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FIGURE 3. A, B in Clinoconidium onumae comb. nov. (Cryptobasidiaceae), producing galls on shoot buds of Cinnamomum tenuifolium in Japan
FIGURE 3. A, B. Clinoconidium onumae observed by SEM. A. Basidiospores formed in peripheral lacunae of a gall. B. Basidiospores with rugose surface. C. Schematic structure of a hymenial layer of a gall formed by C. onumae. A hyphal mass (HM) among deformed plant cells (PC), haustoria (HA), basidia (BA), basidiospores (B), and sterile hyphae (SH). Scale bars: A= 20 μm, B = 3 μm, C = 20 μm.
FIGURE 4 in Clinoconidium onumae comb. nov. (Cryptobasidiaceae), producing galls on shoot buds of Cinnamomum tenuifolium in Japan
FIGURE 4. Phylogeny of Clinoconidium spp. from LrDNA sequence (D1D2) by the Neighbor joining analysis. Only values greater than 60 % are shown. Exobasidium cylindrosporum was used as an outgroup.
FIGURE 1 in Clinoconidium onumae comb. nov. (Cryptobasidiaceae), producing galls on shoot buds of Cinnamomum tenuifolium in Japan
FIGURE 1. Galls of Clinoconidium onumae on the shoot buds of Cinnamomum tenuifolium. A. A gall formed on a shoot bud of the tree. Photograph was taken at Amami Isl., Kagoshima Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan, on 15 June 1997. B. A young gall (YG) formed on a hypertrophied shoot bud, covered by a pale green to pale brown host epidermis. C. A matured gall (MG) formed on a hypertrophied shoot bud. The host epidermis is ruptured and a brown, powdery spore mass (SM) is observed on the surface of the gall. D. Vertical section of a young gall. The deformed host tissue (PT) is covered by a serrate host epidermis (HE). E. Vertical section of a matured gall. A hymenial layer (HL) is formed in peripheral lacunae of enlarged galls with deformed tissues (PT). F. A hymenial layer on the surface of galls consisting of a basidial layer (BL) and basidiospores (B). Scale bars: B = 3 cm, C, D = 2 cm, E = 1 cm, F = 0.2 mm.
FIGURE 2. A. A in Clinoconidium onumae comb. nov. (Cryptobasidiaceae), producing galls on shoot buds of Cinnamomum tenuifolium in Japan
FIGURE 2. A. A hymenial layer of a gall formed by Clinoconidium onumae. A hyphal mass (HM) among deformed plant cells (PC), basidial layer (BL), basidiospores (B), and sterile hyphae (SH). B. Haustoria (HA) formed in a host plant cell (PC) surrounded by hyphal mass (HM). C. Basidia (BA) and basidiospores (B) formed in peripheral lacunae. D. Basidiospores. E. Germination of a basidiospore on PDA producing long hyphae with septa. Scale bars: A, B, C, D = 20 μm, E = 15 μm.
Data from: Natural selection on gall size: variable contributions of individual host plants to population-wide patterns
Studies that provide estimates of the form and magnitude of selection on herbivore traits at the level of individual plants in natural populations represent a vital step in understanding the interaction of selection and gene flow among host-affiliated insect populations when individual plants equate to differing selective regimes. We analyzed phenotypic selection on the trait gall size for a host-specific gall former at both the individual host plant and population level (across host plants) in each of two years. Linear and nonlinear selection and the fitness function relating gall size to the probability of survivorship in the absence of natural enemies were estimated for each level and year. Selection imposed by the host plant was observed in 19 of the 22 subpopulations monitored. At the population level, linear and nonlinear selection were evident each year. However, population-level estimates masked the significant heterogeneity in the form and direction of selection evident among plants each year. Heterogeneity among gall-former subpopulations is emphasized by our findings that selection varied from directional to stabilizing among plants and the majority of selection gradients estimated for individual plants did not fall within the 95% CIs of the population-level estimates.
FIGURES 224–232. 224–225 in Three new Nearctic genera of oak cynipid gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini): Burnettweldia Pujade-Villar, Melika & Nicholls, Nichollsiella Melika, Pujade-Villar & Stone, Disholandricus Melika, Pujade-Villar & Nicholls; and re-establishment of the genus Paracraspis Weld
FIGURES 224–232. 224–225, Dros perlentum Kinsey, 1937: 224, mesopleuron, lateral view, 225, mesoscutum, dorsal view. 226, Amphibolips quercuscinerea (Ashmead, 1881), asexual female, mesoscutum and mesoscutellum, dorsal view. 227, Femuros integrum Kinsey, 1937, ind leg (arrows indicate darker lines on hind tibia). 228–230, Kinseyella lapiei (Kieffer, 1911), asexual female, 228–229, metasoma: 228, lateral view, 229, dorsal view; 230, propodeum, dorsoposterior view. 231, Striatoandricus georgei (Pujade-Villar, 2011), asexual female, metasoma, lateral view. 232, Disholcaspis pedunculoides Weld, 1926, asexual female, mesoscutum and mesoscutellum, dorsal view.
FIGURES 208–209. Paracraspis asexual galls. 208, P in Three new Nearctic genera of oak cynipid gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini): Burnettweldia Pujade-Villar, Melika & Nicholls, Nichollsiella Melika, Pujade-Villar & Stone, Disholandricus Melika, Pujade-Villar & Nicholls; and re-establishment of the genus Paracraspis Weld
FIGURES 208–209. Paracraspis asexual galls. 208, P. guadaloupensis, comb. rev.. 209, P. insolens, comb. rev.. Images courtesy of J. Gross.
FIGURES 196–201 in Three new Nearctic genera of oak cynipid gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini): Burnettweldia Pujade-Villar, Melika & Nicholls, Nichollsiella Melika, Pujade-Villar & Stone, Disholandricus Melika, Pujade-Villar & Nicholls; and re-establishment of the genus Paracraspis Weld
FIGURES 196–201. Paracraspis insolens, comb. rev., asexual female. 196–199, head: 196, frontal view, 197, dorsal view, 198, lateral view, 199, posterior view. 200, antenna. 201, mesosoma and propleura, frontal view.
FIGURES 202–205 in Three new Nearctic genera of oak cynipid gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini): Burnettweldia Pujade-Villar, Melika & Nicholls, Nichollsiella Melika, Pujade-Villar & Stone, Disholandricus Melika, Pujade-Villar & Nicholls; and re-establishment of the genus Paracraspis Weld
FIGURES 202–205. Paracraspis insolens, comb. rev., asexual female. 202, mesosoma, lateral view. 203, mesoscutum, dorsal view. 204, mesoscutellum, dorsal view. 205, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view.
FIGURES 193–195. Disholandricus asexual galls. 193, D in Three new Nearctic genera of oak cynipid gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini): Burnettweldia Pujade-Villar, Melika & Nicholls, Nichollsiella Melika, Pujade-Villar & Stone, Disholandricus Melika, Pujade-Villar & Nicholls; and re-establishment of the genus Paracraspis Weld
FIGURES 193–195. Disholandricus asexual galls. 193, D. reniformis, comb. nov.. 194–195, D. truckeensis, comb. nov.:194, lateral view, 195, ventral view. Fig 193 courtesy of J. Gross.
FIGURES 189–192 in Three new Nearctic genera of oak cynipid gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini): Burnettweldia Pujade-Villar, Melika & Nicholls, Nichollsiella Melika, Pujade-Villar & Stone, Disholandricus Melika, Pujade-Villar & Nicholls; and re-establishment of the genus Paracraspis Weld
FIGURES 189–192. Disholandricus truckeensis, comb. nov., asexual female. 189, mesosoma, lateral view. 190, mesoscutum, dorsal view. 191, mesoscutellum, dorsal view. 192, metasoma, lateral view.
FIGURES 183–188 in Three new Nearctic genera of oak cynipid gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini): Burnettweldia Pujade-Villar, Melika & Nicholls, Nichollsiella Melika, Pujade-Villar & Stone, Disholandricus Melika, Pujade-Villar & Nicholls; and re-establishment of the genus Paracraspis Weld
FIGURES 183–188. Disholandricus truckeensis, comb. nov., asexual female. 183–186, head: 183, frontal view, 184, dorsal view, 185, lateral view, 186, posterior view. 187, antenna. 188, mesosoma and propleura, frontal view.
FIGURES 176–178 in Three new Nearctic genera of oak cynipid gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini): Burnettweldia Pujade-Villar, Melika & Nicholls, Nichollsiella Melika, Pujade-Villar & Stone, Disholandricus Melika, Pujade-Villar & Nicholls; and re-establishment of the genus Paracraspis Weld
FIGURES 176–178. Disholandricus reniformis, comb. nov., asexual female. 176–178, metasoma: 176, lateral view, 177, dorsal view, 178, ventral view.
FIGURES 216–219 in Three new Nearctic genera of oak cynipid gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini): Burnettweldia Pujade-Villar, Melika & Nicholls, Nichollsiella Melika, Pujade-Villar & Stone, Disholandricus Melika, Pujade-Villar & Nicholls; and re-establishment of the genus Paracraspis Weld
FIGURES 216–219. Paracraspis patelloides, comb. rev., asexual female. 216, mesosoma, lateral view. 217, mesoscutum, dorsal view. 218, mesoscutellum, dorsal view. 219, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view.
FIGURES 172–175 in Three new Nearctic genera of oak cynipid gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini): Burnettweldia Pujade-Villar, Melika & Nicholls, Nichollsiella Melika, Pujade-Villar & Stone, Disholandricus Melika, Pujade-Villar & Nicholls; and re-establishment of the genus Paracraspis Weld
FIGURES 172–175. Disholandricus reniformis, comb. nov., asexual female. 172, mesosoma, lateral view. 173, mesoscutum, dorsal view. 174, mesoscutellum, dorsal view. 175, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view.
FIGURES 206–207 in Three new Nearctic genera of oak cynipid gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini): Burnettweldia Pujade-Villar, Melika & Nicholls, Nichollsiella Melika, Pujade-Villar & Stone, Disholandricus Melika, Pujade-Villar & Nicholls; and re-establishment of the genus Paracraspis Weld
FIGURES 206–207. Paracraspis insolens, comb. rev., asexual female. 206–207, metasoma: 206, lateral view, 207, ventral view.
FIGURES 164–165 in Three new Nearctic genera of oak cynipid gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini): Burnettweldia Pujade-Villar, Melika & Nicholls, Nichollsiella Melika, Pujade-Villar & Stone, Disholandricus Melika, Pujade-Villar & Nicholls; and re-establishment of the genus Paracraspis Weld
FIGURES 164–165. Disholandricus lasius, comb. nov., asexual female. 164–165, metasoma: 164, lateral view, 165, ventral view.
FIGURES 179–182 in Three new Nearctic genera of oak cynipid gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini): Burnettweldia Pujade-Villar, Melika & Nicholls, Nichollsiella Melika, Pujade-Villar & Stone, Disholandricus Melika, Pujade-Villar & Nicholls; and re-establishment of the genus Paracraspis Weld
FIGURES 179–182. Disholandricus asexual galls: 179–181, D. lasius, comb. nov.. 182, D. chrysolepidis, comb. nov..
FIGURES 160–163 in Three new Nearctic genera of oak cynipid gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini): Burnettweldia Pujade-Villar, Melika & Nicholls, Nichollsiella Melika, Pujade-Villar & Stone, Disholandricus Melika, Pujade-Villar & Nicholls; and re-establishment of the genus Paracraspis Weld
FIGURES 160–163. Disholandricus lasius, comb. nov., asexual female. 160, mesosoma, lateral view. 161, mesoscutum, dorsal view. 162, mesoscutellum, dorsal view. 163, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view.
FIGURES 210–215 in Three new Nearctic genera of oak cynipid gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini): Burnettweldia Pujade-Villar, Melika & Nicholls, Nichollsiella Melika, Pujade-Villar & Stone, Disholandricus Melika, Pujade-Villar & Nicholls; and re-establishment of the genus Paracraspis Weld
FIGURES 210–215. Paracraspis patelloides, comb. rev., asexual female. 210–213, head: 210, frontal view, 211, dorsal view, 212, lateral view, 213, posterior view. 214, antenna. 215, mesosoma and propleura, frontal view.
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