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Figs. 2–7. Strongylogaster Dahlbom, 1835 in Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta)

Figs. 2–7. Strongylogaster Dahlbom, 1835, adults: 2 – S. macula (Klug, 1817); 3 – S. baikalensis Naito, 1990; 4 – S. mixta (Klug, 1817); 5 – S. filicis (Klug, 1817); 6 – S. multifasciata (Geoffroy, 1785); 7 – S. xanthocera (Stephens, 1835). Scale: 10 mm.

Fig. 1 in Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta)

Fig. 1. Dinax ermak (Zhelochovtsev, 1968): a – female (dorsal view); b – male (dorsal view); c – female (lateral view); d – last instar larva (dorsal view); e – last instar larva (laterodorsal view); f – eonymph (dorsal view); g – eonymph (laterodorsal view). Scale: 5 mm.

Figs.15–17. Taxonus Hartig, 1837 in Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta)

Figs.15–17. Taxonus Hartig, 1837, adults: 15 – T. agrorum Fallén, 1808; 16 – T. sticticus (Klug, 1817); 17 – T. alboscutellatus Niezabitowski, 1899. Scale: 10 mm.

Figs. 13–14. Strongylogaster Dahlbom, 1835 in Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta)

Figs. 13–14. Strongylogaster Dahlbom, 1835, penis valve, lateral view: 13 – S. baikalensis Naito, 1990; 14 – S. macula (Klug, 1817). Scale: 0.5 mm.

Figs. 32–36 in Nests, Petal Usage, Floral Preferences, and Immatures of Osmia (Ozbekosmia) avosetta (Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Osmiini), Including Biological Comparisons with Other Osmiine Bees

Figs. 32–36. Diagram of fifth larval instar of Osmia avosetta. 32. Entire larva, lateral view; rectangle identifies approximate area on abdominal segment 8 pictured in fig. 41. 33, 34. Head, frontal and lateral views, respectively; ptp 5 position of posterior tentorial pit. 35, 36. Right mandible, dorsal and outer views, respectively.

Fig. 22 in Nests, Petal Usage, Floral Preferences, and Immatures of Osmia (Ozbekosmia) avosetta (Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Osmiini), Including Biological Comparisons with Other Osmiine Bees

Fig. 22. Two brood cells of Osmia (Tergosmia) rhodoensis in rock cavity; overlying stone removed to make cells visible (Jordan, Jerash, 23.4.2007; photo C. Sedivy). Figures 23, 24. Brood cells of O. (T.) tergestensis in cavities between stones; in both cases, overlying stone removed to make the cell visible. Petals used for brood cell construction were from Geranium and Helianthemum (fig. 23) and Geranium only (fig. 24) (Switzerland, Zeneggen, 10.7.1990; Photos A. Müller).

Figs. 30, 31 in Nests, Petal Usage, Floral Preferences, and Immatures of Osmia (Ozbekosmia) avosetta (Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Osmiini), Including Biological Comparisons with Other Osmiine Bees

Figs. 30, 31. Diagrams of eggs of Osmia avosetta and of parasite thought to be Sapyga pulcherrima, lateral views, respectively, to same scale; anterior ends at right.

Figs. 6–9 in Nests, Petal Usage, Floral Preferences, and Immatures of Osmia (Ozbekosmia) avosetta (Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Osmiini), Including Biological Comparisons with Other Osmiine Bees

Figs. 6–9. Nesting of Osmia avosetta at 10 km northeast of Sepidan, Yasouj region, Iran. 6. The site. 7. Pollen plant, Hedysarum elymaiticum. 8, 9. Two brood cells. (Photos C. Sedivy).

Fig. 1 in Nests, Petal Usage, Floral Preferences, and Immatures of Osmia (Ozbekosmia) avosetta (Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Osmiini), Including Biological Comparisons with Other Osmiine Bees

Fig. 1. Nesting site of Osmia avosetta in Seklik Mevkii, Turkey, to the left of observers in fore- and midground; note pinkish-red flowers of pollen plant, Onobrychis viciifolia. Figures 2, 3. Closed brood cells of O. avosetta, side views, showing shape and variation in coloration of outer envelopes. Figure 4. Open cell of same, side view. Figure 5. Closed cell of same containing intermediate stage larva. (Photos J.G. Rozen.)

Figs. 57–58 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Figs. 57–58. SEM micrographs of fifth instar of Coelioxys chichimeca. 57. Head, near frontal view. 58. Head, lateral view. 59. Spiracle, now with rim.

Figs. 41–50 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Figs. 41–50. SEM micrographs of third instar of Coelioxys chichimeca. 41. Entire larva, lateral view. 42. Head, near frontal view. 43. Head, lateral view. 44. Close-up of hypostomal tubercle of another specimen, showing setalike sensilla compared with those of second instar, 45. Left mandible, dorsal view showing reduced basal tubercles, absence of outer spine on apical part of mandible, and elongate, fanglike apex. 46. Antenna, lateral view. 47–50. Spiracles of abdominal segment 5–8, respectively, all to same scale, showing size increases of atrial opening; nature of material in 8th spiracle not understood but occurs in another specimen as well.

Figs. 38–40 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Figs. 38–40. Microphotographs of third instar of Coelioxys chichimeca. 38. Entire larva, lateral view, showing elongate shape, constriction behind head, reduced size of abdominal segments 9 and 10. 39. Head of cast skin, ventral view, showing sclerites of labiomaxillary region, hypopharyngeal lobes, and postoccipital bridge. 40. Same, lateral view, showing posterior extension of parietal, cardo, and labium to form ventral postoccipital bridge. PTP 5 posterior tentorial pit.

Fig. 32 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Fig. 32. Microphotograph of cast exuviae of first instar of Coelioxys chichimeca appressed to inner surface of chorion, showing mandibular apices and small tubercle at outer base of each. Figs. 33–37. SEM micrographs of second instar of Coelioxys chichimeca. 33. Entire larva, lateral view, showing reduced abdominal segments 9 and 10 and enlarged spiracles on abdominal segments 6–8. 34. Head, near frontal view from below, showing armature of base of mandible and spine on outer surface of apical part of mandible. 35. Head, lateral view. PTP 5 posterior tentorial pit. 36. Antenna, lateral view. 37. Close-up of hypostomal tubercle identified by rectangle in figure 35.

Figs. 15–19 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Figs. 15–19. Photomicrographs of Coelioxys chichimeca. 15–17. Three frames of single third instar demonstrating reach of activity while posterior end attached to egg chorion imbedded in cell wall. 18. Closeup of head of another third instar showing spread of mandibles enabling it to seize victim immediately on contact. 19. Second instar immersed in nectar while posterior end attached to chorion inserted in cell wall under pollen layer of provisions.

Figs. 20–23 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Figs. 20–23. SEM micrographs of mature oocytes of Coelioxys chichimeca. 20, 21. Entire oocyte, dorsal and anterodorsal views, respectively. 22. Close-up of micropylar area of 21. 23. Entire oocyte, near ventral view, demonstrating thinness of torn ventral chorion, near ventral view.

Figs. 9–14 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Figs. 9–14. Microphotographs of egg and egg insertions of Coelioxys chichimeca in cells of Centris cornuta. 9. Individual egg extracted from cell wall. 10. Egg in shallow pit. 11. Eclosing second instar with head emerged from chorion. 12. Egg with dark mandibles and parietals of second instar visible. 13. Egg insertion pit where only chorion of cleptoparasite remains. 14. Egg insertion pit lacking evidence of egg.

Figs. 1–7 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Figs. 1–7. Photographs of trap nests and the trap-nesting sites at Hacienda Monteverde, where Centris bicornuta was induced to nest. 1. Approximate position of three sites (A, B, C) in the forest along the northern edge of a large agricultural area. 2, 3. Trap nests hung from nails driven into trees and branches at sites A and C, respectively. 4. Close-up of one trap nest consisting of 10 individual sticks. 5. Female perched outside nest waiting for host female to enter or leave (photo courtesy of Rollin Coville). 6. Individual sticks being held to retrieve emerging adults of host and cleptoparasites. 7. An individual nest stick opened to reveal nest structure and immatures.

Figs. 68–73 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Figs. 68–73. Diagrams of immatures of Coelioxys chichimeca. 68. Entire fifth larval instar, lateral view (scale 5 1 mm). 69. Male pupa, lateral view (scale 5 1 mm). 70. Length of longest seta from pupal mesoscutum (left) compared with that from metasomal T2 (right). 71–73. Enlarged metasomal apex of male pupa, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, respectively, in maximum profile, all to same scale.

Fig. 27 in Nests, Petal Usage, Floral Preferences, and Immatures of Osmia (Ozbekosmia) avosetta (Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Osmiini), Including Biological Comparisons with Other Osmiine Bees

Fig. 27. Open brood cell of Osmia lunata in a short cavity excavated in rather hard ground; twig concealing nest entrance removed to make cell opening visible. Figure 28. Flower of Helianthemum sp. with one petal bitten off by female of O. (T.) lunata (Morocco, Tafraoute, 20.4.2009; photo A. Müller). Figure 29. Nest of O. (T.) lunata consisting of 10 brood cells at base of small shrub. Uppermost part of cell still under construction (top right) was the only visible sign of nest before excavation; the nine already closed cells were all hidden under thin layer of soil (Morocco, Tafraoute, 20.4.2009; photos A. Müller).

Fig. 25 in Nests, Petal Usage, Floral Preferences, and Immatures of Osmia (Ozbekosmia) avosetta (Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Osmiini), Including Biological Comparisons with Other Osmiine Bees

Fig. 25. Four closed brood cells and one cell still being provisioned of Osmia (Tergosmia) tergestensis between blades of dense grass tussock; grass blades removed to make cells visible (Italy, Gimillan (Aosta), 15.7.1996; photo A. Müller). Figure 26. Female of O. (T.) tergestensis biting off petal from flower of Geranium pyrenaicum Burm. fil. Petal is tightly folded before being transported to nest. On each visit, female removed one petal (Italy, Gimillan (Aosta), 15.7.1996; photo A. Krebs).