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Figure 4 in Review of the breeding biology of rufous crab hawk Buteogallus aequinoctialis (Aves: Accipitridae) across its distribution
Figure 4. Relative frequencies, per month of the year, of Buteogallus aequinoctialis breeding records. (a), Venezuelan records; (b), records from the Guianas; (c), Brazilian records. Horizontal lines referred to as 'Breeding season' depict literature information on breeding seasonality (either relying on egg dates, or indeterminate); respective sources are – from top to bottom – Hellebrekkers (1942); Snethlage (1928); and Ferguson-Lees and Christie (2001). The right-pointing arrow in the bottom graph represents the uncertain extent of the season ('September onwards').
Figure 3 in Review of the breeding biology of rufous crab hawk Buteogallus aequinoctialis (Aves: Accipitridae) across its distribution
Figure 3. Egg measurements of three Buteogallus species, obtained from multiple sources. aeq = B. aequinoctialis; anth = B. anthracinus; gund = B. gundlachii; ext = extreme egg size within a given sample of eggs, as provided by a reference; lit = individual measurement obtained from a literature source; mean = mean values provided by literature; mus = measurements obtained directly from a museum egg set; quest = questionable species identification.
Figure 2 in Review of the breeding biology of rufous crab hawk Buteogallus aequinoctialis (Aves: Accipitridae) across its distribution
Figure 2. Geographical distribution of original breeding records of Buteogallus aequinoctialis. Numbers in parentheses represent the total number of records attributed to a given locality. Records outside the current range mostly comprise cases of imprecise/dubious georeferencing rather than misidentifications, unless otherwise designated (see, for further details, the Results and Supplemental material 3). Map generated with ArcGIS, and edited with CorelDRAW.
Figure 1 in Review of the breeding biology of rufous crab hawk Buteogallus aequinoctialis (Aves: Accipitridae) across its distribution
Figure 1. Distribution of female body masses of three Buteogallus species, retrieved from multiple sources; further details in the main text. Open circles refer to single body masses, whilst asterisks represent mean values provided by the source; symbols are horizontally spread to improve visualisation.
Carcass size, not source or taxon, dictates breeding performance and carcass use in burying beetle
<p>This repository contains the data and R code for analyzing the breeding outcomes, carcass use, and larval growth of the burying beetle as well as the nutritional composition of carcass tissue. (Information below is also provided in the README file.)</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>01_Data_Raw: </strong>This folder contains three original datasheets recorded during data collection.</p> <p>File "Breeding_Data_All.xls": This file contains the raw data on carcass attributes, parent sizes, breeding outcomes, and carcass use from the breeding experiments. Each row represents an observation from one breeding pair.</p> <p>File "Nutrition_Data.xls": This file contains the raw data on the tissue nutrient content of lab and wild carcasses from the nutritional composition analysis. Each row represents an observation from one carcass tissue sample.</p> <p>File "Larval_Growth_Data.xls": This file contains the raw data on the larval weight from the feeding experiments. Each row represents an observation from one larva.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>02_R_Code:</strong> This folder contains the R scripts for data analyses and visualization.</p> <p>File "01_Data_Cleaning.R": This script cleans and organizes the raw datasheets in the folder "<strong>01_Data_Raw</strong>" and saves the cleaned datasheets in the folder "<strong>03_Outputs > Data_Clean</strong>" for data analyses and visualization.</p> <p>File "02_Models_by_Carcass_Source.R": The script analyzes the relationships between carcass size vs. breeding outcomes and carcass use efficiency on lab and wild carcasses.</p> <p>File "03_Models_by_Carcass_Taxon.R": The script analyzes the breeding outcomes on wild carcasses (mammals, birds, and reptiles).</p> <p>File "04_Models_Nutrition_and_Larval_Growth.R": This script analyzes the tissue nutrient content of lab and wild carcasses as well as the larval growth on these carcasses.</p> <p>File "05_Figures.R": This script generates the figures in the study.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>03_Outputs: </strong>This folder contains a subfolder "<strong>Data_Clean</strong>", which contains three cleaned datasheets used for data analyses and visualization.</p> <p>File "Breeding_Data_Clean.csv": This file contains cleaned data on carcass attributes, parent sizes, breeding outcomes, and carcass use from the breeding experiments. Each row represents an observation from one breeding pair.</p> <p>File "Nutrition_Data_Clean.csv": This file contains the cleaned data on the tissue nutrient content of lab and wild carcasses from the nutritional composition analysis. Each row represents an observation from one carcass tissue sample.</p> <p>File "Larval_Growth_Clean.csv": This file contains the cleaned data on the larval weight from the feeding experiments. Each row represents an observation from one larva.</p> <p> </p> <p><em>Column descriptions</em></p> <p>File "Breeding_Data_Clean.csv":</p> <p>1. date: The starting date of the breeding experiments.</p> <p>2. carcass_sp_Chinese: The Chinese name of the carcass animal.</p> <p>3. carcass_type: The source of the carcass (lab or wild).</p> <p>4. carcass_taxon: The taxon of the carcass (mammal, bird, or reptile).</p> <p>5. carcass_weight: The initial weight of the carcass (g).</p> <p>6. parent_generation: The generation number of the breeding parents.</p> <p>7. pair_id: The ID of the breeding pair.</p> <p>8. generation_pair_id: The combined ID of the generation number and breeding pair.</p> <p>9. male_size: The pronotum width of the male parent (mm).</p> <p>10. female_size: The pronotum width of the female parent (mm).</p> <p>11. clutch_size: The number of eggs laid by the female.</p> <p>12. n_larvae: The number of larvae.</p> <p>13. total_larval_mass: The total weight of the larvae.</p> <p>14. carcass_weight_loss: The difference between the initial carcass weight and the carcass weight at the end of the breeding experiments.</p> <p>15. breeding_success: Whether there was at least one larva in the breeding container.</p> <p>16. prop_eggs_developed: The proportion of eggs that developed as larvae, calculated as the number of larvae divided by clutch size.</p> <p>17. average_larval_mass: The average weight of each larva, calculated as the total larval weight divided by the number of larvae.</p> <p>18. larval_density: The density of larvae on the carcass, calculated as the number of larvae divided by carcass weight.</p> <p>19. prop_carcass_used: The proportion of carcass tissue used by the larvae, calculated as carcass weight loss divided by the initial carcass weight.</p> <p> </p> <p>File "Nutrition_Data_Clean.csv":</p> <p>1. block_id: The ID of the analysis.</p> <p>2. carcass_id: The ID of the carcass.</p> <p>3. carcass_type: The source of the carcass (lab or wild).</p> <p>4. carcass_taxon: The taxon of the carcass (mammal, bird, or reptile).</p> <p>5. tissue_type: The type of the carcass tissue sampled (muscle or viscera).</p> <p>6. tissue_replication: The replication number of the tissue sample from each carcass.</p> <p>7. wet_mass_g: The wet weight of the tissue sample (g).</p> <p>8. water_mass_g: The water weight of the tissue sample (g). </p> <p>9. dry_mass_g: The dry weight of the tissue sample (g).</p> <p>10. protein_mass_g: The protein weight of the tissue sample (g).</p> <p>11. fat_mass_g: The fat weight of the tissue sample (g).</p> <p>12. total_mass_g: The total water, protein, and fat weight of the tissue sample (g).</p> <p>13. prop_protein: The proportion of protein content in the tissue sample, calculated as the protein weight divided by the total weight.</p> <p>14. prop_fat: The proportion of protein content in the tissue sample, calculated as the fat weight divided by the total weight.</p> <p> </p> <p>File "Larval_Growth_Clean.csv":</p> <p>1. block_id: The ID of the experimental block (two rounds of feeding experiments were conducted).</p> <p>2. carcass_id: The ID of the carcass (nested within the experimental block).</p> <p>3. carcass_type: The source of the carcass (lab or wild).</p> <p>4. carcass_taxon: The taxon of the carcass (mammal, bird, or reptile).</p> <p>5. tissue_type: The type of the carcass tissue sampled (muscle or viscera).</p> <p>6. larva_replication: The larva replication number (nested within each tissue type and carcass ID).</p> <p>7. tissue_mass_g: The weight of the carcass tissue fed to the larva.</p> <p>8. family_id: The family ID of the parents of the larva. </p> <p>9. success: Whether the larva survived.</p> <p>10. initial_larval_mass_g: The larval weight at the start of the experiment (g). </p> <p>11. end_larval_mass_g: The larval weight at the end of the experiment (g). </p> <p>12. larval_weight_gain_g: The difference between the initial larval weight and the end larval weight (g). </p> <p>13. mean_prop_protein: The average protein content of the three tissue samples from each carcass.</p> <p>14. mean_prop_fat: The average fat content of the three tissue samples from each carcass.</p> <p> </p>
Fig. 10 in Amended diagnosis and redescription of Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900) (Amphibia: Craugastoridae), with a description of its advertisement call and notes on its breeding ecology and phylogenetic relationships
Fig. 10. Phylogenetic relationships within the Pristimantis "unistrigatus group" in the Guiana Shield as recovered in the MrBayes analysis (438 bp of the 16S rRNA gene sequence). Values at each node represent statistical support (* = 0.99 or 1). Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900) is highlighted in red.
Fig. 9 in Amended diagnosis and redescription of Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900) (Amphibia: Craugastoridae), with a description of its advertisement call and notes on its breeding ecology and phylogenetic relationships
Fig. 9. Habitat of Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900). Left. Submontane rainforest inKaieteur NationalParkatca630melevation.Right.MontanerainforestontheslopesofMaringma-tepui,Guyana at ca 1376 m elevation. Photographs by PJRK.
Fig. 6.A in Amended diagnosis and redescription of Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900) (Amphibia: Craugastoridae), with a description of its advertisement call and notes on its breeding ecology and phylogenetic relationships
Fig. 6.A. Guzmania cf. sphaeroidea (André)André ex Mez, an arboreal bromeliad species used as egg deposition site by Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900) in the Wokomung Massif. B. Egg clutch of Pristimantis marmoratus deposited on a leaf of the arboreal bromeliad Guzmania cf. sphaeroidea in theWokomung Massif.C. Egg clutchof Anomaloglossus beebei(Noble, 1923) (white arrow) deposited in the phytotelmata of the same plant as in B. D. Dorsolateral view of IRSNB 17916, 11.3 mm SVL, a juvenile of P. marmoratus collected on the slopes of Maringma-tepui, Guyana. PhotographsA–C by DBM, D by PJRK.
Fig. 8 in Amended diagnosis and redescription of Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900) (Amphibia: Craugastoridae), with a description of its advertisement call and notes on its breeding ecology and phylogenetic relationships
Fig. 8. Vocalization of Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900); oscillogram and spectrogram obtained using Seewave v. 1.6.4 in R. Spectrogram (top) and oscillogram (below) of one call of IRSNB 14472 from Kaieteur National Park, Guyana. Call recorded at a temperature of 24°C.
Fig. 7 in Amended diagnosis and redescription of Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900) (Amphibia: Craugastoridae), with a description of its advertisement call and notes on its breeding ecology and phylogenetic relationships
Fig. 7. Vocalization of Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900); oscillograms and spectrograms obtained using Raven v. 1.4. A. Oscillogram (top) and spectrogram (below) of three calls of IRSNB 14472 from Kaieteur National Park, Guyana (ca 16 s recording). B. Expanded oscillogram (top) and spectrogram (below) of one call of IRSNB 14471 from Kaieteur National Park, Guyana. C. Expanded oscillogram (top) and spectrogram (below) of one call of IRSNB 14472 from Kaieteur National Park, Guyana. Calls recordedat a temperature of 24°C.
Fig. 5 in Amended diagnosis and redescription of Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900) (Amphibia: Craugastoridae), with a description of its advertisement call and notes on its breeding ecology and phylogenetic relationships
Fig. 5. Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900). Intraspecific variation in dorsal (top) and ventral (below) colour patterns in preserved specimens.Photographs by PJRK.
Fig. 3 in Amended diagnosis and redescription of Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900) (Amphibia: Craugastoridae), with a description of its advertisement call and notes on its breeding ecology and phylogenetic relationships
Fig. 3. Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900). Ventral view of left hand and left foot of a male (top), and ventral view of right hand and right foot of a female (below), both from Kaieteur National Park, Guyana.Photographs by PJRK.
Fig.4 in Amended diagnosis and redescription of Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900) (Amphibia: Craugastoridae), with a description of its advertisement call and notes on its breeding ecology and phylogenetic relationships
Fig.4.Pristimantismarmoratus(Boulenger,1900)(fourindividualsatthetop)andP.pulvinatus(Rivero, 1968) (twoindividuals below).Intraspecificvariation in dorsalcolour pattern and sexualdimorphism in living specimens. Note: the subtle hint of green visible on the lower body and legs of some specimens of P. marmoratus is due to a reflection of the substrate (green leaf). Photographs by PJRK, except the uncollected P.pulvinatus, which is by CBA.
Fig.2 in Amended diagnosis and redescription of Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900) (Amphibia: Craugastoridae), with a description of its advertisement call and notes on its breeding ecology and phylogenetic relationships
Fig.2.Pristimantismarmoratus(Boulenger,1900).Preservedadult♂,holotype(BMNH1947.2.16.92). A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. C. Dorsolateral view. Grid squares = 5 mm. Photographs by PJRK.
Fig. 1 in Amended diagnosis and redescription of Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900) (Amphibia: Craugastoridae), with a description of its advertisement call and notes on its breeding ecology and phylogenetic relationships
Fig. 1.MapoftheEasternPantepuiDistrictshowingtheknowndistributionof Pristimantismarmoratus (Boulenger,1900).Reddotsdenotelocalitiesofconfirmedoccurrencebasedeitheronmuseumspecimens or colour photographs.
Supplementary material 1 from: Studer A, Cardoso de Sousa M, Barcena Goyena B (2018) Breeding biology and nest success of Short-tailed Antthrush Chamaeza campanisona (Aves: Formicariidae) in the Atlantic rainforest of northeastern Brazil. Zoologia 35: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.35.e12906
Nests of Chamaeza campanisona found during the study period (1986–2016) with their respective characteristics : Data type: species data
FIGURE 5 in A new phytotelm-breeding treefrog of the genus Nasutixalus (Rhacophoridae) from western Yunnan of China
FIGURE 5. Nasutixalus yingjiangensis sp. nov.: (A–B) adult male paratype SYS a005803 in life; (C–D) adult female paratype SYS a005804 in life. Photos by J.H. Yang.
FIGURE 3 in A new phytotelm-breeding treefrog of the genus Nasutixalus (Rhacophoridae) from western Yunnan of China
FIGURE 3. Holotype of Nasutixalus yingjiangensis sp. nov. (SYS a005802) in life: (A) anterolateral view of right head, noted the X-shaped iris pattern and raised canthus rostralis; (B) general view, dorsolateral aspect; (C) dorsal view; (D) ventral view; (E) thenar view of hand; (F) volar view of foot; (G) schematic illustration of foot webbing. Photos by J.H. Yang.
FIGURE 1 in A new phytotelm-breeding treefrog of the genus Nasutixalus (Rhacophoridae) from western Yunnan of China
FIGURE 1. Map showing the known distribution records of the three recognized species of Nasutixalus (refers to Biju et al. 2016; Jiang et al. 2016). Red: Nasutixalus yingjiangensis sp. nov. in Yingjiang County of Yunnan Province, China; blue: Nasutixalus jerdonii in India; purple: Nasutixalus medogensis in Tibet of China. Stars indicate the type localities of each species.
FIGURE 6 in A new phytotelm-breeding treefrog of the genus Nasutixalus (Rhacophoridae) from western Yunnan of China
FIGURE 6. Habitat of Nasutixalus yingjiangensis sp. nov.: (A) type locality—mature evergreen montane forest fragment surrounded by farmland, cleared forest and Betula alnoides timber plantation; (B) microhabitat of the male holotype SYS a005802, red arrow denotes location of the tree hole, where the calling male holotype was found; (C) close-up of the tree hole opening located ca. 4.5 m above the forest floor. Photos by Joanne Li (A, B) and Zhi-Hua Zhang (C).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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OpenNeuro
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