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Figure 4 from: Zhao S, Hou Z (2017) A new subterranean species of Pseudocrangonyx from China with an identification key to all species of the genus (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Pseudocrangonyctidae). ZooKeys 647: 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.647.11192

Figure 4 - Pseudocrangonyx elegantulus sp. n., female holotype. A pereopod III B dactylus of pereopod III C pereopod IV D dactylus of pereopod IV E pereopod V F dactylus of pereopod V G pereopod VI H dactylus of pereopod VI I pereopod VII J dactylus of pereopod VII K oostegite of gnathopod II L oostegite of pereopod III M oostegite of pereopod IV N oostegite of pereopod V.

Figure 3 from: Zhao S, Hou Z (2017) A new subterranean species of Pseudocrangonyx from China with an identification key to all species of the genus (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Pseudocrangonyctidae). ZooKeys 647: 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.647.11192

Figure 3 - Pseudocrangonyx elegantulus sp. n., female holotype. A gnathopod I B propodus of gnathopod I C gnathopod II D propodus of gnathopod II.

Figure 2 from: Zhao S, Hou Z (2017) A new subterranean species of Pseudocrangonyx from China with an identification key to all species of the genus (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Pseudocrangonyctidae). ZooKeys 647: 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.647.11192

Figure 2 - Pseudocrangonyx elegantulus sp. n., female holotype, from Henan, China. A head B antenna I C aesthetascs of antenna I D antenna II E calceoli of antenna II F upper lip G lower lip H left mandible I incisor of right mandible J left maxilla I K palp of right maxilla I L maxilla II M maxilliped N urosomites (dorsal view).

Figure 1 from: Zhao S, Hou Z (2017) A new subterranean species of Pseudocrangonyx from China with an identification key to all species of the genus (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Pseudocrangonyctidae). ZooKeys 647: 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.647.11192

Figure 1 - Distribution map of Pseudocrangonyx species. 1 Pseudocrangonyx elegantulus sp. n. 2 Pseudocrangonyx asiaticus Uéno, 1934 3 Pseudocrangonyx birsteini Labay, 1999 4 Pseudocrangonyx bohaensis (Derzhavin, 1927) 5 Pseudocrangonyx camtschaticus Birstein, 1955 6 Pseudocrangonyx cavernarius Hou & Li, 2003 7 Pseudocrangonyx coreanus Uéno, 1966 8 Pseudocrangonyx elenae Sidorov, 2011 9 Pseudocrangonyx febras Sidorov, 2009 10 Pseudocrangonyx gudariensis Tomikawa & Sato, 2016 11 Pseudocrangonyx holsingeri Sidorov & Gontcharov, 2013 12 Pseudocrangonyx korkishkoorum Sidorov, 2006 13 Pseudocrangonyx kseniae Sidorov, 2012 14 Pseudocrangonyx kyotonis Akatsuka & Komai, 1922 15 Pseudocrangony levanidovi Birstein, 1955 16 Pseudocrangonyx manchuricus Oguro, 1938 17 Pseudocrangonyx relicta Labay, 1999 18 Pseudocrangonyx shikokunis Akatsuka & Komai, 1922 19 Pseudocrangonyx susanaensis Labay, 1999 20 Pseudocrangonyx sympatricus Sidorov & Gontcharov, 2013 21 Pseudocrangonyx tiunovi Sidorov & Gontcharov, 2013 22 Pseudocrangonyx yezonis Akatsuka & Komai, 1922.

Figures 8-11 from: Sasakawa K, Itô H (2017) Two new species of the Pterostichus macrogenys species group (Coleoptera, Carabidae) discovered in shallow subterranean habitats in northern Honshu, Japan. Subterranean Biology 21: 47-56. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.21.11155

Figures 8-11 - Dorsal view of species of the macrogenys species group. 8 Pterostichus shinbodakensis sp. n., holotype male 9 A female of the unidentified species sympatric with Pterostichus shinbodakensis 10 Pterostichus tateishiyamanus sp. n., holotype male 11 Pterostichus tateishiyamanus sp. n., paratype female. All figures are of the same magnification. Scale bar = 5.0 mm.

Figures 12-22 from: Sasakawa K, Itô H (2017) Two new species of the Pterostichus macrogenys species group (Coleoptera, Carabidae) discovered in shallow subterranean habitats in northern Honshu, Japan. Subterranean Biology 21: 47-56. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.21.11155

Figures 12-22 - Male genitalia of species of the macrogenys species group. Left lateral view (12), right lateral view (13), left dorsolateral view (14), and right dorsolateral view (15) of endophallus of Pterostichus shinbodakensis sp. n., holotype. Dorsal view of apical part (16), left lateral view (17), and ventral view of apical part (18) of right paramete of Pterostichus shinbodakensis sp. n., holotype. Dorsal view of apical part (19) and left lateral view (20) of right paramete of Pterostichus falcispinus from the type locality. Left lateral view (21) and right lateral view (22) of endophallus of Pterostichus tateishiyamanus sp. n., holotype. go: gonopore; lal: left apical lobe; lpb: left pigmented band; lpl: left preapical lobe; rpl: right preapical lobe. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Figures 1-7 from: Sasakawa K, Itô H (2017) Two new species of the Pterostichus macrogenys species group (Coleoptera, Carabidae) discovered in shallow subterranean habitats in northern Honshu, Japan. Subterranean Biology 21: 47-56. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.21.11155

Figures 1-7 - Design of subterranean baited traps and the aboveground and subterranean environments at the collection sites. 1 Trap without cover, showing sections containing attractant (larger container) and preservative (smaller container) 2 Trap with cover, showing the entrance section (square with broken lines) 3 Trap installed in hole, showing nylon cord, part of which will be left aboveground as a marker 4 Aboveground environment of the Pterostichus shinbodakensis type locality 5 Hole for the trap at the Pterostichus shinbodakensis type locality, showing the subterranean environment 6 Aboveground environment of the Pterostichus tateishiyamanus type locality 7 Hole for the trap at the Pterostichus tateishiyamanus type locality, showing the subterranean environment. The magnifications of the photos vary (see text for trap size).

Figure 5 from: Espinasa L, Bonaroti N, Wong J, Pottin K, Queinnec E, Rétaux S (2017) Contrasting feeding habits of post-larval and adult Astyanax cavefish. Subterranean Biology 21: 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.21.11046

Figure 5 - Gut content of adult Pachón cave fish. A White, orange, and black "gunk" of undetermined origin B Hair-like filaments in stomach contents C Unidentified pigmented arthropod sclerites, possibly of surface insects or by-product of eating guano. D Mud E Fly F Beetle.

Figure 3 from: Espinasa L, Bonaroti N, Wong J, Pottin K, Queinnec E, Rétaux S (2017) Contrasting feeding habits of post-larval and adult Astyanax cavefish. Subterranean Biology 21: 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.21.11046

Figure 3 - Digestive system of an Astyanax fry. A A live specimen photographed in the Pachón cave. Note the healthy-looking appearance of this juvenile, the two parts of the inflated swim bladder, the almost completely degenerated eye, and the digestive system filled with food. Scale bar as in B. B Body, with the digestive system exposed C Stomach and intestine. Notice that the food content can be seen through the translucent walls. All fish studied were well fed and their guts were full of food.

Figure 1 from: Espinasa L, Bonaroti N, Wong J, Pottin K, Queinnec E, Rétaux S (2017) Contrasting feeding habits of post-larval and adult Astyanax cavefish. Subterranean Biology 21: 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.21.11046

Figure 1 - Pachón cave map (from NNS News, September 2003, p255.). Adult fish were found in the main pool (Right arrow). Adult fish and post-larval fish were found in small pools in a side gallery (Left arrow).

Figure 2 from: Espinasa L, Bonaroti N, Wong J, Pottin K, Queinnec E, Rétaux S (2017) Contrasting feeding habits of post-larval and adult Astyanax cavefish. Subterranean Biology 21: 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.21.11046

Figure 2 - Size and estimated age of the fry captured in the Pachón cave. A Live Pachón fry photographed in a small fish aquarium, in the cave B Size/age relationship for lab-raised Pachón individuals with a linear regression curve. Data were collected in Rétaux's lab from larvae, post-larvae and juvenile grown as described in Elipot et al. (2014), and which were fed twice a day with live Artemia, ad libitum C Photograph of a specimen swimming in the natural pool. Note the muddy/sandy substrate and the low water level D, E Photographs of live arthropod specimens cohabiting with Astyanax fry.

Figure 4 from: Espinasa L, Bonaroti N, Wong J, Pottin K, Queinnec E, Rétaux S (2017) Contrasting feeding habits of post-larval and adult Astyanax cavefish. Subterranean Biology 21: 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.21.11046

Figure 4 - Gut contents of Pachón cave fry. A–C Cladocera Water fleas. This species constituted by number the most encountered prey. On average, fry had in their guts 9.3 individuals of this species D Harpacticoida copepod. Arrow highlights the short antennae diagnostic of class Harpacticoida. This species constituted by number the second most encountered prey. On average, fry had in their guts 4.7 individuals of this species E–F Copepods. Arrow highlights the long antennae diagnostic of non-harpacticoida copepods G Ostracod. This and possibly two more species of ostracods were in their guts H Isopod. While only one specimen was eaten, due to its large size it constitutes a large stomach content by volume I Sclerites of arthropods, possibly of insects. Contrary to all of the above, they have pigment, suggesting that some may be surface insects. Some may be a by-product of eating guano from insectivorous bats.

Figure 1 from: Malek-Hosseini MJ, Zamani A (2017) A checklist of subterranean arthropods of Iran. Subterranean Biology 21: 19-46. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.21.10573

Figure 1 - Map of terrestrial ecoregions in Iran, showing the distribution of troglobiotic organisms (16 species). Map derived from WWF (Olson et al. 2001) and Safaei-Mahroo et al. (2015). 1 Loven Cave (Lorestan Province) (33°04'N, 48°35'E) Garra typhlops; Garra lorestanensis; Paracobitis smithi 2 Gakal Cave (Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province) (30°18'N, 51°09'E) Protracheoniscus gakalicus; Trilacuna qarzi 3 Neyneh Cave (Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province) (30°40'N, 50°2'E) Chiraziulus troglopersicus 4 Belqais Spring (Kohgiloyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province) (30°45'N, 50°44'E) Niphargus borisi 5 Alisadr Cave (Hamedan Province) (35°16'N, 48°17'E) Niphargus alisadri 6 Danial Cave (Mazandaran Province) (36°41'N, 50°53'E) Niphargus daniali 7 Cheshmeh Kahriz (Qanat) (East Azarbayjan Province) (38°41'N, 46°10'E) Niphargus khwarizmi 8 Ghoori-Ghaleh Cave (Kermanshah Province) (34°53'N, 46°30'E) Niphargus khayyami 9 unidentified cave near Ghaem Shahr (Mazandaran Province) Niphargus valachicus 10 Sarab-e- Bisitun (Kermanshah Province) (34°25'N, 47°28'E) Niphargus bisitunicus 11 Sarab-e-Robat (Lorestan Province) (33°35'N, 48°18'E) Niphargus sharifi 12 Dimeh Spring (Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province) (32°30'N, 50°13'E) Niphargus darvishi 13 Kangarshah Spring close to Sahneh City (Kermanshah Province) (34°36'N, 47°39'E) Niphargus kermanshahi.

Figure 7 from: Tang D, Eberhard SM (2016) Two new species of Nitocrella (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from groundwaters of northwestern Australia expand the geographic range of the genus in a global hotspot of subterranean biodiversity. Subterranean Biology 20: 51-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.20.10389

Figure 7 - Nitocrella karanovici sp. n., adult female: A right leg 1 with endopod disarticulated from basis, anterior B left leg 2, anterior C left leg 3, anterior D left leg 4 (note: outer seta on basis is broken off), anterior E right leg 5, ventral. Scale bars: A, B, C, D 50 µm; E 10 µm.

Figure 2 from: Tang D, Eberhard SM (2016) Two new species of Nitocrella (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from groundwaters of northwestern Australia expand the geographic range of the genus in a global hotspot of subterranean biodiversity. Subterranean Biology 20: 51-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.20.10389

Figure 2 - Nitocrella knotti sp. n., adult female: A habitus, dorsal B urosomites 2–5 and caudal rami, ventral C anal somite and caudal rami, dorsal D rostrum, dorsal E right antennule with segments 3, 5 and 6 shown separately and aesthetasc indicated by arrowhead, ventral F left antenna with one apical element shown separately, anterior. Scale bars: A 200 µm; B 100 µm; C, E, F 25 µm; D 2 µm.

Figure 3 from: Tang D, Eberhard SM (2016) Two new species of Nitocrella (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from groundwaters of northwestern Australia expand the geographic range of the genus in a global hotspot of subterranean biodiversity. Subterranean Biology 20: 51-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.20.10389

Figure 3 - Nitocrella knotti sp. n., adult female: A labrum, posterior B left mandible, anterior C left maxillule, anterior D left maxilla, anterior E right maxilliped, posterior F left leg 1, anterior G left leg 2, anterior. Scale bars: A, B, C, D, E 20 µm; F, G 50 µm.

Figure 4 from: Tang D, Eberhard SM (2016) Two new species of Nitocrella (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from groundwaters of northwestern Australia expand the geographic range of the genus in a global hotspot of subterranean biodiversity. Subterranean Biology 20: 51-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.20.10389

Figure 4 - Nitocrella knotti sp. n., adult female: A right leg 3, anterior B right leg 4, anterior C left leg 5, ventral D terminal exopodal segment of left leg 1, anterior E terminal exopodal segment of right leg 2, anterior. Scale bars: A, B 50 µm; C, D 20 µm; E 25 µm.

Figure 1 from: Tang D, Eberhard SM (2016) Two new species of Nitocrella (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from groundwaters of northwestern Australia expand the geographic range of the genus in a global hotspot of subterranean biodiversity. Subterranean Biology 20: 51-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.20.10389

Figure 1 - A Map showing the species of Nitocrella reported from Western Australia B Enlarged map of the Ethel Gorge area showing sampled boreholes and collection sites for Nitocrella karanovici sp. n. in relation to surface drainage and mine pits.

Figure 6 from: Tang D, Eberhard SM (2016) Two new species of Nitocrella (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from groundwaters of northwestern Australia expand the geographic range of the genus in a global hotspot of subterranean biodiversity. Subterranean Biology 20: 51-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.20.10389

Figure 6 - Nitocrella karanovici sp. n., adult female: A right antennule with segments 3, 5, 6 and 7 shown separately and aesthetasc indicated by arrowhead, ventral B right antenna, anterior C labrum, posterior D left mandible, posterior E left maxillule, anterior F left maxilla, anterior G right maxilliped, posterior. Scale bars: A 50 µm; B, C 20 µm; D, E, F, G 10 µm.

Figure 9 from: Tang D, Eberhard SM (2016) Two new species of Nitocrella (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from groundwaters of northwestern Australia expand the geographic range of the genus in a global hotspot of subterranean biodiversity. Subterranean Biology 20: 51-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.20.10389

Figure 9 - Nitocrella karanovici sp. n., adult female (A, B) and adult male (C, D): A basoendopod of left leg 5, ventral B same, ventral C endopod of right leg 2, anterior D basoendopod of left leg 5, ventral. Scale bars: A, B, C 10 µm; D 5 µm.