal and separates two color morphs. Moreover, environmental differences among sites also explained genetic and phenotypic divergence, suggesting isolation-by-environment (IBE). When northern and southern transects were analyzed separately, genetic divergence was predicted either by distance (isolation-by-distance, IBD; northern) or environmental resistance between sites (IBR; southern). In contrast, phenotypic divergence was primarily explained by environmental differences among sites, supporting the IBE hypothesis. These results indicate that although distance and geographic barriers are important drivers of population divergence, environmental variation has a two-fold effect on population divergence. On the one hand, landscape resistance between sites reduces gene flow (IBR), while on the other hand, environmental differences among sites exert divergent selective pressures on phenotypic traits (IBE). Our work highlights the importance of studying both genetic and phenotypic divergence to better understand the processes of population divergence and speciation along ecological gradients.</p>
Contrasting molecular profiles of clownfish and damselfish skin mucus-RPLC_negative_mode
<p>Raw abf files of data acquired in RPLC negative ionization mode for Lipidomics analysis</p>
Optical properties of small scatterers with high optical contrast
<p>Optical properties of small, spherical scatterers (r=100µm) with high optical contrast, representing melting ice hydrometeors.</p> <p>The dataset contains raw output as obtained with the discrete dipole approximation code ADDA (version 1.3b4) [1] and the T-matrix code MSTM (version 3.0) [2]. For an interpretation of the data see the corresponding documentations. Version 2.0 added additional calculations with hypothetical refractive indices.</p> <p>The manuscript describing this research was submitted to Optics Letters.</p> <p> </p> <p>ADDA (version 1.3b4): <a href="https://github.com/adda-team/adda/releases/tag/v1.3b4">https://github.com/adda-team/adda/releases/tag/v1.3b4</a></p> <p>MSTM )version 3.0): <a href="https://www.eng.auburn.edu/~dmckwski/scatcodes/">https://www.eng.auburn.edu/~dmckwski/scatcodes/</a></p>
Data from: Contrasting responses in community structure and phenology of migratory and non-migratory pollinators to urbanization
[No abstract entered]
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.