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Figs. 41–44 in Nests, Petal Usage, Floral Preferences, and Immatures of Osmia (Ozbekosmia) avosetta (Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Osmiini), Including Biological Comparisons with Other Osmiine Bees

Figs. 41–44. Microphotographs of fifth larval instar of Osmia avosetta. 41. Setae of pleural swelling, left side of abdominal segment 8, as identified by rectangle in figure 32. 42. Spiracle showing narrow peritreme relative to large atrial opening and wrinkled atrial wall. 43, 44. Short and long subatria, respectively. (Photos J.G. Rozen).

Figs. 37–40 in Nests, Petal Usage, Floral Preferences, and Immatures of Osmia (Ozbekosmia) avosetta (Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Osmiini), Including Biological Comparisons with Other Osmiine Bees

Figs. 37–40. SEM micrographs of fifth larval instar of Osmia avosetta. 37. Head, approximate frontal view. 38. Seta from area laterad of parietal band as identified by rectangle in figure 37 (but more lateral in view). 39. Right antenna showing three apical sensilla. 40. Close-up of left side of salivary opening, showing parallel ridges on upper inner surface.

Figs. 24–31 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Figs. 24–31. Microphotographs of cleared exoskeleton of second instar of Coeliooxys chichimeca. 24. Mouthparts, frontal view, showing lobes of hypopharynx. 25. Spiracle and section of lateral tracheal trunks. 26. Close-up of spiracle showing details of atrium, chamber of primarily spiracular opening, and subatrium, side view. Figs. 27–31. SEM micrographs of spiracles of abdominal segments 5–8, respectively, showing size increases. 27. Close-up of atrial wall identified by rectangle in fig. 31. 28–31. Exterior views of spiracles on segments 5–8 respectively, to same scale, showing size increase.

Figs. 16–21 in Nests, Petal Usage, Floral Preferences, and Immatures of Osmia (Ozbekosmia) avosetta (Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Osmiini), Including Biological Comparisons with Other Osmiine Bees

Figs. 16–21. More closed cells of Osmia avosetta. 16. Upper part of cell, side view, with petals of outer envelope partly removed to reveal inner soil lining capped with closure of soil with concave upper surface. 17. Close-up of same showing concave soil closure, top view. 18. Same cell, now with most of soil closure removed revealing some of petals of inner closure (arrow), top view. 19. Same, except now all of soil of inner closure removed revealing folded petal of inner envelope, top view. 20. Another cell with outer envelope teased open, soil closure removed, and inner envelope closure also teased open, top view. 21. Same cell with opening widened to reveal egg floating on provisions. (Photos J.G. Rozen).

Fig. 10 in Nests, Petal Usage, Floral Preferences, and Immatures of Osmia (Ozbekosmia) avosetta (Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Osmiini), Including Biological Comparisons with Other Osmiine Bees

Fig. 10. Female of Osmia avosetta with a petal in its mandibles approaching nest entrance (photo J.S. Ascher). Figures 11–15. Cells of Osmia avosetta. 11. Open cell, side view. 12. Close-up of neck of same, showing sequence of plating of petals. 13. Closed cell, side view. 14. Top of same showing inward folded petals of outer envelope. 15. Same cell, now with top of outer envelope removed revealing soil closure and soil lining, and some inner petal lining where soil lining removed (arrow). (Photos J.G. Rozen).

Figs. 51–56 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Figs. 51–56. SEM micrographs of fourth instar of Coelioxys chichimeca. 51. Head, frontal view. 52. Head of another specimen, lateral view. 53. Hypostomal tubercle, frontal view, with sensilla greatly reduced in size. 54. Antenna, approximate frontal view. 55. Right mandible, outer view. 56. Spiracle.

Figs. 60–67 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Figs. 60–67. Right mandible of larval instars 2–5 of Coelioxys chichimeca, respectively, dorsal and outer views; latter with their apices in maximum profile (all to same scale).

Figs. 23, 24 in Last Larval Instar and Mature Oocytes of the Old World Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis murina, Including a Review of Stelis Biology (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini)

Figs. 23, 24. Macrophotographs of cleared specimen of Stelis murina. 23. Spiracle, seen from inside body, showing spines on atrial wall and subparallel-sided subatrium. 24. Pleural swelling of abdominal segment 8 (identified by polygon), showing abundant setae and position of spiracle.

Figs. 13–15 in Last Larval Instar and Mature Oocytes of the Old World Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis murina, Including a Review of Stelis Biology (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini)

Figs. 13–15. Macrophotographs of head of Stelis murina, showing pattern and configuration of pigmentation, frontal (13), lateral (14), and ventral (15) views.

Fig. 1 in Last Larval Instar and Mature Oocytes of the Old World Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis murina, Including a Review of Stelis Biology (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini)

Fig. 1. Map showing the position of study sites 1 and 2 (Tel el-Kebir) and sites 3 and 4 (El- Huseiniya) in the vicinity of the Nile River Delta, northern Egypt.

Figs. 9–12 in Last Larval Instar and Mature Oocytes of the Old World Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis murina, Including a Review of Stelis Biology (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini)

Figs. 9–12. Diagrams of mature larva of Stelis murina. 9. Entire larva with setae omitted, lateral view; scale line 5 1.0 mm. 10, 11. Right mandible showing little wear, dorsal view and outer view (latter view with apex in maximum profile), respectively. 12. Right mandible of another larva showing excessive wear, so that dorsal tooth completely absent and lower tooth greatly rounded, outer view. All mandibles to same scale. Scale line 5 1.0 mm refers to fig. 9.

Figs. 7, 8 in Last Larval Instar and Mature Oocytes of the Old World Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis murina, Including a Review of Stelis Biology (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini)

Figs. 7, 8. SEM micrographs of egg of Osmia submicans. 7. Anterior end, rectangle identifying positions of micropyle. 8. Close-up of micropyle identified by rectangle in fig. 7.

Figs. 3, 4 in Last Larval Instar and Mature Oocytes of the Old World Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis murina, Including a Review of Stelis Biology (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini)

Figs. 3, 4. Mature oocytes of Stelis murina (3) and of its host, Osmia submicans (4), diagrammed from macrophotographs to the same scale (scale line 5 1.0 mm), demonstrating similarity in volume and slight differences in shape; anterior ends to left.

Fig. 2 in Last Larval Instar and Mature Oocytes of the Old World Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis murina, Including a Review of Stelis Biology (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini)

Fig. 2. The grain storage building at El-Huseiniya, site 4. Note erosion of adobe wall caused by nesting bees and hood of white pickup truck, lower left; see text for explanation.

Figs. 5, 6 in Last Larval Instar and Mature Oocytes of the Old World Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis murina, Including a Review of Stelis Biology (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini)

Figs. 5, 6. SEM micrographic of mature oocyte of Stelis murina. 5. Anterior end, rectangle identifying position of micropyle. 6. Close-up of micropyle identified by rectangle in fig. 5.

Fig. 3 in Biological notes on an enigmatic microhylid, Gastrophrynoides borneensis (Anura, Microhylidae)

Fig. 3. ML tree from a ~2400 bp sequence of mitochondrial 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA genes for samples of Gastrophrynoides borneensis and representing microhylid frogs. Numbers above or below branches represent bootstrap supports for ML inference and Bayesian posterior probability (ML-BS/BPP).

Fig. 1 in Biological notes on an enigmatic microhylid, Gastrophrynoides borneensis (Anura, Microhylidae)

Fig. 1. Dorsolateral (A) and dorsal (B) views of Gastrophrynoides borneensis in life from Batu Kawa, western Sarawak (UNIMAS R21555).

Fig. 2 in Biological notes on an enigmatic microhylid, Gastrophrynoides borneensis (Anura, Microhylidae)

Fig. 2. Dorsal (A, B) and ventral (C, D) views of Gastrophrynoides borneensis from Batu Kawa, western Sarawak (UNIMAS R21555: A, C), and the same species from Tawau Hills, eastern Sabah (TBT 025: B, D) in preservative. Scale bar = 10 mm.

Fig. 5 in Biological notes on an enigmatic microhylid, Gastrophrynoides borneensis (Anura, Microhylidae)

Fig. 5. Sumatran Gastrophrynoides without (A) and with (B) light spots. Photographs courtesy of Muhammad Arifin (A) and Ade Prasetyo Agung and Hon Tjong Djong (B).

Fig. 4. Sonogram showing Type 1 in Biological notes on an enigmatic microhylid, Gastrophrynoides borneensis (Anura, Microhylidae)

Fig. 4. Sonogram showing Type 1 (A–C) and Type 2 (D–F) calls of Gastrophrynoides borneensis (UNIMAS R21555) from Batu Kawa, western Sarawak, recorded at an air temperature around 28–30C.